104. Cuando alguien tiene un fuerte resfriado, ¿decimos que está sick o ill?

Se puede usar cualquiera de las dos palabras pero, en general, aunque ambas son adecuadas para un pequeño y no muy prolongado problema de salud, la que se usa para dolencias más serias y de mayor duración es ill. Esta diferencia general queda de manifiesto en el modo en que sick se usa para hablar de bajas temporales en los trabajos:

Mary was off sick for a few days and forgot to get a sick note from the doctor.

Cuando se usa sick para enfermedades graves se intensifica con adverbios como very, really, extremely y terribly:

I’m afraid she’s extremely sick and has been admitted to hospital.

Ill, por otra parte, se usa en expresiones como long-term illness y seriously ill. Sick es ligeramente menos formal que ill.

Como en el inglés británico to be sick también significa ‘vomitar’, she’s been sick podría significar o que ella ha estado enferma durante algunos días, o que acaba de vomitar. No existe una verdadera diferencia de grado entre decir I feel sick y I feel ill, pero la primera puede entenderse como I am going to vomit.

Ill se limita principalmente a cuestiones de salud, mientras que sick tiene otra serie de significados. Como, por ejemplo, ‘de mal gusto’:

He told us a sick joke about babies and I was really offended.

Actualmente, el uso de sick como eufemismo de enfermedad mental está experimentando un descenso, aunque se utiliza a menudo como sinónimo de insane o deranged, y ha dado lugar a la palabra de uso coloquial sicko.

The people who planned this attack must be really sick.

Look at the photo of that guy the police arrested – he looks like a real sicko.

Sick también se usa con el significado de ‘harto’:

I’m sick of hearing about his wonderful new car!

Ill, por su parte, combinada con ciertos adjetivos también puede significar ‘malo’ o ‘ineficaz’: an ill-conceived plan, an ill-wind or a person of ill-repute.

Poorly, por otra parte, es informal y da a entender que nos compadecemos y sentimos verdadera preocupación por el estado de salud de alguien. Poorly deriva de ‘pobreza’ y, por asociación, hace pensar en alguien que no goza de buena salud:

Frank’s poorly and won’t be meeting us on Friday – I hope he gets better soon.

Probablemente, debido a que es un tema tan sensible, muchas de las expresiones relacionadas con la mala salud tienen matices, así que es muy importante tener en cuenta el contexto y nuestra intención a la hora de elegir la palabra que vayamos a usar.

¿LO SABÍAS?

También relacionadas con la descripción de estados de salud encontramos otras palabras, como unwell, cuyo carácter neutral, prudente y ligeramente formal puede ser de gran utilidad. A un legendario periodista británico, Jeffrey Bernard, le sucedía con frecuencia que estaba demasiado borracho para escribir su columna. El periódico con el que colaboraba creó un famoso eufemismo al publicar la siguiente explicación en el hueco donde debería haber ido su texto: Jeffrey Bernard is unwell.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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