206. ¿Cómo se dice?: I shall be there later o I will be there later.

Ambas oraciones son correctas, aunque shall no suele utilizarse como marca de futuro en inglés americano. En inglés británico tampoco es habitual, pues lleva en desuso desde principios del siglo XIX. Hoy en día solo se emplea en preguntas en primera persona (I o we) con un sentido de ofrecimiento o sugerencia:

Shall I go and get it for you?

Shall we move into the living room for coffee?

Quizá el uso más famoso de shall sea la contracción negativa shalt (arcaico) que se repite en los Diez Mandamientos. En ese caso, shall expresa obligación más que futuro:

Thou shalt have no other gods before me (el primer mandamiento de la Biblia del rey Jacobo, 1611).

Este significado hace que shall aparezca con bastante regularidad en determinados textos, por ejemplo, en los contratos:

The company shall pay the vendor within twenty-eight days.

En otros ámbitos, como es el caso del inglés jurídico, se usa shall en exceso y, lo que es peor, de manera errónea. En este contexto legal, shall debería usarse para imponer a un individuo un deber que sea capaz de cumplir. El ejemplo anterior es correcto. Los siguientes, aunque correctos gramaticalmente, no siguen la definición con sentido jurídico de shall:

The debtor shall be brought forthwith before the court which issued the order (en este caso no se especifica el sujeto. ¿Quién queda a cargo de llevar al deudor ante el tribunal?).

If the agreement is not signed by 31st October 2016, the price shall be increased by 15% (shall se está utilizando como marca de futuro).

No employee shall take a leave of absence without a written request to the Human Resources manager... (shall se está utilizando para expresar autorización).

La ambigüedad que se aprecia en los distintos usos de shall (en ocasiones en el mismo contrato) ha provocado cientos de demandas judiciales. Una muestra significativa de dicha ambigüedad se encuentra en la Constitución de Estados Unidos, donde shall se utiliza mucho y sin coherencia. El sistema judicial, así como las guías de estilo de todos los países anglófonos, recomiendan encarecidamente limitar el uso de shall a la definición jurídica más estandarizada o, cada vez más, no usarla nunca.

Shall se emplea con mayor acierto en los documentos especializados redactados por técnicos, ingenieros y científicos, que por abogados. En estos casos expresa necesidad (con frecuencia, requisito) y rara vez aparece con sentido de futuro o con otros significados.

¿LO SABÍAS?

Will se utilizaba con significado de futuro en el Old English (aproximadamente desde el siglo V hasta 1066), luego los latinistas traducían el futuro latino por shall y el verbo velle por will. En el siglo XVII este uso parecía haberse convertido en una práctica gramatical habitual que insistía en que shall era la forma correcta de primera persona (I o we) del futuro inglés, mientras que will servía para la segunda y tercera persona (you, he, she, it y they), excepto para enfatizar o insistir, en cuyo caso los roles se invierten (I/we will; you/he/she/it/they shall). No existen pruebas que demuestren que esta regla, bastante ilógica y arbitraria, se haya aplicado nunca con coherencia, por lo que los estudiantes de inglés moderno deberían descartarla.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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