Prefazione a “Gioventù traviata” di August Aichhorn

Di tutte le applicazioni della psicoanalisi nessuna ha destato così grandi interessi e speranze (che hanno attratto, com’è ovvio, moltissimi valenti collaboratori) come quella che si riferisce alla teoria e alla pratica dell’educazione infantile. Ed è una cosa comprensibilissima. Il bambino è diventato l’oggetto principale dell’investigazione psicoanalitica; da questo punto di vista ha preso il posto del nevrotico, su cui la psicoanalisi delle origini aveva concentrato il proprio lavoro. L’analisi ha mostrato nel malato, come del resto nel sognatore e nell’artista, la sopravvivenza del bambino, modificato appena; ha illuminato le forze pulsionali e le tendenze che conferiscono alla natura infantile un’impronta particolare, e ha seguito i percorsi evolutivi che dal bambino portano alla maturità della persona adulta. Non c’è dunque da meravigliarsi se è nata l’attesa che le ricerche psicoanalitiche sui bambini possano giovare alle attività educative intese a guidarli verso la conquista di una propria personale maturità, ad aiutarli nella crescita e a salvaguardarli da eventuali errori.

Il mio apporto personale a questa applicazione della psicoanalisi è stato assolutamente irrilevante. Avevo sì fatto mio sin dai primi tempi il vecchio adagio delle tre professioni impossibili (l’educare, il curare e il governare), ma ero comunque occupato fino al collo con la seconda di esse. Non per questo tuttavia disconosco ai miei amici pedagogisti il diritto di rivendicare al loro lavoro un alto valore sociale.

Questo libro di August Aichhorn si occupa di una parte di questo grande problema, e cioè dell’influsso educativo che può essere esercitato sulla gioventù traviata. Prima di conoscere la psicoanalisi l’autore si era occupato a lungo di giovani delinquenti, essendo stato per molti anni direttore di pubbliche istituzioni destinate al loro recupero. Il suo caloroso atteggiamento nei confronti di questi giovani infelici e bisognosi di cure nasceva da una viva partecipazione per la loro sorte, e riusciva a trovare la via giusta grazie a un’intuitiva immedesimazione nelle loro esigenze psichiche. La psicoanalisi, che da un punto di vista pratico non aveva niente di nuovo da insegnargli, gli consentì tuttavia di acquisire alcune chiare nozioni teoriche sulle quali poter fondare le proprie azioni, mettendolo inoltre in grado di sostenere di fronte agli altri la legittimità del proprio operato.

Questo dono dell’intuizione non può essere presupposto in tutti gli educatori. Dalle esperienze e dai successi di August Aichhorn possiamo trarre, a mio parere, due avvertimenti: prima di tutto che l’educatore deve acquisire una cultura psicoanalitica, in assenza della quale l’oggetto della sua ricerca, il bambino, rimane un enigma inattingibile. Il modo migliore per acquisire questa formazione è sottoporsi personalmente a un’analisi, viverla sulla propria pelle. In campo analitico l’insegnamento teorico non va abbastanza in profondità e non suscita il necessario convincimento.

Il secondo avvertimento ha un tono piuttosto conservatore. Ci dice che quello dell’educatore è un lavoro sui generis, che non può essere sostituito dall’influsso psicoanalitico né confuso con esso. La psicoanalisi può essere molto utile all’educazione, ma non è idonea a prenderne il posto. Tale sostituzione non solo è resa impossibile da motivi pratici, è anche sconsigliata da alcune considerazioni teoriche. È da presumere che di qui a breve il rapporto fra educazione e ricerca psicoanalitica verrà sottoposto a un’indagine approfondita. Voglio alludere ad alcune cose soltanto. Non si deve lasciarsi sviare dalla dichiarazione, peraltro perfettamente legittima, secondo la quale la psicoanalisi del nevrotico adulto equivarrebbe a una sua post-educazione.229

Un bambino, sia pure deviato e traviato, non è ancora, appunto, un nevrotico, e la post-educazione non ha niente a che fare con l’educazione degli immaturi. La possibilità dell’influenzamento psicoanalitico poggia su alcune premesse ben precise, compendiabili nel termine “situazione analitica”; essa richiede che si sviluppino determinate strutture psichiche e una particolare impostazione verso l’analista. Qualora queste premesse manchino, come nel bambino, nel giovane traviato, e normalmente anche nell’individuo con impulsi criminali, quel che bisogna fare è qualcosa di diverso dall’analisi, che risulta poi coincidente con essa quanto a intenti. I capitoli teorici di questo libro consentiranno al lettore di orientarsi nella molteplicità e varietà delle risoluzioni che spettano agli educatori.

Aggiungerò un’ultima considerazione che reputo significativa non tanto per la scienza dell’educazione, quanto piuttosto per la posizione dell’educatore. Se l’educatore ha appreso cos’è l’analisi perché l’ha sperimentata sulla propria persona ed è giunto a saperla utilizzare come ausilio nel proprio lavoro su casi patologici “al limite” e di origine mista, a me sembra evidente che bisogna consentirgli di esercitarla senza porgli dinanzi impedimenti determinati da una mentalità angusta.230

Opere complete
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