6 Antichissima architettura italica. 

Gli elementi dell'architettura sono, come abbiamo già detto, un antichissimo patrimonio comune delle razze. La casa d'abitazione forma il tema fondamentale d'ogni architettura; tema affatto identico presso i Greci e presso gli Italici. Fabbricata di legno, con un tetto acuminato coperto di paglia o di assicelle, essa forma uno spazio quadrato di abitazione, dal quale esce il fumo per un'apertura del tetto (cavum oedium), per cui penetra la luce, e la quale combina col buco fatto nel suolo per raccogliervi l'acqua piovana. Sotto questo «nero coperto» (atrium) si preparano e si mangiano le vivande, si adorano gli dei domestici; qui si pone il letto matrimoniale, qui la bara; qui il marito riceve gli ospiti, qui la donna siede e fila in mezzo alle sue fantesche. La casa non aveva vestibolo, a meno che come tale non si volesse considerare lo spazio scoperto tra la porta della casa e la strada, che prese il nome di vestibulum, cioè luogo per vestirsi, poichè in casa si usava di stare colla sottoveste, e s'indossava la toga solo quando si usciva. Mancava anche una divisione delle camere, ma d'intorno allo spazio d'abitazione si potevano praticare camere da letto e dispense; sarebbe poi ozioso parlare di scale e di piani superiori. Se e in qual modo da questi rudimenti nascesse un'architettura italica nazionale non si può stabilire giacchè sino da' primi tempi l'influenza greca sopravvenne apportando i suoi ornamenti a quei primi germi architettonici che preesistevano in Italia.

Già la più antica architettura italica, di cui ci giunse notizia, ci si mostra dominata dall'influenza greca non molto meno di quel che sia stata ai tempi di Augusto. Gli antichissimi sepolcri di Cere e d'Alsio, e verosimilmente anche quello trovato ultimamente in Preneste, sono coperti interamente, come i tesori di Orcomeno e di Micene, con strati di pietre sovrapposte le une alle altre, a poco a poco rientranti e coronati con una gran pietra. Nello stesso modo è coperto un antichissimo edifizio presso le mura della città di Tuscolo e così era originariamente coperto il pozzo (tullianum) posto ai piedi del Campidoglio sino a che non ne fu distrutto il culmine a cagione dell'edifizio che vi si piantò sopra. Le porte costruite col medesimo sistema in Arpino ed in Micene interamente si rassomigliano. L'emissario del lago d'Albano ha la massima rassomiglianza con quello del lago Copaide. Le così dette mura ciclopiche sono frequenti in Italia, particolarmente nell'Etruria, nell'Umbria, nel Lazio e nella Sabina, e in quanto alla costruzione devono risolutamente noverarsi tra le più antiche opere architettoniche d'Italia, benchè la più gran parte di quelle tutt'ora esistenti sia stata edificata secondo ogni apparenza molto più tardi; e certo ve ne ha che non furono costruite prima del settimo secolo della città di Roma. Esse ci si presentano, appunto come gli edifici greci, ora interamente greggie, composte di grandi massi di pietre non lavorate, a cui son frapposte pietre piccole, ora in istrati quadrati orizzontali[11], ora in blocchi poligonali incastonati insieme. Dalla scelta dell'uno o dell'altro sistema dipendeva ordinariamente il materiale che vi si impiegava; e per esempio in Roma, ove nei più antichi tempi non si fabbricava se non col tufo, non si trova per tal motivo la costruzione a poligono. È necessario far risalire la somiglianza dei due primi più semplici modi di costruzione all'analogia del materiale di costruzione e dello scopo delle fabbriche; ma difficilmente si potrà considerare come un effetto di coincidenza accidentale anche l'ingegnosa costruzione delle mura a poligono e la porta colla via, che ad essa fa capo, la quale, sempre incurvata alla sinistra, lascia scoperta ed esposta ai difensori la destra degli assalitori; avvedimento tecnico proprio delle fortezze italiche come delle greche. Ed altri importanti accenni abbiamo nel fatto, che soltanto in quella parte d'Italia, la quale non fu soggiogata dagli Elleni, nè esclusa dal commercio con essi, era in uso codesta architettura murale e che la vera architettura murale a poligono in Etruria s'incontra solo in Pirgi e nelle città non molto distanti da Cosa e Saturnia. La costruzione delle mura di Pirgi si può, particolarmente per l'indizio del nome (torri), attribuire ai Greci così sicuramente come si trattasse delle mura di Tirinto, e verosimilmente abbiamo in esse sotto gli occhi uno dei modelli, dal quale gl'Italici impararono la costruzione murale. E finalmente il tempio, che nelle età degli imperatori si chiamava tempio toscano e che era considerato come modellato su uno stile proprio, nel quale si fossero coordinati i diversi generi di architettura dei templi greci, ci appare interamente conforme al tipo greco tanto nel suo assieme, che è uno spazio murato (cella) d'ordinario quadrangolare sul quale sorgono pareti e colonne che sostengono come librato in aria l'acuminato tetto, quanto nei particolari e principalmente nella colonna e nelle proporzioni architettoniche. Dopo tutto ciò è verosimile e credibile che l'architettura italica, prima che gl'Italici fossero in relazione cogli Elleni, si limitasse a capanne di legno, a steccati, a ripari di terra e di sassi, e che la costruzione in muratura vi si introdusse soltanto dietro l'esempio dei Greci e col sussidio dei loro migliori strumenti. Non sapremmo dubitare che gl'Italici solo dai Greci apprendessero l'uso del ferro e da essi imparassero a preparare la malta (cal[e]x da χάλιξ), la macchina (macchina, μηχανή), la squadra (groma, guasto da γνώμον, γνῶμα) e l'ingegnosa inferriata (clathri κλῆϑρον). Si può quindi appena parlare d'una propria architettura italica a meno che nella costruzione in legno della casa italica di abitazione, oltre ai cambiamenti anche in essa avvenuti per influenza greca, fosse rimasto o si fosse per caso sviluppato alcunchè di proprio e nazionale, e che questo elemento alla sua volta influisse sulla costruzione dei templi italici. Ma lo sviluppo architettonico della casa in Italia è dovuto agli Etruschi. I Latini, e persino i Sabelli, rimanevano ancora rigorosamente fedeli all'avita capanna di legno ed all'antico costume di assegnare a dio ed allo spirito non un'abitazione sacrata, ma solo uno spazio sacrato, quando gli Etruschi avevano già cominciato a riformare artisticamente la casa d'abitazione e, prendendo ad esempio l'abitazione dell'uomo, avevano eretto un tempio al dio ed una tomba allo spirito. Che nel Lazio si procedesse a siffatte costruzioni di lusso solo sotto l'influenza etrusca, lo prova il nome del più antico stile di architettura religiosa e del più antico stile di architettura domestica chiamato etrusco[12]. Per ciò che concerne il carattere di siffatto passaggio dalla casa al tempio, è vero che il tempio greco imita anch'esso i generali contorni della tenda e della casa d'abitazione, ma esso è costituito essenzialmente di pietre riquadrate e coperto di tegole; e per esso le leggi della necessità e della bellezza si sono svolte sempre in relazione alla pietra e alla terracotta. All'Etrusco invece rimase ignota la spiccata antitesi greca tra la casa d'abitazione dell'uomo, costruita necessariamente di legno, e l'abitazione degli dei, costruita necessariamente di pietra. Le proprietà del tempio etrusco, la pianta che più si avvicina al quadrato, il frontone più alto, la maggiore distanza degli intercolonni e più di tutto il timpano più acuminato e lo straordinario protendersi delle teste delle travi del tetto sulle sostenenti colonne, derivano dalla maggiore approssimazione del tempio alla casa d’abitazione e dalle proprietà delle costruzioni in legno.

Storia di Roma
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