SOBRE LA MENCIÓN Y LA OMISIÓN

376. ¿Se dice I’m not afraid o I’m afraid not?

Ambas son totalmente correctas, pero muy distintas. I’m not afraid significa que alguien no tiene miedo:

He’s not afraid of failure, which is the key to his success!

I’m afraid not se usa, especialmente en el inglés británico, para dar malas noticias o expresar desacuerdo. Más concretamente, I’m afraid not se utiliza para confirmar malas noticias o para responder negativamente a una petición:

Is there anything left? I’m afraid not. They’ve stolen everything.

Have you got any prawn sandwiches? — I’m afraid not.

Basta con not, y no hace falta una oración completa («sujeto + verbo») porque el resto de la información está clara y resulta innecesaria la repetición.

—Have you got this dress in black and blue? —I’m afraid that we do not have that dress in black and blue. We only have it in white and gold.

Cuando lo que hacemos es confirmar una mala noticia, usamos I’m afraid so:

—Has the last train left? —I’m afraid so. There’s no trains till tomorrow now.

Los verbos guess y hope funcionan exactamente igual que (be) afraid.

—Is Sam coming? —I hope so / I hope not.

I don’t know for sure that she’s running late, but I guess so.

Verbos como think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect, appear, assume, presume también llevan so después del verbo en respuestas cortas y cuando queremos evitar repeticiones innecesarias de oraciones completas formadas por «sujeto + verbo»:

He didn’t say that he’d be spending Christmas with his parents, but I imagine so.

I’m not sure if Carla was with them, but I think so.

—Are they really going to do it? —It appears so.

Sin embargo, las formas negativas de estos verbos son algo distintas. En la mayoría de los casos solemos poner el verbo en negativo seguido de so:

I thought it was easy, but now I’ve tried, I don’t think so at all!

—Are you going to go to uni, then? —I don’t imagine so. We haven’t got the money.

Poner not después de este tipo de verbos resulta bastante terminante y definitivo, así que es menos habitual. La excepción es presume, que también es bastante terminante, así que se acompaña de not con más frecuencia que de so:

Is he OK? Well, after losing his job and all his savings, I’d presume not.

So se emplea también con say y tell para evitar repetir una subordinada introducida por that.

Dianne’s going to finish with Cliff. She said so this morning when we had coffee.

Rebecca has retired. They told me so when I called last week.

No obstante, la estructura «tell + object + so» significa a menudo que alguien ha advertido a otro respecto a algo y que, muchas veces, este último ha ignorado la advertencia:

I told you so! If you don’t buy tickets early, they’ll sell out. So, what are you going to do now?

Algunas veces se pone so al principio de una frase en la que se confirma que ya se está al corriente de la información que se proporciona. Esto es más habitual en el lenguaje hablado y en textos cuyo estilo se aproxima a este:

They’ve given the job to Lilith!So I hear. It’s terrible, isn’t it?’

It’s a brilliant book. So everyone says, anyway.

So también se puede usar para no repetir una descripción, aunque resulta bastante formal:

Doctors said last night that he was in a critical state, and he remains so.

He was terribly unhappy at work, and had been so for years.

Más frecuente es usar more so y less so como sustitutos de adjetivos en comparaciones:

If the last album was strange, the new one is even more so.

They’re both looking old, but Ernie less so.

PARA SABER MÁS

Sobre otros usos de so171.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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