143. ¿Cuál es la opción correcta: We had a terrible time on holiday o We had a terrific time on holiday?

Depende por completo de lo que se quiera expresar. Si las vacaciones fueron muy malas, usaremos terrible. Si las vacaciones fueron estupendas, usaremos terrific.

El significado positivo de terrific puede parecer extraño, pero es un ejemplo de un fenómeno muy natural en el lenguaje. Terrific y terrible comparten las mismas raíces latinas y originalmente significaban ‘provocar miedo’:

Hell is a mysterious, but terrible place.

The house stood as a terrific emblem of death to all those who knew what had happened there.

Pero, en algún momento, terrific empezó a utilizarse con valor intensificativo, como exageración: a terrific headache, por ejemplo, es un dolor de cabeza tan fuerte y tan intenso ¡que ‘da miedo’!

A terrific noise rang out every time the hammer hit the metal door.

Hacia 1870 ese significado de ‘fuerte’ e ‘intenso’ había empezado a aplicarse también a cosas positivas:

The opening of the novel is terrific – perhaps the best I have ever read.

Y a partir de ahí, evidentemente, la palabra estaba ya muy cerca de empezar a significar ‘excelente’

Wow! You look terrific! Have you had your hair done?

Terrible no ha ido tan lejos, ni mucho menos, aunque actualmente es más habitual que se use con el significado de ‘muy malo’ que con el de ‘aterrador’:

The weather was terrible. It didn’t stop raining the whole week we were there.

What a terrible waste of time and money!

Este proceso se produce constantemente. Es interesante observar, por ejemplo, el caso de awful y awesome. Al principio, ambos términos hacían referencia a algo que producía miedo y terror, pero, con el tiempo, awful fue pasando de significar very bad a simplemente significar veryit’s awful(ly) nice of you—. Por su parte, awesome, ha hecho un recorrido parecido al de terrific —aunque en tiempos mucho más recientes— y ahora significa very good.

El uso excesivo hace que las palabras vayan perdiendo su fuerza inicial, de ahí que los hablantes, por necesidades expresivas, recurran a exageraciones e hipérboles echando mano de nuevas palabras: bad, wicked, killer y sick son ejemplos más recientes de la misma tendencia experimentada por awesome y terrific.

En ocasiones son otros los factores que explican los cambios de significado de las palabras. El término travesty (‘parodia, caricatura’) es una representación falsa o distorsionada y, así, a travesty of justice es una decisión judicial que va en contra de lo que el hablante cree que debería representar la ley, es decir, una pésima decisión. En la actualidad, no es raro oír travesty con el significado de tragedy (‘tragedia’), probablemente debido al parecido fonético de ambos términos. Aunque esta mutación aún no ha sido acogida por los diccionarios, cabe suponer que solo será cuestión de tiempo:

Imagen 29 The bombing was a travesty.

Imagen 26 The earthquake was a tragedy.

Decimate (‘diezmar’) se ha adaptado a los tiempos actuales, “suavizando” su significado original, de modo que ya no significa ‘matar uno de diez’:

Supermarkets have been lowering wages and decimating workers’ health plans.

Ultimate se utiliza ahora con el significado de ‘lo mejor’, más que con el de ‘final’:

Chicken soup is, perhaps, the ultimate comfort food.

Y, si retrocedemos lo suficiente en el tiempo, tal vez nos sorprenda comprobar que resent no significaba ‘sentirse ofendido, molesto o resentido’, sino ‘sentir una profunda pena o tristeza’:

The misfortune of our forces in the north wee know is resented as sadly by you.” (“Sabemos que lamentáis tanto como Nos el cruel destino de nuestras fuerzas en el norte”; carta del rey Carlos I, 1644).

Por lo general, son el uso coloquial —en su búsqueda de énfasis— o el error los que modifican el significado de las palabras. La reacción de los hablantes frente a estos nuevos significados —su grado de aceptación o rechazo— depende del tiempo que estos lleven en uso. Para apostar sobre seguro, es mejor ceñirse a lo que los diccionarios vayan registrando: la razón de que recojan varias acepciones de una misma palabra es, precisamente, que en la lengua siempre coexisten antiguos y nuevos significados en distintas fases de su desarrollo.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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