186. ¿Cómo se dice: I’ll sneeze o I’m going to sneeze?

Aunque es gramaticalmente correcta, es difícil imaginar un contexto verosímil en el que se pudiera usar I’ll sneeze, especialmente como oración independiente:

Imagen 27 I will sneeze.

Imagen 26 If you throw pepper at me, I’ll sneeze.

Imagen 26 I’m going to sneeze.

La forma (be) going to se utiliza cuando el hablante utiliza los datos que tiene y, visualizando el futuro, predice la consecuencia natural que se deduce de esa información. Uno sabe que va a estornudar porque lo puede sentir en la nariz. La información no tiene que estar presente en el momento de hablar, pero el hablante tiene que haberla conocido con anterioridad:

It’s going to rain tomorrow, Mr Farnon. They said so on the radio this afternoon.

Helen and James are going to be so pleased. They’ve always wanted me to move back home.

Los datos no tienen que proceder necesariamente de una fuente externa; también pueden deducirse de un plan que decida el propio hablante:

I’m not going to meet up with Tristan tonight. I’m going to stay in and watch TV.

What are you going to do with your old mobile?

Como todos los modal verbs, will es claramente subjetivo. Esa es la razón por la que I’ll sneeze es una combinación poco frecuente. Uno no opina que va a estornudar: siente un cosquilleo en la nariz que le dice que lo va a hacer.

Lo cierto es que nadie puede realmente adivinar el futuro ni dar una opinión que no esté basada en algún dato o información previa. La decisión de usar will o (be) going to no se basa, para los hablantes nativos, en una regla estricta sino en intuición o instinto. En algunos casos resulta evidente la forma que hay que utilizar, mientras que en otros la decisión es más compleja y se basa en la necesidad de añadir énfasis al enunciado.

Will se usa cuando, en el momento de hablar, el hablante está pensando en lo que cree que es inevitable:

Turn the heat down or it’ll burn (estoy mirando la comida en este momento y creo que es inevitable que se queme).

La estructura (be) going to demuestra el conocimiento de ciertos datos que se pueden haber estado recopilando hasta el momento de hablar:

We’re going to be late (sé lo que tardamos en llegar ahí [dato] y sé qué hora es [dato]).

En el siguiente ejemplo parece existir cierta información previa (¿otras cartas enviadas a los padres?, ¿alguna amenaza anterior?) que permite explicar la opinión o predicción del hablante, pues se trata de una advertencia, si bien se prefiere subrayar el resultado inevitable de una posible acción futura:

If you don’t do your homework, Mrs Morgan will send a letter to your parents.

En cambio, si Mrs Morgan tiene clara su decisión, usará going to para enfatizarla basándose en el dato que ella conoce: su resolución interna de mandar la nota:

If your homework isn’t done by tomorrow, Daisy, I’m going to send a letter to your parents.

Es importante analizar los ejemplos que se escuchan en situaciones reales y considerar por qué el hablante ha optado por una u otra forma en cada caso. Sin embargo, no siempre es tarea fácil. Algunas veces se miente por las más nobles razones. Que una persona diga a otra It’s going to be OK, cuando la ve llorando, resulta mucho más reconfortante —al fin y al cabo, se basa en datos, ¿no?— que It’ll be OK, algo que a todas luces es solo la opinión de quien lo está diciendo y, por tanto, no menos válida que la de la persona que lo está escuchando, con la diferencia de que esta... ¡está llorando!

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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