177. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre estas dos preguntas?: What do you do? / What are you doing?

En la primera el hablante quiere averiguar qué tipo de trabajo tiene el interlocutor. En la segunda quiere saber qué actividad está realizando en el momento en que hace la pregunta.

El present simple tiene, en realidad, poco que ver con el presente real, lo que lo convierte en candidato a “concepto gramatical peor bautizado de todos los tiempos”. De hecho, en español ocurre algo parecido ya que el presente se utiliza para referirse a diferentes situaciones que claramente no están ocurriendo, o que no solo ocurren en el presente: “¿Vas al cole mañana?” (futuro); “Te quiero” (quizá no para siempre, ¡pero esperamos que no se refiera solo a ese preciso momento!); “El agua hierve a 100 grados” (siempre).

Esto no significa que el present simple y el presente, tal y como se utiliza en español, sean siempre intercambiables. La principal característica del present simple es que la cuestión del “cuándo” es irrelevante:

Bananas float on water.

My birthday is on the 26th of January.

She goes shopping on Thursdays.

We land at half past one CET.

The film ends with James Bond and the girl on a speedboat.

McManaman passes to Fowler. Fowler shoots, and scores!

Your article last week fails to address several important issues.

En el segundo, tercer y cuarto ejemplo el verbo seguiría teniendo la misma forma aunque las frases no hablaran de una cuestión temporal, sino que hicieran referencia a otra cuestión:

My birthday is my least favourite day of the year.

She goes shopping in the market.

We land at Paris Charles de Gaulle.

En la designación present simple, simple indica que el hablante ve un acontecimiento como un todo. Esto no quiere decir que ese acontecimiento se componga de un solo elemento, sino que el hablante lo percibe así o que está interesado en hablar del hecho en su aspecto más básico. Cuando alguien pregunta, por ejemplo, por nuestro trabajo (What do you do?), no está interesado en saber si estamos en el trabajo o no, cuánto tiempo llevamos desempeñando esa labor o cuánto tiempo más vamos a seguir haciéndolo.

La posibilidad de elegir entre percibir un acontecimiento como una unidad completa o como algo que tiene lugar durante un período de tiempo limitado, es la razón por la cual, por ejemplo, la gente puede responder a la pregunta Where do you live? de distintas maneras:

I live in Aios (el hablante ni siquiera considera el factor tiempo).

I’m living in Aios (el hablante puede saber o no cuánto tiempo más vivirá en Aios, pero tiene claro que en un futuro ya no vivirá ahí).

Existen otras posibles respuestas a la pregunta anterior, pero la elección gramatical no cambia el significado intrínseco del verbo live. En cambio, con otros verbos la elección del tiempo verbal sí puede afectar al significado. Usar el verbo do en present simple nos lleva a pensar en lo que hacemos en general, en lugar de lo que hacemos en un momento concreto. Tristemente, parece que lo que hacemos en general es trabajar, por eso cuando alguien pregunta What do you do? te está preguntando cuál es tu trabajo.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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