SOBRE EL USO DEL APÓSTROFO

18. ¿Cómo debe escribirse?: Why aren’t you going to the meeting? / Why are you not going to the meeting?

La primera, Why aren’t you going to the meeting?, es la forma más habitual. Lo normal es que la segunda forma, Why are you not going to the meeting?, se escuche cuando alguien se siente molesto y, más que hacer una pregunta, está exigiendo enérgicamente una explicación.

La omission (sustituir letras por un apóstrofo) es una característica natural del inglés y se produce en una serie de contextos. Palabras como aren’t (are not), didn’t (did you not) y isn’t (is not) se usan en el inglés hablado y en la mayoría de los textos, salvo en algunos muy formales.

Hay algunas palabras que, hoy en día, siempre se escriben con apóstrofo y nunca en su forma original. Con diferencia, la más usada de estas es o’clock (of the clock). Otras son ne’er-do-well (never-do-well: una persona que no es muy de fiar) y Hallowe’en (Halloweven), aunque esta última se está dejando de usar.

Como se trata de palabras o elementos de palabras que a menudo se omiten en el lenguaje hablado, es frecuente encontrarlas en textos de ficción o no-ficción cuando el autor quiere reproducir con exactitud la forma de hablar de determinados personajes. Novelistas como Emily Bronte y Dickens utilizaban esta técnica y la combinaban con aproximaciones fonéticas al habla regional:

“‘He’s goin’ t’other way an’ I doubt’ll mek it.” (= He is going the other way and I doubt he will make it).

Aproximadamente hasta los años veinte, y tanto en poesía como en prosa, era frecuente utilizar una serie de palabras con la omission: ‘twas (= it was), o’er (= over). En la actualidad esto suena artificial y anacrónico:

“The light shone o’er the darkening path.”

Sin embargo, la “poesía” moderna —en forma de letras de canciones— sigue utilizando omissions porque se aproximan más a la pronunciación real:

“The answer my friend is blowin’ in the wind.” (Bob Dylan)

La omission aparece en algunos apellidos, como O’Malley o De’ath, por ejemplo. Pero en estos casos el apóstrofo no está reemplazando letras de una palabra inglesa (se ignora que representa la omission en De’ath). En los apellidos como O’Malley, el prefijo O’- significa ‘descendiente de’ en gaélico irlandés.

Se puede utilizar para abreviar fechas —’69 (= 1969)—, aunque los libros de estilo normalmente lo desaconsejan, o como parte de la asociación generalmente aceptada entre un determinado nombre y un determinado año:

The football heroes of ’66 - where are they now? (se refiere a los ganadores de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol, celebrada en Inglaterra en 1966).

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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