427. ¿Cómo debería decirse: handicapped o disabled?

Se prefiere disabled.

My brother-in-law is disabled(exposición neutra de los hechos).

My neighbour’s daughter is handicapped(anticuado y generalmente considerado ofensivo).

El origen de las palabras nos ayuda a comprender los cambios que experimentan en su uso. Una disability se define, en términos neutros, como una lesión o trastorno, físico o mental, que limita los movimientos, sentidos o actividades de una persona:

“My advice to other disabled people would be, concentrate on things your disability doesn’t prevent you doing well… Don’t be disabled in spirit as well as physically” (Stephen Hawking).

También se puede utilizar el verbo disable en sentido objetivo para referirse a ciertos mecanismos:

The burglars managed to disable the alarm before breaking into the house (desactivar, desconectar).

Sin embargo, un handicap es una circunstancia que dificulta el progreso o la consecución exitosa de algo; de ahí que las connotaciones de esta palabra sean intrínsecamente negativas:

My broken leg is mending well but not being able to climb stairs is a bit of a handicap at present (limita mis actividades).

“And I was…handicapped by the success of Star Trek. A director would say ‘I don’t want Jean-Luc Picard in my movie’” (desfavorecido, predispuestos en su contra; cita de Patrick Stewart).

Several members of our golf club play off a handicap of 6 (método que permite a jugadores de habilidades dispares competir unos contra otros desfavoreciendo al mejor del grupo en el momento de calcular las puntuaciones).

Así, la ceguera (por ejemplo) es una disability, mientras que no poder leer es un handicap que hoy en día se puede paliar aprendiendo a leer en braille. Hay un consenso generalizado que sostiene que si es posible reducir el handicap se podrá mitigar la disability.

Estos cambios en la lengua sencillamente reflejan los cambios respectivos en la percepción social de la discapacidad, donde la postura ha evolucionado desde una respuesta automáticamente negativa o compasiva a acentuar las facetas en las que la persona no está discapacitada. Este cambio de enfoque ha generado de manera natural un nuevo lenguaje que explica mejor el concepto; por ejemplo, las Paraolimpiadas se definen como un encuentro deportivo internacional para aquellos differently abled, un término registrado por primera vez en 1981 y que desde entonces ha ido ganando terreno.

En paralelo a este desarrollo, el lenguaje con connotaciones positivas ha ganado protagonismo, mientras que las palabras indicativas de actitudes negativas han sido desechadas:

Imagen 27 He’s a cripple (persona con discapacidad física: anticuado y ofensivo).

Imagen 27 She’s a retard/retarded (su desarrollo intelectual no progresa según lo esperado en personas de su edad: anticuado y ofensivo).

Imagen 26 She has learning difficulties (no avanza como se espera en alguien de su edad).

Sin embargo, cripple y crippled pueden utilizarse en otras expresiones:

Their grandfather is a crippled old man now (estar o mantenerse activo le supone un gran esfuerzo o no puede hacerlo).

It’s heart-breaking to see so many people crippled by debt because of unemployment (seriamente agobiados por las deudas).

Sadly, our next-door neighbour was crippled for life in a pile-up on the motorway (la discapacidad es irreversible).

Some refugee children are emotional cripples because of the dreadful things they have seen (sufrir consecuencias psicológicas graves).

Mucha gente prefiere utilizar los términos impaired e impairment, o también challenged y challenge, para referirse a determinadas ‘facultades físicas o mentales debilitadas o comprometidas’:

Lisa is hearing-impaired owing to an accident in early childhood (persona con sordera total o parcial).

Mervyn is severely mentally challenged(tiene discapacidades psíquicas graves).

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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