Jegyzetek
1 Ann Gibbons: Food for Thought: Did The First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain? Science, 316:5831 (2007): 1558-1560.
2 Robin Dunbar: Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
3 Frans de Waal: Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2000; Frans de Waal: Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are. Riverhead Books, New York, 2005; Michael L. Wilson és Richard W. Wrangham: Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees, Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003): 363-392; M. McFarland Symington: Fission-Fusion Social Organization, in: Ateles and Pan, International Journal of Primatology, 11:1 (1990): 49; Colin A. Chapman és Lauren J. Chapman: Determinants of Group Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs, in: Sue Bosinsky és Paul A. Garber szerk.: On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000, 26.
4 Dunbar: Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, 69-79; Leslie C. Aiello és R. I. M. Dunbar: Neocortex Size, Group Size and the Evolution of Language, Current Anthropology, 34:2 (1993): 189. Az elmélet kritikájához l.: Christopher McCarthy et al.: Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size, Human Organization, 60:1 (2001): 32; R. A. Hill és R. I. M. Dunbar: Social Network Size in Humans, Humans Nature, 14:1 (2003): 65.
5 Yvette Taborin: Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian, in: Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay és Randall White szerk.: Before Lascaux: The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, 211-28.
6 G. R. Summerhayes: Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, in: Steven M. Shackley szerk.: Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory. Plenum Press, New York, 1998, 129-58.
7 Christoph Ryan és Cacilda Jethá: Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality. Harper, New York, 2010; S. Beckerman és P. Valentine szerk.: Cultures of Multiple Fathers. The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2002.
8 Noel G. Butlin: Economics andt the Dreamtime: A Hypothetical History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993, 98-101; Richard Broome: Aboriginal Australians. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2002, 15; William Howell Edwards: An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies. Social Science Press, Wentworth Falls, 1988, 52.
9 Fekri A. Hassan: Demographic Arhaeology. Academic Press, New York, 1981, 196-99; Lewis Robert Binford: Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001, 143.
10 Brian Hare: The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think. Penguin Group, Dutton, 2013.
11 Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus és Trenton W. Holliday: Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature, 387 (1997): 173-176; M. Henneberg és M. Steyn: Trend sin Cranial Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene. American Journal of Human Biology, 5:4 (1993): 473-79; Drew H. Bailey és David C. Geary: Hominid Brain Evolution: Testing Climatic, Ecological, and Social Competition Models. Human Nature, 20 (2009): 67-79; Daniel J. Wescott és Richard L. Jantz: Assessing Cranofacial Secular Change in American blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry, in: Dennis E. Slice szerk.: Moder Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Plenum Publishers, New York, 2005, 231-45.
12 Nicholas G. Blurton Jones et al.: Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impact on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans? American Journal of Human Biology, 14 (2002): 184-205.
13 Kim Hill és A. Magdalena Hurtado: Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1996, 164, 236.
14 Hill és Hurtado: Aché Life History, 78.
15 Vincenzo Formicola és Alexandra P. Buzhilova: Double Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary Practices. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 124:3 (2004): 189-98; Giacomo Giacobini: Richness and Diversity of Burial Rituals in the Upper Paleolithic. Diogenes, 54:2 (2007): 19-39.
16 I. J. N. Thorpe: Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare. World Archaeology, 35:1 (2003): 145-65; Raymond C. Kelly: Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2000; Azar Gat: War in Human Civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006; Lawrence H. Keeley: War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996; Slavomil Vencl: Stone Age Warfare, in: John Carman és Anthony Harding szerk.: Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 1999: 57-73.
17 James F. O’Connel és Jim Allen: Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea) and the Archeology of Early Modern Humans, in: Paul Mellars, Ofer Bar-Yosef és Katei Boyle szerk.: Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2007, 395-410; James F. O’Connel és Jim Allen: When Did Humans First Arrived in Greater Australia and Why Is It So Important to Know? Evolutionary Anthropology, 6:4 (1998): 132-46; James F. O’Connel és Jim Allen: Dating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea): A Review of Recent Research. Journal of Radiological Science, 31:6 (2004): 835-53; Jon M. Erlandson: Anatomically Modern Humans, Maritime Voyaging, and the Pleistocene Colonization of the Americas, in: Nina G. Jablonski szerk.: The first Americans: the Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. University of California Press, San Francisco, 2002, 59-60, 63-64; Jon M. Erlandson és Torben C. Rick: Archaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Scence, 2 (2010): 231-51; Atholl Anderson: Slow Boats from China: Issues in the Prehistory of Indo-China Seafaring. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 16 (2000): 13-50; Robert G. Bednarik: Maritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Earth and Planetary Sciences, 328 (1999): 559-60; Robert G. Bednarik: Seafaring in the Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 13:1 (2003): 41-66.
18 Timothy F. Flannery: The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples. Reed Books Australia, Port Melbourne, 1994; Anthony D. Barnosky et al.: Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents. Science, 306: 5693 (2004): 70-75; Bary W. Brook és David M. J. S. Bowman: The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna. Journal of Biogeography, 31:4 (2004): 517-23; Gifford H. Miller et al.: Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction. Science, 309:5732 (2005): 287-90; Richard G. Roberts et al.: New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago. Science, 292:5523 (2001): 1888-92.
19 Stephen Wroe és Judith Field: A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25:21-22 (2006): 2692-2703; Barry W. Brooks et al.: Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised The Continent? Comments on „A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation”. S. Wroe és J. Field. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26: 3-4 (2007): 560-564; Chris S. M. Turney et al.: Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australiam Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105:34 (2008): 12150-53.
20 John Alroy: A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction. Science, 292:5523 (2001): 1893-96; O’Connel és Allen: Pre-LGM Sahul, 400-1.
21 L.H. Keeley: Proto-Agricultural Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Survey, in: T. Douglas Price és Annre Birgitte Gebauer szerk.: Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, 1995, 243-72; R. Jones: Firestick Farming. Australian Natural History, 16 (1969): 224-28.
22 David J. Meltzer: First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2009.
23 Paul L. Koch és Anthony D. Barnosky: Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate. The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37 (2006): 215-50; Anthony D. Barnosky et al.: Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents, 70-5.
24 A térkép fő alapja: Peter Bellwood: First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell Publications, Malden, 2005.
25 Azar Gat: War in Human Civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006: 130-31; Robert S. Walker és Drew H. Bailey: Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 34 (2013): 29-34.
26 Katherine A. Spielmann: A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality. Human Ecology, 17:3 (1989): 321-45. L. még: Bruce Winterhalder és Eric Alder Smith: Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty Five. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9:2 (2000): 51-72.
27 Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins és Hector Perez-Bignoli szerk.: Infant and Child Mortality in the Past. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997; Edward Anthony Wrigley et al.: English Population History from Family Reconstiution, 1580-1837. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, 295-96, 303.
28 Manfred Heun et al.: Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprints. Science, 278: 5341 (1997): 1312-14.
29 Charles Patterson: Eternal Treblinka: Our treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. Lantern Books, New York, 2002, 9-10; Peter J. Ucko és G. W. Dimbleby szerk.: The Domesticaiotn and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Duckworth, London, 1969, 259.
30 Avi Pinkas szerk.: Farmyard Animals in Israel – Research, Humanism and Activity (Rishon Le-Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals [héberül]), 169-99; Milk Production – he Cow [héberül], a Tej terméktanács honlapja, 2012. március 22.: http://www.milk.org.il/cgi-webaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm
31 Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard: The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969; E. C. Amoroso és P. A. Jewell: The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People, in: A. E. Mourant és F. E. Zeuner szerk.: Man and Cattle: Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute, 24-26 May 1960. The Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1963, 129-34.
32 Johannes Nicolaisen: Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg. National Museum, Koppenhága, 1963, 63.
33 Angus Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 2. Development Cntre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, Párizs, 2006, 636; Historical Estimates of World Population, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010. december 10.: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhits.html
34 Robert B. Mark: The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, 2002, 24.
35 Raymond Westbrook: Old Babylonian Period, in: Raymond Westbrook szerk.: A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1. Brill, Leiden, 2003, 361-430; Martha T. Roth: Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2. kiad. Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1997, 71-142; M. E. J. Richardson: Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary. T & T Clark International, London, 2002.
36 Hammurapi törvényei. Kmoskó Mihály, ford. Kolozsvár, 1911, 26.
37 Uo. 54.
38 Uo. 55.
39 Uo. 72.
40 Constance Brittaine Bouchard: Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France. Cornell University Press, New York, 1998, 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin: Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries, in: Carol Neel szerk.: Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2004, 81n, 81; Lise E. Hull: Britain’s Medieval Castles. Praeger, Westport, 2006, 144.
41 Andrew Robinson: The Story of Writing. Thames and Hudson, New York, 1995, 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow és Robert K. Englung: Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, 1993, 36.
42 Marica és Robert Ascher: Mathematics of the Incas – Code of the Quipu. Dover Publications, New York, 1981.
43 Gary Urton: Signs of the Inka Khipu. University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003; Galen Brokaw: A History of the Khipu. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
44 Stephen D. Houston szerk.: The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, 222.
45 Sheldon Pollock: Axialism and Empire, in: Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt és Björn Wittrock szerk.: Axial Civilizations and World History. Brill, Leiden, 2005, 397-451.
46 Harold M. Tanner: China: A History. Hackett, Pub. Co., Indianapolis, 2009, 34.
47 Ramesh Chandra: Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India. Kalpaz Publications, Delhi, 2005; Michael Bamshad et al.: Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Cast Population. Genome Research, 11 (2001): 904-1004; Susan Bayly: Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
48 Houston: First Writing, 196.
49 Az Egyesült Nemzetek főtitkára: Report of the Secretary-General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women. U.N. Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (2006. július 6.). 89.
50 Sue Blundell: Women in Ancient Greece. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass., 1995, 113-29, 132-33.
51 Francisco López de Gómara: Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1. D. Joaquin Ramirez Cabañes szerk. Editorial Pedro Robredo, Mexikóváros, 1943, 106.
52 Andrew M. Watson: Back to Gold – And Silver. Economic History Review, 20:1 (1967): 11-12; Jasim Alubudi: Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam. Vision Libros, Madrid, 2003, 194.
53 Watson: Back to Gold – And Silver, 17-18.
54 David Graeber: Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Melville House, Brooklyn, N.Y, 2011.
55 Glyn Davies: A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1994, 15.
56 Szymon Laks: Music of Another World. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, 1989, 88-89. Az auschwitzi „piac” a foglyok bizonyos rétegeire korlátozódott, és a viszonyok az idők során drámaian változtak.
57 Niall Ferguson: The Ascent of Money. The Penguin Press, New York, 2008, 4.
58 Az árpáról szóló információkkal kapcsolatban egy kiadatlan PhD-munkára támaszkodtam: Refael Benvenisti: Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC. PhD-dolgozat a Jeruzsálemi Héber Egyetemen, 2011. L. még: Norman Yoffee: The Economy of Ancient Western Asia, in: J. M. Sasson szerk.: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1. C. Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1995, 1387-99; R. K. Englund: Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals, in: Michael Hudson és Cornelia Wunsch szerk.: Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East. CDL Press, Bethesda, 2004, 21-46; Marvin A. Powell: A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage, in: Komoróczy Géza és B. Hruška szerk.: Festschrift Lubor Matouš. Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest, 1978, 211-43; Marvin A. Powell: Money in Mesopotamia. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39:3 (1996): 224-42; John F. Robertson: The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples, in: Sasson szerk.: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1. 443-500; M. Silver: Modern Ancients, in: R. Rollinger és U. Christoph szerk.: Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction. Steiner, Stuttgart, 2004, 65-87; Daniel C. Snell: Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia, in: Sasson szerk.: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1. 1487-97.
59 Nahum Megged: The Aztecs. Dvir, Tel Aviv, 1999, 103 (héberül).
60 Tacitus: Agricola, 30. fejezet. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1983, 220-21.
61 A. Fienup-Riordan: The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution. Alaska Pacific University Press, Anchorage, 1983, 10.
62 Yuri Pines: Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC). Historia, 15 (1995): 54 (héberül).
63 Alexander Yakobson: Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius’ Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate, in: Doron Mendels szerk.: On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Peter Land, Oxford, 2007, 23-24.
64 W. H. C. Frend: Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church. James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, 2008, 536-37.
65 Robert Jean Knecht: The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610. Fontana Press, London, 1996, 424.
66 Marie Harm és Hermann Wiehle: Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen. Hermann Schroedel Verlag, Halle, 1942, 152-57.
67 Susan Blackmore: The Meme Machine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
68 David Christian: Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004, 344-45; Angus Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 2. Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, Párizs, 2001, 636; Historical Estimates of World Population. U.S. Census bureau, 2010. december 10. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html
69 Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 1, 261.
70 Gross Domestic Product, 2009, Világbank. 2010. december 10. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP/pdf
71 Christian: Maps of Time, 141.
72 A legnagyobb mai teherhajó kb. 100 ezer tonna rakományt képes szállítani. 1470-ben a világ összes flottája együttesen legfeljebb 320 ezer tonnát bírt el. 1570-re ez a mennyiség már 730 ezer tonna volt (Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).
73 A világ legnagyobb bankja – a Royal Bank of Scotland – 2007-ben 1,3 billió dollárnyi letétet vallott be. Ez ötszöröse az 1500 körüli világ éves össztermékének. L.: Annual Report and Accounts, 2008, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, 2010. december 10. http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf
74 Ferguson: Ascent of Money, 185-98.
75 Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 2, 31; Wrigley et al.: English Population History. 295; Christian: Maps of Time, 450, 452; World Health Statistic Report, 2009, 35-45. World Health Organization, 2010. december 10. http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf
76 Wrigley et al.: English Population History, 296.
77 England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09. Office for National Statistics, 2012. március 22. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition= tcm%3A77-61850
78 Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California Press, Berkley, 1988, 125-26.
79 Jennie B. Dorman et al.: The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 141:4 (1995): 1399-1406; Koen Houthoofd et al.: Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway.Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Gerontology, 38:9 (20039: 947-54.
80 Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet és George M. Church: A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads. Science, 335:6070 (2012): 831-4; Dan Peer et al.: Nanocarriers As An Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy. Nature Nanotechnology, 2 (2007): 751-60; Dan Peer et al.: Systemic Leukocyte-Directed siRNA Delivery Revealing Cyclin D1 as an Anti-Inflammatory Target. Science, 319: 5863 (2008): 627-30.
81 Stephen R. Brown: Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail. Thomas Dunne Books, St. Matin’s Press, New York, 2004; Kenneth John Carpenter: The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
82 Archibald Greenfell Price szerk.: James Cook: The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals, 1768-1779. Dover Publications, New York, 1971, 16-17; Gananath Obeyesekere: The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992, 5; J. C. Beaglehole szerk.: The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968, 588.
83 Mark: Origins of the Modern World, 81.
84 Christian: Maps of Time, 436.
85 John Darwin: After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405. Allen Lane, London, 2007, 239.
86 Soli Shahvar: Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia, in: Encyclopaedia Iranica, online kiadás, utoljára módosítva: 2008. április 7., http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i; Charles Issawi: The Iranina Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development, in: George Lenczowski szerk.: Iran under the Pahlavis. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1978, 156.
87 Mark: Origins of the Modern World, 46.
88 Kirkpatrik Sale: Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise. Tauris Parke Paperbacks, London, 2006. 7-13.
89 Edward M. Spiers: The Army and Society: 1815-1914. Longman, London, 1980, 121; Robin Moore: Imperial India, 1858-1914, in: Andrew Porter szerk.: The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, 442.
90 Vinita Damodaran: Famine in Bengal: A Coparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur. The Medieval History Journal, 10:1-2 (2007), 151.
91 Maddison: The World Economy, vol. 1., 261, 264; Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Athlas Method and PPP. Világbank, 2010. december 10. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.
92 A pékséges példa matematikája nem annyira pontos, amennyire lehetne. Mivel a bankok 10 dollárt adhatnak kölcsön minden dollár után, amely ténylegesen a birtokukban van, a széfben lévő minden 1 millió dollár után a bank csak 909 ezer dollárt kölcsönözhet a vállalkozóknak, míg 91 ezer a széfben marad. De az olvasók dolgát megkönnyítendő úgy döntöttem, inkább kerek számokkal dolgozom. Egyébként a bankok sem mindig tartják be a szabályokat.
93 Carl Trocki: Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy. Routledge, New York, 1999, 91.
94 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja: The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History. Zed Books, London, 2002, 22.
95 Mark: Origins of the Modern World, 109.
96 Nathan S. Lewis és Daniel G. Nocera: Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006): 15731.
97 Kazuhisa Miyamoto szerk.: Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainbale Energy Production. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 128. Osaka University, Oszaka, 1997. 2.1.1. fejezet, 2010. december 10. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7241E/w7241e06.htm#2.1.1percent20solarpercent20energy; James Barber: Biological Solar Energy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:1853 (2007): 1007.
98 International Energy Outlook 2010, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9. 2010. december 10. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.
99 S. Venetsky: „Silver” from Clay. Metallurgist, 13:7 (1969): 451; Atalion és Fred: A History of the International Chemical Industry. University of Pennysylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1991, 64; A. J. Downs: Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1993, 15.
100 Jan Willem Erisman et al.: How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World. Nature Geoscience, 1 (2008): 637.
101 G. J. Benson és B. E. Rollin szerk.: The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions. Blackwell, Ames, 2004; M. C. Appleby, J. A. Mench és B. O. Hughes: Poultry Behaviour and Welfare. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2004; J. Webster: Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2005; C. Druce és P. Lymbery: Outlawed in Europe: How America Is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare. Archimedean Press, New York, 2002.
102 Harry Harlow és Robert Zimmermann: Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkeys. Science, 130:3373 (1959): 421-432; Harry Harlow: The Nature of Love. American Psychologist, 13 (1958): 673-685; Laurens D. Young et al.: Early stress and later response to separate in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130:4 (1973): 400-405; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley és E. B. Keverne: Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 361:1476 (2006): 2199-2214; Florent Pitter et al.: Effects of maternal eperience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird. Animal Behavior, 2013. március, online elérhető: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213000547.
103 National Institute of Food and Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture. 2010. december 10. http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.
104 Vaclav Smil: The Earth’s Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics and Change. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002; Sarah Catherine Walpole et al.: The Weight of Nation: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass. BMC Public Health, 12:439 (2012). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439.
105 William T. Jackman: The Development of Transportation in Modern England. Frank Cass & Co., London, 1966, 324-27; H. J. Dyos és D. H. Aldcroft: British Transport – An economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth. Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1969, 124-31; Wolfgang Schivelbusch: The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986.
106 Az utóbbi néhány évtized példátlan békéjének részletesebb tárgyalását l. főleg: Steven Pinker: The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking, New York, 2011; Joshua S. Goldstein: Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide. Dutton, New York, 2011; Gat: War in Human Civilization.
107 World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002, World Health Organization, 2010. december 10. http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. A korábbi időszakok halálozási rátáiról l.: Lawrence H. Keeley: War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.
108 World Health Report 2004, World Health Organization, 124, 2010. december 10. http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en-pdf.
109 Raymond C. Kelly: Warless Societies and the Origin of War. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2000, 21. L. még: Gat: War in Human Civilization 129-31; Keeley: War before Civilization.
110 Manuel Eisner: Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence. British Journal of Criminology, 41:4 (2001): 618-638; Manuel Eisner: Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime. Criem and Justice: A Review of Research, 30 (2003): 83-142; World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002, World Health Organization, 2010. december 10. http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; World Health Report, 2004, World Health Organization, 2010. december 10. http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.
111 Walker és Bailey: Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence, 30.
112 A következő művek jó kiindulópontot adnak a boldogság pszichológiájával és biokémiájával kapcsolatban: Jonathan Haidt: The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom. Basic Books, New York, 2006; R. Wright: The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life. Vintage Books, New York, 1994; Csíkszentmihályi Mihály: If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy? American Psychologist, 54:10 (1999): 821-27; F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis és B. Keverne szerk.: The Science of Well-Being. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005; Michael Argyle: The Psychology of Happiness, 2. kiad. Routledge, New York, 2001; Ed Diener szerk.: Assessing Well-Being: The Collective Works of Ed Diener. Springer, New York, 2009; Michael Eid és Randy J. Larsen szerk.: The Science of Subjective Well-Being. Guilford Press, New York, 2008; Richard A. Easterlin szerk.: Happiness in Economics. Edward Elgar Pub., Cheltenham, 2002; Richard Layard: Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. Penguin, New York, 2005.
113 Daniel Kahneman: Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York, 2011; Inglehart et al.: Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness, 278-281.
114 D. M. McMahon: The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present. Allen Lane, London, 2006.
115 Keith T. Paige et al.: De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996): 168-78.
116 David Biello: Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries. Scientific American, 2010. január 27. 2010. december 10. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.
117 Gary Walsh: Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 67:2 (2005): 151-59.
118 James G. Wallis et al.: Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures. Plant Molecular Biology, 35:3 (1997): 323-30.
119 Robert J. Wall et al.: Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection. Nature Biotechnology, 23:4 (2005): 445-51.
120 Liangxue Lai et al.: Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Nature Biotechnology, 24:4 (2006): 435-436.
121 Ya-Ping Tang et al: Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice. Nature, 401 (1999): 63-69.
122 Zoe R. Donaldson és Larry J. Young: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality. Science, 322: 5903 (2008): 900-904; Zoe R. Donaldson: Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors. Biology of Reproduction, 81:6 (2009): 1189-1195.
123 Terri Pous: Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Clonig Woolly Mammoth. Time, 2012. szeptember 17., letöltve: 2013. február 19.; Pasqualino Loi et al.: Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal. Endangered Species Research 14 (2011): 227-233; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar és David M. Lambert: Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more. Bioessays, 34 (2012): 661-669.
124 Nicholas Wade: Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome. New York Times, 2009. február 12., letöltve: 2010. december 10. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich: Should we Clone Neanderthals? Archaeology 63: 2 (2009), letöltve: 2010. december 10. http://www.archaeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.html
125 Robert H. Waterston et al.: Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome. Nature, 420:6915 (2002): 520.
126 Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS). Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, 2012. március 22. http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Híbrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. L. még: Sally Adee: Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect. IEEE Spectrum, 2009. december, letöltve: 2010. december 10. http://spectrum:ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder-for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall: The Fly Who Bugged Me. New Scientist, 197:2646 (2008): 40-43; Emily Singer: Send In The Rescue Rats. New Scientist, 183:2466 (2004): 21-22; Susan Brown: Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas. New Scientist, 189:2541 (2006): 30-31.
127 Bill Christensen: Military Plans Cyborg Sharks. Live Science, 2006. március 7., letöltve: 2010. december 10. http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.
128 Cochlear Implants, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Letöltve: 2012. március 22. http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.
129 Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.
130 David Brown: For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life Is Within Reach. The Washington Post, 2006. szeptember 14., letöltve: 2010. december 10. http://www.washingtonpost.com//wpdyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.
131 Miguel Nicolelis: Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How It Will Change Our Lives. Times Books, New York, 2011.
132 Chris Berdik: Turning Thought into Words. BU Today, 2008. október 15., letöltve: 2012. március 22. http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/.
133 Jonathan Fildes: Artificial Brain „10 years away”. BBC News, 2009. július 22., letöltve: 2012. szeptember 19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.
134 Radoje Drmanac et al.: Human Genome
Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA
Nanoarrays. Science, 327:5961 (2010):
78-81; Complete Genomics honlap: http://www.completegenomics.com/;
Rob Waters: Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing Under 5000$
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Fergus Walsh: Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits. BBC News,
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao: PayPal
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Halcyon Molecular. TechCrunch, 2009.
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[2] A „lehetőségek horizontja” mindazon hiedelmek, gyakorlatok és tapasztalatok teljes spektrumát jelenti, amelyek egy adott társadalom előtt nyitva állnak, figyelembe véve annak ökológiai, technológiai és kulturális korlátait. A lehetőségek horizontjának rendszerint minden társadalom és minden egyén csupán a töredékét fedezi fel.
[3] Felmerülhet az érv, hogy esetleg nem mind a 18 ősi Duna-völgyi ember halt bele az erőszakba, melynek nyomai csontjaikon látszanak. Néhányan talán csak megsérültek. Ezt azonban valószínűleg kiegyenlíti azoknak a száma, akikkel a lágy szövetekben bekövetkezett trauma, vagy a háborúval együtt járó nélkülözés végzett.
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[6] Emil, avagy a nevelésről (Győry János fordítása).
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