SOBRE LAS CONSTRUCCIONES CONDICIONALES

371. ¿En inglés solo existen cuatro tipos de condicional?

Por lo general, cuando se introduce el tema del condicional a los estudiantes de inglés, se les enseñan los cuatro tipos —digamos— “clásicos”, y se suele insistir tanto en el aprendizaje de estos que resulta lógico deducir que estas estructuras constituyen todo lo que hay que saber sobre los usos del condicional. Pero no es así.

Aunque los cuatro tipos de condicional ofrecen un punto de partida para comprender los principios de la condicionalidad, también es cierto que se encuentran, citando a Hamlet, “… more honoured in the breach than the observance…” (‘… se les honra más al transgredirlos que al respetarlos…’).

Antes de adentrarnos más en los entresijos del condicional, repasemos las cuatro estructuras “clásicas”, zero, first, second y third conditionals:

Zero conditional: «present tense + present tense»

If you heat ice, it melts.

First conditional:« present tense + will + infinitive»

If you run, you’ll catch the bus.

Second conditional: «past tense + would + infinitive»

If I won the lottery, I’d buy myself a yacht.

Third conditional: «past perfect + would + have + past participle»

If I had set the alarm, I wouldn’t have woken up late.

Quizás el principal problema con los cuatro tipos, tal y como se suelen presentar, es que no recogen el extendido uso de otras formas verbales como, por ejemplo, el present perfect, be going to o have to en los first conditionals:

If I’ve upset you in any way, please accept my apologies.

If you’re going to do it, you might want to ask for some help…

If you have to make so much noise, I’d appreciate you not doing it at 11pm.

Tampoco tienen en cuenta que es habitual usar otros modal verbs y no solo will y would:

I might not go to the party if you’re not going to go.

If I hadn’t called you, I could have ended up waiting there for hours.

Los hablantes nativos emplean constantemente gran variedad de condicionales mixtos, es decir, oraciones compuestas que combinan dos patrones condicionales distintos, frente a los clásicos zero, first, second y third conditional types.

Por ejemplo, el first conditional puede combinarse con el second conditional para pedir algo. Esto introduce un ligero distanciamiento en la petición y hace que parezca más vaga e indirecta, lo cual, a su vez, permite que al interlocutor le resulte algo más fácil rechazar la petición sin parecer grosero. Una first conditional clásica es más directa, y rechazarla, por tanto, resulta más incómodo:

If I give you some money, will you buy a bottle of wine for me? (petición directa).

If I give you some money, would you buy a bottle of wine for me? (el que hace la petición está siendo muy educado).

No es probable que un nativo usara aquí una second conditional clásica, porque podría interpretarse como una pregunta hipotética, no como una petición real. Sin embargo, se podría usar otro circunloquio de estilo condicional:

If I were to give you some money, could you possibly buy a bottle of wine for me? (el que hace la petición está siendo extremadamente educado, tal vez porque no quiere poner a la otra persona en un compromiso o porque no la conoce muy bien).

Otra forma de pedir cosas educadamente, pero esta vez en relación con algo que parece poco probable que suceda, es utilizar «if you should/if you happen to/if you should happen to + present/future»:

If you should bump into the plumber, please remind him I’m still waiting for him to call.

Cuando queremos expresar nuestro pesar por alguna acción u omisión del pasado, podemos usar una mezcla de third/second conditional para contraponer el acontecimiento del pasado —real o imaginario— y el resultado actual:

If he’d had the operation in time, he might still be alive today (pasado real + presente real: fue operado, pero cuando ya era demasiado tarde, así que actualmente no está vivo).

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich beyond the dreams of avarice (pasado imaginado + presente real: no gané la lotería, así que actualmente no soy rico).

Quienes no son hablantes nativos suelen tener dificultades para entender que el continuous aspect puede ser utilizado tanto en contextos imaginarios como en contextos literales. En la práctica, sin embargo, esa mezcla de condicionales es bastante frecuente, y el uso del continuous aspect sirve para enfatizar la acción, el desarrollo, el cambio y la inmediatez, igual que en los contextos no condicionales. Como era de esperar, es frecuente encontrar expresiones de tiempo en estas situaciones, ya que a menudo lo que se está enfatizando ocurre durante un período de tiempo limitado, o bien la naturaleza paralela de los acontecimientos:

If it were snowing, we’d be able to go skiing today (pero no está nevando, así que no podemos ir a esquiar en este momento).

If Lisa hadn’t broken off her engagement, she’d be getting married tomorrow (pero Lisa rompió su compromiso matrimonial, así que no se va a casar mañana).

If Lucy had been walking to work when that bomb went off, it may well have killed her (pero no iba caminando hacia ahí cuando sucedió, así que está bien).

If you had gone to visit my grandmother last night, she’d probably have been making yet another pot of tea (no fuiste a visitarla ayer por la noche, pero, si lo hubieras hecho, así es como pienso que se habría desarrollado la escena).

Estos son tan solo algunos ejemplos de condicionales mixtas: lo importante es ser conscientes de que existen muchas variantes y aprender a usarlas para mejorar el dominio del idioma.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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