198. La contracción ’d, en la oración I’d read the book, ¿pertenece a would o had?

Al tratarse de un verbo modal, would va siempre seguido de un infinitivo. Had, por el contrario, nunca puede ir acompañado por un infinitivo. Cuando had se contrae casi siempre va seguido de un past participle para formar el past perfect, aunque se puede incluir un adverbio entre ambos:

I’d do it like this (would).

They’d always done it like that (had).

Existen verbos, como read, en los que coincide la forma escrita del infinitivo con la del past participle. En estos casos varía la pronunciación, que, junto con el contexto, ayuda a apreciar claramente las diferencias:

As I’d read the book a few years ago, I wasn’t that keen on going to see the film (read es un past participle que se pronuncia /red/).

I’d read the book if I had to, but usually I just watched the film (read es un infinitivo que se pronuncia /ri:d/).

En los textos escritos, pese a la larga lista de verbos cuyos infinitivos y past participles tienen grafías y pronunciaciones idénticas, el contexto es suficiente para poder distinguirlos:

When I got there, I found she’d put the keys under the doormat.

When I was a child, we’d put up the Christmas decorations on Christmas Eve, and not before.

Dicho esto, a menos que se esté leyendo en voz alta, la pregunta inicial es un tanto innecesaria. Las contracciones se utilizan porque la comprensión no depende de la palabra que se contrae, con una función meramente gramatical que no aporta significado.

Un buen ejemplo de la escasa relevancia de ‘d lo encontramos en el hecho de que cuando se utiliza had better o had best para dar un consejo, muchos nativos ni se molestan en pronunciar la contracción de had, lo que resulta más adecuado que usar la forma íntegra y arriesgarse a sonar pretenciosos y agresivos:

You(‘d) better take an umbrella with you. It looks like rain.

They(‘d) best do what he says if they don’t want any trouble.

Los nativos no desarrollan mentalmente cada contracción que escuchan. Se sirven de datos contextuales para deducir el significado y, por lo general, van extrayendo determinadas conclusiones en el transcurso de la conversación. Esta no es una habilidad exclusiva de los angloparlantes; solo hay que pensar en las veces en que se responde a alguien antes de que termine de hablar y preguntarse cuántas se ha entendido mal lo que nos decían.

Los estudiantes de inglés se dan cuenta de que la seguridad con la que manejan estas herramientas lingüísticas de deducción (que ya poseen) aumenta a medida que mejora su competencia. La consecuencia es que, como a los hablantes nativos, no les preocupa que ‘d se corresponda con would o had.

La idea tan habitual como persistente de que se puede confundir ‘d con should es desacertada. Should tiene una pronunciación débil (/ʃəd/) y no una contracción.

Del mismo modo, ‘ll es la forma contracta de will y no de shall. Shall tiene dos pronunciaciones: una fuerte (con un sonido vocálico abierto /ʃæl/) y otra débil (un sonido vocálico más suave aún /ʃəl/).

PARA SABER MÁS

Sobre el uso de las contracciones ⇒ 18, 79, 179, 461.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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