DUODECIMO CAPITOLO

NAZIONALITÀ – RELIGIONE –EDUCAZIONE

1. Dominio assoluto del latinismo e dell'ellenismo.

Mentre tra i vasti confini dello stato romano si dibatteva la grande lotta della nazionalità, le nazioni secondarie andavano cedendo il campo o scomparivano.

La più importante fra tutte, la fenicia, colla distruzione di Cartagine ricevette il colpo mortale, cui soggiacque dopo lunga e penosa agonia.

Le province d'Italia che avevano conservato fino allora l'antica lingua e gli antichi costumi, l'Etruria ed il Sannio, nella reazione sillana non solo furono colpite dalle più gravi calamità, ma la parificazione politica d'Italia impose loro anche nelle pubbliche relazioni la lingua e i modi latini, riducendo le antiche lingue nazionali a dialetti popolari.

In tutta l'estensione dello stato romano non si vede più una nazionalità che sia in grado di misurarsi colle nazionalità romana e greca. Invece la nazionalità latina cresce rapidamente d'estensione e di intensità.

Come, dall'epoca della guerra sociale in poi, ogni tenuta italica può appartenere a qualsiasi italico quale assoluta proprietà romana, e ogni divinità italica avente un tempio può accettare doni romani; come, da quell'epoca in poi, in tutta Italia, eccettuata la provincia transpadana, vige esclusivamente il diritto romano ed è soppresso ogni altro diritto, così viene allora usata soltanto la lingua romana anche per la trattazione degli affari ed essa non tarda a diventare anche la lingua generale della società colta in tutta la penisola dalle Alpi allo stretto di Messina.

Ma essa già non si limitava più entro questi confini naturali. La massa dei capitali che affluivano in Italia, la ricchezza dei suoi prodotti, l'intelligenza dei suoi agricoltori, l'avvedutezza dei suoi commercianti non trovavano un campo abbastanza vasto nella penisola. Indotti da questi motivi e dal servizio dello stato, gli Italici si recavano in gran numero nelle province.

In queste la loro posizione privilegiata conferiva il privilegio anche alla lingua e al diritto di Roma anche là dove non trafficavano tra loro soli Romani; gli Italici si tenevano dappertutto strettamente uniti come una massa compatta e ben organizzata; i soldati nelle loro legioni, i commercianti di ogni grande città con le proprie corporazioni; i cittadini ivi domiciliati o dimoranti nel distretto provinciale giurisdizionale come una «comunità» (conventus civium Romanorum), colla propria lista di giurati, come una specie di costituzione comunale; e quand'anche questi Romani provinciali ritornassero regolarmente più o meno presto in Italia, avveniva però, che essi, a poco a poco, formassero nelle province il nucleo d'una compatta popolazione mista, parte romana, parte devota agli interessi romani.

Abbiamo già accennato come la Spagna, dove l'esercito romano cominciò ad essere permanente, fosse anche il primo paese ove furono dapprima organizzate città provinciali con costituzione italica, così Cartagena nel 583 = 171, Valenza nel 616 = 138, e più tardi Palma e Pollenza.

Se il paese interno era ancora poco incivilito, se il territorio dei Vaccei, ad esempio, si poteva ancora dire per molto tempo dopo quest'epoca un soggiorno dei più rozzi ed inospitali per un colto Italico, vi sono invece autori ed esistono iscrizioni di lapidi, che provano come sino dalla metà del settimo secolo la lingua latina fosse comunemente in uso nei dintorni di Cartagena e in altri luoghi della costa.

Com'è noto, fu Caio Gracco che concepì il primo pensiero di colonizzare le province dello stato romano col mezzo dell'emigrazione italica, cioè di romanizzarle, e che si adoperò per dare esecuzione al suo progetto; e sebbene il partito dei conservatori si pronunciasse contro questo ardito progetto, sebbene distruggesse per la maggior parte le cose incominciate e ne impedisse il proseguimento, rimase però conservata la colonia narbonese, che già per sè sola conferiva un'importante estensione di territorio alla lingua latina e riusciva molto più importante come la lapide di una grande idea, la pietra fondamentale di un grandioso edificio avvenire.

L'antico gallicismo, anzi l'odierno francesismo, ebbero qui la loro origine e sono in ultima analisi creazioni di Caio Gracco.

Però la nazionalità latina non solo si estendeva sino ai confini italici e cominciava a sorpassarli, ma era anche pervenuta ad un più profondo consolidamento intellettuale.

Noi la troviamo intenta a procurarsi una letteratura classica ed una propria istruzione superiore; e benchè di fronte ai classici greci ed alla coltura greca noi ci sentiamo tentati di disprezzare la debole produzione italica da serra, tuttavia per lo sviluppo storico importava molto meno di sapere in quale condizione fosse la letteratura classica latina e la coltura latina, che di sapere ch'essa si trovava accanto alla greca; e vista la decadenza degli Elleni di quel tempo anche letterariamente, si poteva applicare anche qui la sentenza di quel poeta: che val meglio un operaio vivo che un Achille morto.

Per quanto la lingua e la nazionalità latina vadano progredendo rapidamente ed impetuosamente, esse riconoscono in quelle della Grecia diritti assolutamente eguali, anzi più antichi e superiori, e s'uniscono con esse dappertutto mediante strettissimi vincoli o si compenetrano con esse per raggiungere un comune sviluppo.

La rivoluzione italica, che ridusse nella penisola allo stesso livello tutte le nazionalità non latine, non toccò le città greche di Taranto, Reggio, Napoli e Locri.

E così, sebbene circondata di territorio romano, Massalia rimase pur sempre una città greca, e appunto come tale strettamente congiunta con Roma.

Con la completa latinizzazione, procedeva di pari passo la crescente ellenizzazione dell'Italia.

Nelle classi elevate della società italica la coltura greca era parte integrante della romana.

Il console del 623 = 131, il supremo pontefice Publio Crasso, destava lo stupore persino dei Greci, quando come governatore dell'Asia pronunciava le sue sentenze, secondo le circostanze, ora nella comune lingua greca, ora in uno dei quattro dialetti divenuti lingua scritta.

E se la letteratura e l'arte italica tenevano da lungo tempo gli sguardi fissi sull'Oriente, ora anche l'arte e la letteratura ellenica cominciavano a volgere la loro attenzione verso l'occidente. Non solo le città greche in Italia si tenevano in continue relazioni scientifiche e artistiche con la Grecia, coll'Asia minore, coll'Egitto e accordavano ai poeti e ai comici colà celebrati eguali onori anche nel proprio seno; dopo l'esempio dato dal distruttore di Corinto nel 608 = 146 in occasione del suo trionfo, furono introdotti anche in Roma i giuochi ginnastici sacri alle muse; vennero in voga le sfide nella lotta, nella musica, in diversi giuochi, nella recitazione e nella declamazione[1].

I letterati greci non avevano tardato ad insinuarsi nelle distinte famiglie romane e anzitutto nei circoli degli Scipioni; i più eminenti greci che vi erano ammessi, lo storiografo Polibio e il filosofo Panezio, appartengono però più alla storia dello sviluppo romano che non a quella dello sviluppo greco.

Ma anche in altri circoli meno elevati s'incontrano simili relazioni.

Qui citeremo un altro contemporaneo di Scipione, il filosofo Clitomaco, perchè nella sua vita appare evidente la singolare mescolanza della nazionalità.

Cartaginese di nascita, in Atene discepolo di Carneade e poi suo successore nel professorato, Clitomaco si teneva da Atene in rapporti epistolari con gli uomini più dotti d'Italia, con lo storico Aulo Albino e col poeta Lucilio; egli dedicò una opera scientifica al console romano Lucio Censorino, che aveva iniziato l'assedio di Cartagine, e parte di un'orazione filosofica a conforto dei suoi cittadini condotti schiavi in Italia.

Se fino allora distinti letterati greci erano venuti a soggiornare temporaneamente a Roma come esiliati o per qualche altro titolo, ora cominciavano a stabilirvisi; come, ad esempio, in casa di Scipione abitava il già nominato Panezio, e il facitore di esametri Archia di Antiochia aveva preso stabile dimora in Roma nel 652 = 102 e viveva comodamente dell'arte dell'improvvisatore e scrivendo poemi epici sui consolari romani.

Persino Caio Mario, che avrà difficilmente compreso una riga del carme fatto in suo onore, e che mal si presentava a fare il mecenate, non potè a meno di prendere sotto la sua protezione questo verseggiatore.

E mentre la vita letteraria e intellettuale andava così amalgamando se non i più fini almeno i più elevati elementi delle due nazioni, andavano da un altro lato, per l'immensa quantità di schiavi introdotti dall'Asia minore e dalla Siria, e per l'immigrazione dei commercianti provenienti dall'oriente greco o semi greco, amalgamandosi le classi più rozze dell'ellenismo composte in buona parte di orientali, ed in ogni modo di barbari, col proletariato italico, dando anche a questo una tinta di coltura ellenica.

L'osservazione fatta da Cicerone, che le nuove lingue e i nuovi costumi s'introducono per primi nelle città marittime, dovrebbe anzitutto riferirsi all'elemento semi ellenico di Ostia, Pozzuoli e Brindisi, dove con le merci s'introducevano i costumi stranieri, donde poi trovarono ulteriori vie.

Storia di Roma
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