II. Imperi, intese e «appeasement» edoardiano
1 Joll, Second International, pp. 196-197.
2 Buse, Ebert, p. 436.
3 Lenin, Imperializm, passim.
4 Gutsche, Foreign Policy, pp. 41-62.
5 Zilch, Die Reichsbank, p. 79.
6 Ferguson, World’s Banker, cap. XXIX.
7 Ferguson, Paper and Iron, p. 84.
8 Steed, Through Thirty Years, vol. II, pp. 8-9.
9 Jahresbericht 1914, pp. 1-2, Hamburg Brinckmann Witz & Co. – M.M. Warburg (MMW), carte di Max Warburg, Jahresbericht 1914. Cfr. Warburg, Aus meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 29.
10 J. Williamson, Karl Helfferich, pp. 105-106, 111 sgg. Cfr. anche Feldman, Deutsche Bank, pp. 129 sgg. Sulle banche e la diplomazia tedesche si veda in generale Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz.
11 Pogge von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, p. 183. Cfr. anche Rathenau, Briefe, vol. I, pp. 156 sgg.
12 Cfr. Zilch, Die Reichsbank.
13 Feldman, War Aims, pp. 2-3.
14 Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, in particolare pp. 269-277; Kennedy, First World War, pp. 7-40.
15 Si veda, come esempio tipico, Henig, Origins, pp. 8 sgg.
16 Geiss, Der lange Weg, pp. 54, 116, 123.
17 Geiss, German Version of Imperialism, p. 114.
18 Cfr. per esempio K. Wilson, Policy of the Entente, pp. 96-97; T. Wilson, Britain’s «Moral Commitment», pp. 381 sgg.
19 Calcolato sulla base delle statistiche di Mitchell, European Historical Statistics; «The Economist», Economic Statistics; Bairoch, Europe’s Gross National Product, pp. 281 e 303.
20 Morgan e Thomas, Stock Exchange, pp. 88-89.
21 «Financial Times», 6 maggio 1997, p. 18: l’investimento lordo diretto più portafoglio nel periodo 1990-1995 era di poco inferiore al 12 per cento del prodotto interno lordo.
22 Pollard, Capital Exports, pp. 491-492.
23 Gutsche, Foreign Policy, p. 50.
24 Cfr. Buchheim, Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Anglo-German Trade Policy, pp. 275-289. Cfr. anche Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, pp. 46 sgg., 262 sgg.; Cain e Hopkins, British Imperialism, vol. I, pp. 461-462; Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War, pp. 60-63.
25 Per una buona discussione del problema si veda Pollard, Britain’s Prime; Floud, Britain 1860-1914, pp. 1-26.
26 Cain, Economic Foundations, pp. 43 sgg.
27 Edelstein, Overseas Investment, pp. 24 sgg., 48, 313 sgg.
28 Davis e Huttenback, Mammon, pp. 81-117; Pollard, Capital Exports, p. 507.
29 Davis e Huttenback, Mammon, p. 107.
30 Offer, First World War, p. 121.
31 Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, pp. 29-66; Eichengreen e Flandreau, Geography of the Gold Standard.
32 Reader, At Duty’s Call, p. 71.
33 Si veda in particolare Hentschel, Wirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik, p. 134. Cfr. Sommariva e Tullio, German Macroeconomic History, pp. 41-50.
34 Offer, First World War, pp. 121-135.
35 Geiss, Der lange Weg, pp. 188-189.
36 Förster, Der doppelte Militarismus, p. 64.
37 Kaiser, Germany and the Origins of the First World War, pp. 454-455.
38 E. Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. I, p. 284.
39 A.J.P. Taylor, Struggle for Mastery, p. 342.
40 Kennan, Fateful Alliance.
41 Stern, Gold and Iron, p. 442.
42 Girault, Emprunts russes, pp. 159-162; Kennan, Franco-Russian Relations, pp. 382-383; Stern, Gold and Iron, pp. 446-447. Cfr. Kynaston, City, vol. I, p. 312.
43 Kennan, Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, pp. 387-390; Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 46-50. Cfr. Davis, The English Rothschilds, pp. 230-232.
44 Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 46-50.
45 Girault, Emprunts russes, pp. 314-320.
46 Ivi, pp. 73-74.
47 Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 46-50; Girault, Emprunts russes, p. 73.
48 Lyashchenko, History of the National Economy, p. 714.
49 Cifre tratte da Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, pp. 218, 253-255, 318.
50 Reader, At Duty’s Call, p. 61. Cfr. anche p. 67 per l’allusione di H.M. Stanley a «questo incubo di guerra» con la Russia e la Francia.
51 Monger, End of Isolation, p. 10.
52 Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, pp. 47-48.
53 Koch, Anglo-German Alliance Negotiations, p. 392; Kennedy, German World Policy, p. 625. Cfr. anche Grey, Twenty-Five Years, vol. I, p. 245.
54 Si veda in particolare Eckardstein, Lebenserinnerungen; Meinecke, Die Geschichte.
55 Kynaston, City, vol. I, p. 351.
56 Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz, pp. 39-40.
57 Ivi, pp. 142 sgg.; Kynaston, City, vol. II, pp. 125 sgg.
58 Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 77-79.
59 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 248-249; Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz, pp. 160-161.
60 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 250 sgg.
61 Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz, p. 163.
62 Ivi, pp. 166-167.
63 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, pp. 139-140, 150; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 15, 19-20. Cfr. Rich e Fisher, Holstein Papers, vol. IV, p. 197.
64 Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz, pp. 280-281. Cfr. anche Gooch e Temperley, British Documents, vol. II, p. 72.
65 B. Dugdale, Arthur James Balfour, vol. I, pp. 258-259. Per gli appunti di Chamberlain sulle conversazioni si veda Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 259-264.
66 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 270-280.
67 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, pp. 144 sgg., 153 sgg.; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 30, 35-38.
68 Rich e Fisher, Holstein Papers, vol. IV, p. 275.
69 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 503 sgg.; Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, pp. 147 sgg.
70 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 281, 340-341, 505; Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, p. 138; E. Dugdale, German Diplomatic Documents, vol. III, p. 50; Monger, End of Isolation, p. 37.
71 Jay, Chamberlain, p. 219.
72 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 498, 507-508, 510-515.
73 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, p. 157. Cfr. anche pp. 169-180, 191-192, 199.
74 Steinberg, Copenhagen Complex, p. 27.
75 Langhorne, Anglo-German Negotiations, pp. 364 sgg.; Gooch e Temperley, British Documents, vol. I, pp. 44-48; Egremont, Balfour, p. 139; Steiner, Foreign Office, pp. 38-39.
76 Rich e Fisher, Holstein Papers, vol. IV, p. 71.
77 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, pp. 331-339.
78 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, p. 201; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 110 sgg.; Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p. 259.
79 Barth, Die deutsche Hochfinanz, p. 134; Gall, Deutsche Bank, pp. 67-77.
80 Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 119-123. Cfr. Steiner, Foreign Office, pp. 186 sgg. Per chi ricordava ancora gli anni Settanta dell’Ottocento, si trattava di una decisione bizzarra: su quella base, l’acquisto da parte di Disraeli delle azioni del canale di Suez dal Chedivè sarebbe stato sconfessato in quanto gli azionisti francesi rappresentavano la maggioranza.
81 Monger, End of Isolation, p. 13. Cfr. Trebilcock, War and the Failure of Industrial Mobilisation, pp. 141 sgg.; Cain e Hopkins, British Imperialism, vol. I, p. 452; Barnett, Collapse of the British Power, pp. 75-83.
82 Gooch, Plans of War, pp. 42-90; d’Ombrain, War Machinery, pp. 5-6, 9-10, 14, 76.
83 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, p. 144.
84 Rich e Fisher, Holstein Papers, vol. IV, pp. 257 e 260; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 39-42; Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, pp. 163, 182n.
85 Kennedy, German World Policy, p. 613.
86 K. Wilson, Policy of the Entente, p. 5.
87 Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, p. 151; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 23-34.
88 Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 17, 39-40, 113, 129, 132 sgg., 144-145; Andrew, Entente Cordiale, pp. 11, 19 sgg.
89 Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. III, p. 275; Amery, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vol. IV, pp. 180, 184 sgg., 202-206.
90 Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 186-198, 223.
91 K. Wilson, Policy of the Entente, pp. 71 e 74; Andrew, Entente Cordiale, pp. 20 sgg.; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 129-133, 192.
92 B. Williams, Strategic Background, pp. 360-366; Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 2, 5 sgg., 33-34, 108 sgg., 115 sgg., 123-124, 132, 140 sgg., 185, 216-220; Gooch, Plans of War, pp. 171 e 175.
93 Monger, End of Isolation, pp. 200-202, 214-221.
94 R. Williams, Defending the Empire, pp. 70-71.
95 M. Jones, Limits of Liberty, pp. 396-411.