297. ¿Cómo se dice?: We all spend a lot of money on Christmas. / We all spend a lot of money at Christmas. / We all spend a lot of money in Christmas.

Pensamos en Christmas como en un período de tiempo completo, así que el adverbio de tiempo es at Christmas.

Imagen 27 We all spend a lot of money on Christmas.

Imagen 26 We all spend a lot of money in Christmas.

Imagen 26 We all spend a lot of money at Christmas.

La visualización del tiempo como si fuera un espacio físico es algo universal y, en ese sentido, un río representa una realidad física especialmente adecuada para utilizarla como metáfora con la que explorar las preposiciones de tiempo. En inglés, el tiempo flows (‘fluye’) y en castellano nos referimos a lo que ya ha sucedido como “agua pasada” (water under the bridge, en inglés).

Si digo que quedo con alguien at the river, pensamos en el río como en un punto geográfico en sí mismo, distinto de las tierras por las que pasa. Con the night ocurre algo parecido. A diferencia de lo que sucede con el día, al que normalmente dividimos en morning, afternoon y evening, la noche es una unidad completa, distinta del día. Del mismo modo, the weekend no es como el resto de la semana y Christmas e Easter son períodos completos de tiempo distintos al resto del año. Con todas estas palabras se utiliza normalmente la preposición at:

This part of town really comes alive at night.

We left at dawn so as to beat the morning rush hour traffic.

We usually just relax and spend some time together at the weekend.

At Easter, there are lots of religious processions.

Si alguien dijera I’m in the river, todos sabríamos que ha querido decir ‘entre las dos orillas’ y preferiríamos pensar que es un buen nadador. Pues bien, del mismo modo que las dos orillas contienen el agua del río, entendemos algunos períodos determinados de tiempo como contenedores (una mañana, una tarde, una semana, un mes, una estación, un año, etc):

I usually write in the morning, and then have lunch and a long nap in the afternoon.

The trees look lovely in autumn.

We don’t usually see each other much in the week because we’re so busy.

I’m pretty sure the first Ghostbusters film came out in 1984.

The balance between the rich and the poor started to widen in the 1980s.

Para demostrar que las preposiciones tienen más que ver con la percepción de los hablantes que con la gramática, observemos el caso de night: también puede llevar la preposición in si hablamos de un acontecimiento que tiene lugar dentro de los límites de una noche:

I woke up several times in the night.

Volviendo a nuestro río, e imaginando que quisiéramos cruzarlo, podríamos hacerlo pisando primero en una piedra y luego en otra. Cada piedra es un paso que damos desde una orilla del río hacia la otra. Recordemos que nos vamos situando on one stone y luego on another. Del mismo modo, Monday sería la primera “piedra” que nos conducen desde el comienzo de la semana hacia su fin. Tuesday sería la siguiente piedra, y así sucesivamente. Visualizamos cada día como una piedra que nos permite ir cruzando un determinado período de tiempo:

So, let’s have another meeting on Thursday next week and talk about this again.

He called on Sunday afternoon, but I didn’t answer the phone.

She doesn’t really want to do anything on her birthday, which is on the 26th by the way.

How many cards did you get on Valentine’s Day?

Es perfectamente posible visualizar otras ocasiones como pasos que se dan para cruzar períodos de tiempo más amplios. En el siguiente comunicado, a morning se concibe como parte de un día que se visualiza como algo con límites (00:00 – 23:59):

On the morning of March 17th, we welcomed our beautiful daughter into the world! Mother and baby both doing fine!

Lo mismo hacemos cuando decimos:

The market is held on the last weekend of every month, except in August.

Es verdad que el inglés americano, por lo general, prefiere usar on con the weekend y the weekends, más que at.

On weekends, I spend a lot of time helping out at the church. (USA)

At weekends, I like to do a spot of gardening. (UK)

Esto no es tanto una excepción como una prueba más de que el uso de las preposiciones no se basa en reglas gramaticales sino en percepciones. ¡Es más sorprendente que millones de angloparlantes nativos se pongan de acuerdo en casi todo que vean algunas cosas de manera distinta! A los británicos nos gusta pensar que at the weekend enaltece más claramente esas valiosas 48 horas que on the weekend, una opción que, al decantarse por la misma preposición que se usa para todos los días de la semana, equipara el preciado fin de semana con el horrible lunes (on Monday).

PARA SABER MÁS

Sobre la diferencia entre in the moment y at the moment323.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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