34. ¿Puedo decir a herd of sheep, a herd of bison y a herd of rabbits?

Los dos primeros usos de herd son correctos, pero a herd of rabbits no. Aunque el sustantivo colectivo herd se usa para describir un conjunto de animales, incluyendo ovejas, bovinos, cebras y bisontes, no puede aplicarse a todos los animales.

El número de sustantivos colectivos que se usa comúnmente para nombrar animales es relativamente reducido e incluye los siguientes ejemplos:

A flock of seagulls

A herd of cattle

A swarm of bees

A pack of wolves

A pride of lions

A school of dolphins

Estos términos habituales no son más que la punta del iceberg léxico. Lo cierto es que el número de nombres colectivos en inglés relacionados con animales alcanza varios centenares, aunque la gran mayoría de hablantes desconoce casos como los siguientes:

An intrusion of cockroaches

A mischief of mice

A bouquet of pheasants

An unkindness of ravens

Hay dos explicaciones para esta ingente cantidad de vocablos. Una está relacionada con el mundo rural. La mayoría de estos términos aparecieron a mediados o finales del siglo XV, por influencia del francés. Parecen haber formado parte de un proceso lingüístico destinado a categorizar animales de caza y de ganado y añadirles, al mismo tiempo, una nomenclatura detallada. Una familiaridad con estas categorías indicaría clase y estatus, enfatizando así la diferencia entre la aristocracia y los campesinos en estos aspectos de la vida feudal.

La segunda razón, y probablemente más importante, es la atracción que ejercen el ingenio verbal y la chispa expresiva. A juzgar por la creativa y frecuentemente poética elección de los sustantivos —a parliament of owls (que trasmite la sabiduría y seriedad que se asocia a estas aves) o a murmuration of starlings (que sugiere al ruido de los estorninos al congregarse en grandes cantidades)— se deduce que había una marcada tendencia a mostrarse imaginativo. Puede afirmarse, con total seguridad, que nuestros antepasados se lo pasaron de lujo y que había rivalidad por demostrar quién podía inventarse el término mejor y más ingenioso para referirse a un grupo de animales.

La lista ha ido creciendo con el tiempo —y se ha ido ampliando para incluir a personas además de animales—, como evidencian estos ejemplos:

A sprig of vegetarians

A shower of meteorologists

A hack of smokers

A lechery of priests

Como sucedía en el siglo XV, en estos casos el puro ejercicio del ingenio y del juego lingüístico tiene más peso que la necesidad real de acuñar un sustantivo colectivo.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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