180. ¿Cuándo se usa el past simple y cuándo el present perfect?

Se suele decir que el past simple se usa cuando un acontecimiento tuvo lugar en un momento determinado y que el present perfect se emplea cuando el período temporal no está definido:

We saw it at the cinema last weekend.

We’ve seen this film before.

También se dice que el present perfect es la forma correcta para referirse a hechos recientes o a aquellas situaciones en que los efectos de una acción pasada perduran en el presente:

She’s had a shower, but she’s still drying her hair.

Daphne’s lost her handbag so she doesn’t have any money to pay for a taxi.

Aunque no son exactamente falsas, estas distinciones no siempre funcionan, como se advierte en los siguientes ejemplos:

I made dinner this evening. It wasn’t the best, but Sarah is very happy I made an effort (past simple para un momento reciente [esta noche] y con efecto en el presente [Sarah está contenta]).

I’ve made dinner this evening. Go and have a shower, and then we’ll eat (present perfect para un momento determinado [esta noche]).

En el primero de estos dos ejemplos el hablante usa el past simple porque siente que making dinner está en el pasado. No se está hablando del tiempo real y objetivo, sino de cómo se percibe ese tiempo. En realidad, probablemente ya no queda nada de la cena.

En el segundo ejemplo, el hablante usa el present perfect porque no siente o percibe que making dinner sea algo que haya quedado en el pasado, aunque quiere indicar que sucedió antes de ahora. Podemos dar por hecho que la cena todavía está ahí para ser saboreada.

La distinción entre “en el pasado” y “antes del presente” —origen de la mayor parte de las dudas sobre el present perfect y el past simple— es complicada porque mientras que el past simple nos da una información, el present perfect conecta dos informaciones. Podemos ver una analogía muy básica en las comparaciones: “Juan es alto” es simplemente un hecho, pero “Juan es más alto que Jorge” vincula la altura de Juan con la de Jorge.

Aunque el significado retrospectivo del aspecto perfect es coherente, la conexión entre dos hechos ocurridos en momentos diferentes se aprecia con más facilidad en otras formas. El past perfect —al que se llama a menudo “el pasado del pasado”— se usa cuando ya se está hablando de un acontecimiento pasado pero se necesita describir un hecho relacionado con él que ha tenido lugar anteriormente:

I’d called her several times before she picked up.

By the time we arrived at the hospital, he had stopped breathing.

Del mismo modo, en las formas de futuro se usa el aspecto perfect para mirar hacia atrás en el tiempo desde cualquier momento del futuro que se elija y conectarlo con un acontecimiento anterior:

We’ll have been married 15 years in September.

She’s going to have retired before they move office, so she’s not too worried about the changes.

El present perfect funciona de manera parecida. Se utiliza cuando un hecho en el presente hace pensar en algo que sucedió antes de ahora. No hay límites en el espacio de tiempo que se puede retroceder, si bien tiene que existir una conexión entre las dos acciones, acontecimientos, situaciones, circunstancias, etc.:

I can’t believe they’re getting married! They’ve only known each other a week or two.

It’s not good, but it’s always been like that.

Homo-sapiens has existed for around 200 000 years.

La ausencia de límites en el espacio de tiempo que se puede retroceder es la razón de que el present perfect se utilice a menudo para empezar conversaciones que normalmente acaban siendo más específicas y pasando al past simple:

Have you ever been to Japan? Yes, I have. I was there about 20 years ago.

Los hablantes nativos generalmente saben cuándo deben usar present perfect y cuándo past simple, a pesar de que depende de una percepción del tiempo y no de una regla de oro sobre el tiempo real. Lleva tiempo desarrollar el olfato para detectar los usos correctos y debe hacerse mediante el análisis de un gran número de ejemplos, tanto del inglés oral como del escrito, pues es, probablemente, el camino más seguro hacia el éxito.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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