11. Annibale passa le Alpi. 

Annibale, dopo il passaggio del Rodano, spiegò lo scopo della sua impresa all'esercito adunato e fece parlare al medesimo, col mezzo d'un interprete, anche da Magilone, capo dei Celti arrivato dalla valle del Po; dopo di che, senza incontrare ostacoli, continuò la sua marcia verso le Alpi.

Nè la brevità della via, nè lo spirito degli abitanti potevano farlo decidere nella scelta del passo da varcare, benchè egli non avesse tempo da perdere nè allungando il cammino nè combattendo. Egli doveva prendere una via praticabile pel suo bagaglio, per la sua numerosa cavalleria e per gli elefanti, e che potesse fornire, per amore o per forza, al suo esercito sufficienti mezzi di sussistenza; giacchè sebbene egli avesse prese le sue misure per condurre con sè dei viveri sopra bestie da soma, questi non potevano naturalmente bastare che per pochi giorni ad un esercito, il quale, malgrado le forti perdite sofferte, contava ancora circa 50.000 uomini.

Eccetto la via del litorale, che Annibale non volle prendere non già perchè i Romani gliela sbarravano, ma perchè lo avrebbe sviato dal suo scopo, due soli erano i valichi conosciuti, che negli antichi tempi[4] conducevano dalla Gallia in Italia attraverso le Alpi; quello per le Alpi Cozie (Monginevro) che metteva nel paese dei Taurini (per Susa o Fenestrelle a Torino), e quello attraverso le Alpi Graie (Piccolo San Bernardo) che conduceva nel paese dei Salassi (ad Aosta ed Ivrea).

La prima delle due vie è la più corta; senonchè dal punto dove abbandona la valle del Rodano passa per le valli impraticabili e sterili della Drac, della Romanche e della Durance superiore, paese montuoso e povero, per attraversare il quale occorrevano sette od otto giorni di marcia alpestre; soltanto Pompeo, poi, vi fece costruire una via militare per stabilire una comunicazione più pronta tra la provincia gallica al di là dei monti.

La via attraverso il piccolo San Bernardo è alquanto più lunga, ma superata la prima barriera delle Alpi, che circoscrive ad oriente la valle del Rodano, essa percorre la valle dell'Isère superiore, che si estende da Grenoble per Chambery sino ai piedi del piccolo San Bernardo, cioè alla catena superiore delle Alpi, che è fra tutte quelle vallate la più vasta, la più fertile e la più popolata.

Il valico del Piccolo San Bernardo è inoltre, fra tutti quelli che la natura pose fra le Alpi, se non il più basso certamente il più comodo; benchè non vi sia stata costruita una strada artificiale, vi passò, ciò non pertanto, nel 1815, un corpo d'armata austriaco con artiglieria.

Questa via, la quale conduce solamente attraverso due creste di monti, dai più antichi tempi fu la grande strada militare che dai paesi dei Celti conduceva in Italia. L'esercito cartaginese non aveva quindi altra scelta; fu per Annibale una fortunata combinazione, ma non un motivo determinante, che le tribù celtiche con lui alleate risiedessero in Italia fino ai piedi del Piccolo San Bernardo, mentre la via del Monginevro lo avrebbe condotto immediatamente nel paese dei Taurini, che da tempi remoti erano in guerra cogli Insubri.

L'esercito cartaginese moveva adunque a ritroso del Rodano verso la valle dell'alto Isère, non già, come si potrebbe supporre, per la via più prossima lungo la riva sinistra del basso Isère, da Valenza a Grenoble, sibbene per «l'isola» degli Allobrogi, ricca pianura, molto popolata fin d'allora, bagnata a settentrione e ad occidente dal Rodano, a mezzodì dall'Isère, e circondata ad occidente dalle Alpi.

Anche qui si seguiva questo cammino perchè la strada più breve avrebbe condotto l'esercito per un paese montuoso, povero ed impraticabile, mentre «l'isola» è un paese piano e assai fertile, diviso dalla valle superiore dell'Isère da una sola catena di monti.

La marcia lungo il Rodano e attraverso «l'isola» sino ai piedi della barriera dell'Alpi fu eseguita in sedici giorni; non s'incontrarono gravi difficoltà, e nell'«isola» stessa Annibale seppe destramente approfittare di un litigio sorto tra due capi allobrogi, così che il più potente dei due diede ai Cartaginesi non solo una scorta che li conducesse fino al piano, ma li fornì di viveri, d'armi, di vestimenta e di calzature.

Durante il passaggio della prima catena delle Alpi, che s'innalza scoscesa e attraverso la quale non v'è che un solo sentiero praticabile (pel monte di Chat presso il villaggio Chevelu), poco mancò che la spedizione non andasse a male.

La popolazione allobroga aveva occupato con molta forza il passo. Annibale ne fu informato in tempo per evitare una sorpresa, e si accampò ai piedi del monte, ove si fermò fino a che i Celti, dopo il tramonto del sole, si dispersero nelle case della città vicina. Nella notte egli s'impadronì del passo, ed il culmine fu superato; ma sulla strada oltremodo scoscesa, che dalla sommità conduce al lago del Bourget, i muli e i cavalli sdrucciolavano con grande facilità e cadevano; a questo si aggiungevano gli attacchi che i Celti facevano da posizioni favorevoli contro l'esercito in marcia, che nuocevano non tanto per se stessi quanto per la confusione che cagionavano all'armata; così che quando Annibale, discendendo colle sue truppe leggere dalla vetta, si gettò sugli Allobrogi, questi furono scacciati dal monte senza difficoltà e con gravi perdite, ma la confusione, specialmente nelle salmerie, si fece anche maggiore per le vicende del combattimento.

Giunto nella valle, dopo aver subìto a sua volta non lievi perdite, Annibale assalì subito la più vicina città, al fine di punire e intimorire i barbari e in pari tempo rifarsi, possibilmente, delle perdite delle bestie da soma e dei cavalli.

Dopo un giorno di sosta nell'amena valle di Chambery l'esercito continuò la sua marcia risalendo l'Isère senza essere trattenuto nè da mancanza di viveri, nè da attacchi nemici. Soltanto, nel quarto giorno, quando l'esercito entrò nel paese di Ceutroni (l'odierna Tarantasia), dove la valle va insensibilmente restringendosi, Annibale ebbe di nuovo motivo di stare più in guardia. I Ceutroni accolsero l'esercito sul confine del loro paese (fosse presso Conflans) con rami e con ghirlande di fiori, gli offrirono bestiame, guide e ostaggi, e l'esercito attraversò quel territorio come un paese amico. Ma quando pervenne ai piedi delle Alpi, ove la via si scosta dall'Isère e per una stretta e scabra gola si eleva serpeggiando lungo il ruscello Reclo sino al culmine del San Bernardo, ad un tratto apparve la milizia dei Ceutroni parte alle spalle dell'esercito, parte sui ciglioni delle montagne che a destra e a sinistra serrano il passo, sperando di tagliar fuori il treno ed i bagagli.

Ma Annibale, che colla naturale sua avvedutezza aveva compreso che tutte le dimostrazioni dei Ceutroni non avevano avuto altro scopo che quello di veder risparmiato il loro territorio e di procacciarsi la ricca preda, aspettandosi l'attacco, aveva mandato innanzi il treno e la cavalleria coprendo la marcia con tutta la sua fanteria; col che mandò a vuoto il piano dei nemici, sebbene non potesse impedire che essi, accompagnando la marcia della sua fanteria dalle vette dei monti, gli cagionassero notevoli perdite lanciando pietre e rotolando su di essa grossi macigni.

Annibale si accampò colla sua fanteria al «masso bianco,» (chiamato ancor oggi la roche blanche), roccia calcare, alta, isolata, che sorge ai piedi del San Bernardo e ne domina la salita, per coprire il passaggio dei cavalli e delle bestie da soma, cui bastò appena tutta la notte per arrampicarsi su per il monte, del quale, dopo continui sanguinosissimi combattimenti, raggiunse finalmente, il giorno appresso, la sommità.

Qui, sopra il sicuro altipiano che si estende per circa due miglia e mezzo intorno ad un piccolo laghetto, sorgente della Dora, Annibale fece riposare la sua armata.

Nell'animo dei soldati aveva cominciato a insinuarsi lo scoraggiamento. I sentieri che si facevano sempre più difficili, le provvigioni che andavano esaurendosi, le marcie attraverso le gole dei monti ed i continui attacchi d'un nemico che non si poteva mai raggiungere, le file dei soldati fortemente diradate, la disperata condizione dei dispersi e dei feriti, lo scopo della spedizione che per tutti sembrava una chimera fuori che per l'entusiasmo del duce e dei suoi fidi, cominciavano ad agire anche sui veterani spagnuoli ed africani. Ciò nondimeno la fiducia nel capitano non venne a mancare; molti fra i dispersi ritornarono; i Galli amici erano ormai vicini, il versante era superato e aperto dinanzi agli occhi lo scendente pendio, che è di così grande consolazione al viaggiatore delle Alpi.

Dopo un breve riposo, ognuno si dispose con nuovo coraggio all'ultima e non meno ardua impresa, la discesa. Durante la quale l'esercito non fu molto molestato dai nemici, ma la stagione avanzata – erano i primi di settembre – uguagliò nello scendere i disagi che gli assalti dei barbari avevano arrecato nel salire.

Sullo scosceso e sdrucciolevole pendio lungo il corso della Dora, ove la prima neve aveva sepolto e guastato i sentieri, si smarrivano e sdrucciolavano uomini e bestie rotolando negli abissi; ma il peggio fu verso la sera del primo giorno di marcia quando l'esercito arrivò ad un tratto di via lungo duecento passi circa, sul quale dalle sovrastanti scoscese roccie del Gramont cadono continuamente valanghe, e dove nelle estati fredde la neve non scompare mai. La fanteria passò, ma i cavalli e gli elefanti non potevano sostenersi sul ghiaccio coperto solo da un lieve strato di neve appena caduta; sicchè il generale fu costretto ad accamparsi colle salmerie, colla cavalleria e cogli elefanti sulla difficile posizione. Il giorno seguente, lavorando tenacemente i cavalieri aprirono la via per i cavalli e per le bestie da soma; ma gli elefanti, quasi morti di fame, non poterono essere condotti al basso che dopo un ulteriore lavoro di tre giorni cambiando ad ogni momento i lavoratori.

L'esercito potè quindi riunirsi di nuovo dopo una sosta di quattro giorni, e dopo altri tre giorni di marcia per la valle Dora, che si andava sempre più allargando e mostrandosi più fertile – ed i cui abitanti, i Salassi, alleati degli Insubri, salutarono nei Cartaginesi i loro liberatori – verso la metà di settembre giunsero nel piano d'Ivrea, dove le stanche truppe furono acquartierate nei villaggi, affinchè con un buon trattamento e il riposo di una quindicina di giorni si rifacessero dagli straordinari strapazzi.

Se i Romani avessero avuto, e lo potevano avere, un esercito di 30.000 uomini riposati e pronti ad entrare in campo, per esempio presso Torino, e avessero costretto i Cartaginesi ad accettare subito una battaglia, la grande impresa d'Annibale sarebbe stata gravemente compromessa; ma la sua fortuna volle che anche questa volta i Romani non si trovassero là dove avrebbero dovuto trovarsi, e che le truppe cartaginesi potessero godere tranquillamente il riposo di cui avevano tanto bisogno[5].

Storia di Roma
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part0077_split_006.html
part0077_split_007.html
part0077_split_008.html
part0077_split_009.html
part0077_split_010.html
part0077_split_011.html
part0077_split_012.html
part0077_split_013.html
part0077_split_014.html
part0077_split_015.html
part0077_split_016.html
part0077_split_017.html
part0077_split_018.html
part0077_split_019.html
part0077_split_020.html
part0077_split_021.html
part0077_split_022.html
part0077_split_023.html