NOTAS

1. Una nueva medicina de las emociones

1. CUMMINGS, N.A. y N. Van den Bos (1981), «The twenty year kaiser permanente experience with psychotherapy and medical utilization: Implications for national health policy and national health insurance», Health Policy Quarterly, n^o 1 (2), pp. 159−175; Kessler, L.G., P.D. Cleary, et al. (1985), «Psychiatric disorders in primary care», Archives of General Psychiatry, n^B 42, pp. 583−590; MacFarland, B.H., D.K. Freeborn, et al. (1985), «Utilization patterns among long-term enrollees in a prepaid group practice health maintenance organization», Medical Care, vol. 23, pp. 1.121−1.233.

2. Grossarth-Maticek, R. y H.J. Eysenck (1995), «Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease and other causes: A prospective study», Personality and individual differences, vol. 19 (6), pp. 781−795.

3. Blanchard, S., «Les Français dépensent toujours plus pour les médicaments», Le Monde, 16 de julio de 2002; Pharmacy Times (2002), «Top ten drugs of 2001», vol. 68 (4), p. 10, 12, 15.

4. Observatoire national des prescriptions et consommations des médicaments (1998). Estudio sobre la prescripción y el consumo de antidepresivos en ambulatorio, París, Agence du médicament-Directions des études et de l’information pharmaco-économiques; Rédaction du Monde (2002); «Le Grand Dossier Exception française», Le Monde (14−15 de abril), p. 17.

5. Zarifian, E. (2002), «En France, le recours aux drogues a de quoi inquiéter», Le Figaro, p. 23.

6. Rédaction du Monde (2002), «Le Grand Dossier Exception française», Le Monde (14−15 de abril), p. 17.

7. Kessler, R.J., J. Soukup, et al. (2001), «The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 158 (2 de febrero), pp. 289−294.

8. Gabbard, G.O., J.G. Gunderson, et al. (2002), «The place of psychoanalytic treatments within psychiatry», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 59, pp. 505−510.

9. Flint, A., and S. Rifat, “Recurrence of First-Episode Geriatric Depression after Discontinuation of Maintenance Antidepressants,” American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999): 943−945; Frank, E., D. Kupfer, et al., “Early Recurrence in Unipolar Depression”, Archives of General Psychiatry 46, no. 5 (1989): 397−400; G. Goodwin, “Recurrence of Mania after Lithium Withdrawal: Implications for the Use of Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Affective Disorder”, British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (1994): 149−152; J. Littrell, “Relationship Between Time Since Reuptake-blocker Antidepressant Discontinuation and Relapse”, Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology 2 (1994): 82−94; E. Peselow, D. Dunner, et al., “The Prophylactic Efficacy of Tricyclic Antidepressants: A Five Year Follow-up”, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 15, no.l (1991): 71−82; Baldessarini, R., and A. Viguera, “Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients”, Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 3 (1995): 189−192.

10. Viguera, A., R. Baldessarini, et al., “Discontinuing Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depression”, Harvard Review of Psychiatry 5, no. 6 1998.: 293−306.

2. Malestar en la neurobiología: el difícil matrimonio de dos cerebros

1. Mayer, J.D., P. Salovey, A. Capuso (2000), «Models of emotionals intelligence», en Steinberg, R.J. (comp.), Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge, G.B., Cambridge University Press.

2. Goleman, D. (1997), La inteligencia emocional, Barcelona, Kairós.

3. Mayer, J.D., P. Salovey, et al. (2000), op. cit., pp. 396−420.

4. Vaillant, G. (1995), Adaptation to Life, Boston, Harvard University Press.

5. Felsman, J.K. y G. Vaillant (1987), «Resilient children as adults: a 40 year study», The Invulnerable Child, E.J. Anthony y B.J. Cohler, Nueva York, Guilford Press.

6. Broca, P. (1878), «Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales. Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la série des mammifères», Revue anthropologique, vol. 2, pp. 385−498.

7. Servan-Schreiber, D., W.M. Perlstein, et al. (1998), «Selective phar— macological activation of limbic structures in human volunteers: A positron emission tomography study», Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 10, pp. 148−159.

8. LeDoux, J.E. (1996), The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life, Nueva York, Simon & Schuster.

9. Damasio, A. (1999), The Feeling of What Happens, San Diego, Harcourt, Inc. Trad, francesa, Le Sentiment même de soi, 1991, Odile Jacob.

10. Mehler, J., G. Lambertz, et al. (1986), «Discrimination de la langue maternelle para le nouveau-né», Comptes rendus de ¡’Académie des sciences, vol. 303, pp. 637−640.

11. Amsten, A.F. y P.S. Golman-Rakic (1998), «Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys: evidence for a hyperdopaminergic mechanism», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 55 (4), pp. 362−368.

12. Regier, D.A., Robins, L.N. (1991), Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiology Catchment Area Study, Nueva York, NY, Free Press.

13. Ochsner, K.N., S.A. Bunge, et al. (mayo de 2002), «An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion», Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Véase también la teoría de Drevets y Raichle que describe la relación de inhibición recíproca entre el cerebro cognitivo y el cerebro emocional y la confirmación de esta teoría en un reciente estudio de la Universidad de Duke a través de IRM funcional. Drevets, W.C. y M.E. Raichle (1998), «Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: implications for interactions between emotion and cognition», Cognition and Emotion, n^o 12, pp. 353−385; Yamasaki, H., K.S. LaBar, et al. (2002). «Dissociable prefrontal brain systems for attention and emotion», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99 (17), pp. 11.447−11.451.

14. Macmillan, M.B. (1986), «A wonderful journey through skull and brains: The travels of Mr. Gage’s tamping iron», Brain and Cognition, n^o 5, pp. 67−107; Damasio, H., T. Brabowski, et al. (1994), «The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient», Science, vol. 264, pp. 1.102−1.105.

15. Eslinger, P.J. y A.R. Damasio (1985), «Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR», Neurology, vol. 35, pp. 1.731−1.741.

16. Levenson, R., et al. (1994), «The influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 67.

17. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997), Fluir. Una psicología de la felicidad, Barcelona, Kairós.

3. El corazón y la razón

1. Harrer, G. y H. Harrer (1977), «Music, emotion and autonomie function», Music and the Brain, M. Critchley y R.A. Hanson, Londres, William Heinemann Medical, pp. 202−215.

2. Grossarth-Maticek, R. y H.J. Eysenck (1995), «Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease and other causes: A prospective study», Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 19 (6), pp. 781−795; Linden, W., C. Stossel, et al. (1996), «Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis», Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 156 (7), pp. 745−752; Omish, D., L. Scherwitz, et al. (1998), «Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease» JAMA, vol. 280 (23) pp. 2.001−2.007.

3. Frasure-Smith, N., F. Lesperance, et al. (1995), «Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction», Circulation, vol. 91 (4), pp. 999−1.005; Glassman, A. y P. Shapiro (1998), «Depression and the course of coronary artery disease», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 155, pp. 4−10.

4. Armour, J.A. y J. Ardell (1994), Neurocardiology, Nueva York, NY, Oxford University Press; Samuels, M. (2001), «Voodoo death revisited: The modem lessons of neurocardiology», Grand Rounds, Departamento de Medicina, Univ. de Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hospital Presbiteriano Shadyside.

5. Armour, J. A., comp. (1991), «Anatomy and function of the intrathoracic neurons regulating the mammalian heart», Reflex Control of the Circulation, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press; Gershon, M.D. (1999), «The enteric nervous system: a second brain», Hospital Practice (Office Edition), vol. 34 (7), pp. 31−32, 35−38,41−42 passim.

6. Carter, C.S. (1998), «Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love», Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 23, p. 779−818; Uvnas-Moberg, K. (1998), «Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions», Psychoeneuroendocrinology, vol. 23, pp. 819−835. Han sido unos investigadores quebequeses, Cantin y Genest, quienes tras descubrir el FAM (factor atrial matriurético), han estado entre los primeros en describir el corazón como una auténtica glándula hormonal en su artículo: Cantin, M. y J. Genest (1986), «The heart as an endocrine gland», Clinical and Investigative Medicine, vol. 9 (4), pp. 319−327.

7. Stroink, G. (1989), «Principles of cardionagnetism», Advances in Biomagnetism, S.J. Williamson et al., Nueva York, Plenum Press, pp. 47−57.

8. Copian, J.D., L.A. et al. (1992), «Amelioration of mitral valve prolapse after treatment for panic disorder», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 149 (11), pp. 1.587−1.588.

9. Gahery, Y. y D. Vigier (1974), «Inhibitory effects in the cuneate nucleus produced by vago-aortic afferent fibers», Brain Research, vol. 75, pp. 241−246.

10. Akselrod, S., D. Gordon et al. (1981), «Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control», Science,, vol. 213, pp. 220−222.

11. Umetani, K„ D. Singer, et al. (1999), «Twenty-four hours time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades», Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 31 (3), pp. 593−601.

12. Tsuji, H., F. Venditti, et al. (1994), «Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study», Circulation, vol. 90 (2), pp. 878−883; Dekker, J., E. Schouten, et al. (1997), «Heart rate variability from short term electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study», American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 145 (10), pp. 899−908; La Rovere, M„ J.T. Bigger, et al. (1998), “«Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infraction», The Lancet, vol. 351, pp. 478−484.

13. Carney, R.M., M.W. Rich, et al. (1988), «The relationship between heart rate, heart rate variability, and depression in patients with coronary artery disease», J Psychosom Res, vol. 32, pp. 159−164; Rechlin,T., M. Weis, et al. (1994), «Are affective disorders associated with alterations of heart rate variability?» Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 32 (4), pp. 271−275; Krittayaphong, R., W. Cascio, et al. (1997), «Heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease: differences in patients with higher and lower depression scores», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 59 (3), pp. 231−235; Stys, A. y T. Stys (1998), «Current clinical applications of heart rate variability», Clinical Cardiology, vol. 21. pp. 719−724; Carney, R., K. Freedland, et al. (2000), «Change in heart rate variability during treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease», American Psychosomatic Society, vol. 62 (5), pp. 639−647; Luskin, F., M. Reitz, et al. (2002), «A controlled pilot study of stress management training in elderly patients with congestive heart failure», Preventive Cardiology, vol. 5 (4), pp. 168−172.

14. McCraty, R., M. Atkinson, et al. (1995), «The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis and heart rate variability», The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 76 (14), pp. 1.089−1.093.

15. Barrios-Choplin, B., R. McCraty, et al. (1997), «An inner quality approach to reducing stress and improving physical and emotional wellbeing at work», Stress Medicine, vol. 13 (3), pp. 193−201.

16. Watkins, A.D. (2002), Corporate Training in Heart Rate Variability: 6 weeks and 6 moths follow-up studies, Alan Watkins Consulting, Londres.

17. Katz, L.F. y J.M. Gottman (1997), «Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution», J Clin Child Psychol, vol. 26, pp. 157−171.

4. Vivir la coherencia

1. McCraty, R., comp. (2001), Science of the Heart: Exploring the role of the heart in human performance, Boulder Creek, CA, Institute of HeartMath.

2. McCraty, R., M. Atkinson, et al. (1995), «The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis and heart rate variability», The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 76 (14), pp. 1.089−1.093.

3. Luskin, F., M. Reitz, et al. (2002), «A controlled pilot study of stress management training in elderly patients with congestive heart failure», Preventive Cardiology, vol. 5 (4), pp. 168−172.

4. Barrios-Choplin, B., R. McCraty, et al. (1997), «An inner quality approach to reducing stress and improving physical and emotional wellbeing at work», Stress Medicine, vol. 13 (3), pp. 193−201.

5. Baulieu, E., G. Thomas, et al. (2000), «Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue», Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol. 97 (8), pp. 4.279−4.284.

6. Kirschbaum, C., O. Wolf, et al. (1996), «Stress and treatment-induced elevation of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults», Life Sciences, vol. 58 (17), pp. 1.475−1.483; Bremner, J.D. (1999), «Does stress damage the brain?», Society of Biological Psychiatry, vol. 45, pp. 797−805.

7. McCraty, R., B. Barrios-Choplin, et al. (1998), «The impact of a new emotional self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA and cortisol», Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, vol. 33 (2), pp. 151−170.

8. Rein, G., R. McCraty, et al. (1995), «Effects of positive and negative emotions on salivary IgA», Journal for the Advancement of Medicine, vol. 8 (2), pp. 87−105.

9. Cohen, S., D.A. Tyrrell, et al. (1991), «Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 325 (9), pp. 606−612.

10. McCraty, R., comp. (2001), Science of the heart: Exploring the role of the heart in human performance, Boulder Creek, CA, Institute of Heart Math.

11. Ibid.

5. La autocuración de los grandes dolores: la integración neuroemocional mediante movimientos oculares (EMDR)

1. Rauch, S.L., Van der Kolk, et al. (1996), «A sympton provocation study of postraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 53, pp. 380−387.

2. Breslau, N., R.C. Kessler, et al. (1998), «Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 55, pp. 626−632.

3. LeDoux, J.E. (1992), «Brain mechanisms of emotions and emotional learning», Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 2, pp. 191−197.

4. Pavlov, I.P. (1927), Conditioned Reflexes, Londres, Oxford University Press, 1927.

5. Quirk, G.I., “Memory for Extinction of Conditioned Fear is Long-Lasting and Persists Following Spontaneous Recovery”, Learning and Memory 9, n^e 6 (2002): pp. 402−407; Morgan, M.A., L.M. Romanski, et. al. “Extinction of Emotional Learning: Contribution of Medical Prefrontal Cortex”, Neuroscience Letters 163, n^o 1 (1993): 109−113.

6. LeDoux, J.E., L. Romanski, et al. (1989), «Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories», Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1 (1989): pp. 238−243. LeDoux, J.E., The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

7. Véase el modelo desarrollado por Jorge Armony en el laboratorio de Joseph LeDoux en la Universidad de Nueva York, en colaboración con mi laboratorio de Pittsburgh: Armony, J., D. Servan-Schreiber, et al. (1997), «Computational modeling of emotion: explorations through the anatomy an physiology of fear conditioning», Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 1(1), pp. 28−34.

8. Solomon, S., E.T. Gerrity, et al. (1992), «Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder», JAMA, vol. 268, pp. 633−638.

9. Wilson, S., L. Becker, et al. (1995), «Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 63, pp. 928−937; Wilson, S., L. Becker, et al. (1997), «Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological trauma», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 65.

10. Los antibióticos curan el 90% de los casos de neumonía tratados en las clínicas externas pero sólo al 80% de los pacientes hospitalizados, cuyos casos, desde luego, son más serios. Fine, M., R. Stone, et al. (1999), «Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquiered pneumonia», Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 159, pp. 970−980.

11. Shapiro, F. (2001), Eye-movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures, 2^s edición, Nueva York; Guilford, Stickgold, R. (2002), «EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism», Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 61−75.

12. Cyrulnik, B. (2001), Les Vilains Petits Canards, Paris, Odile Jacob.

13. Rumelhart, D.E. y J.L. McClelland (1986), Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press; Edelman, G.N. (1987), Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection, Nueva York, Perseus Publishing.

14. Choi, S.W., B.W. Son, et al. (2001), «The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera», British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 145 (4), pp. 535−545.

15. Anónimo (1996), «Centella asiatica (Gotu kola). Botanical Monograph», Am J Nat Med, vol. 3 (6), p. 22.

6. El EMDR en acción

1. Kübler-Ross, E. (1969), On Death and Dying, Nueva York, Touchstone.

2. Chemtob, C.M., J. Nakashima, et al. (2002), «Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A field study», Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 99−112.

3. Van Etten, M.L. y S. Taylor (1998), «Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis», Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, vol. 5, pp. 126−144; Spector, J. y J. Read (1999), «The current status of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)», Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, vol. 6, pp. 165−174; Sack, M., W. Lempa, et al. (2001), «Study quality and effect-sizes a meta-analysis of EMDR-treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder», Psychothérapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, vol. 51 (9−10), pp. 350−355; Maxfield, L. y L.A. Hyer (2002), «The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD», Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 23−41.

4. Herbert, J., S. Lilienfeld, et al. (2000), «Science and pseudoscience in the development of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing: implications for clinical psychology», Clin Psychol Rev, vol. 20, pp. 945−971. Se ha publicado una respuesta detallada a esta crítica a cargo de dos psicoanalistas estadounidenses en 2002: Perkins, B.R. y C.C. Rouanzoin (2002), «A critical evaluation of current views regarding eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): clarifying points of confusion», Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 58, pp. 77−97.

5. Stickgold R. (2002), «EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism», Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.58, pp. 61−75.

6. Stickgold R., J.A. Hobson, et al. (2001), «Sleep, learning, and dreams: Off-line memory reprocessing», Science, vol. 294, pp. 1.052−1.057.

7. Wilson, D., S.M. Silver, et al. (1996), «Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Effectiveness and autonomic correlates», Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 27, pp. 219−229.

8. Pessah, M.A. y H.P. Roffwarg (1972), «Spontaneous middle ear muscle activity in man: A rapid eye movement sleep phenomenon», Science, vol. 178, pp. 773−776; Benson, K. y V.P. Zarcone (1979), «Phasic events of REM sleep: Phenomenology in the middle ear muscle activity and periorbital integrated potentials in the same normal population», Sleep, vol. 2 (2), pp. 199−213.

9. Chambless, D., M. Baker, et al. (1998), «Update on empirically validated therapies, II», The Clinical Psychologist, vol. 51 (1), pp. 3−16.

10. Chemtob, C.M., D. Tolin, et al. (2000), «Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)», in Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, E.A. Foa, T.M. Keane y M.J. Friedman, Nueva York, Guilford Press, pp. 139−155, 333−335.

11. Departamento de Salud de Gran Bretaña (2001), The Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline, Department of Health, Gran Bretaña.

12. Yehuda, R., A.C. McFarlane, et al. (1998), «Predicting the development of post-traumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event». Biological Psychiatry, vol. 44, pp. 1.305−1.313.

7. La energía de la luz: regular el reloj biológico

1. Cook, F.A. (1894), «Medical observations among the Esquimaux», New York Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, vol. 4, pp. 282−296, citado en Rosenthal, N.E. (1998), Winter Blues: Seasonal Affective Disorder — What it is and How to Overcome it, Nueva York, Guilford Press.

2. Haggarty, J.M., Z. Cemovsh, et al. (2001), «The limited influence of latitude on rates of seasonal affective disorder”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 189, pp. 482−484.

3. Avery, D.H., D.N. Eder, et al. (2001), «Dawn simulation and bright light in the treatment of SAD: a controlled study», Biological Psychiatry, vol. 50 (3), pp. 205−216.

4. Parry, B., S. Berga, et al. (1990), «Melatonin and phototherapy in premenstrual depression», Progress in Clinical & Biological Research, vol. 341 B, pp. 35−43.

5. Lam, R.W., E.M. Goldner, et al. (1994), «A controlled study of light therapy for bulimia nervosa», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 151 (5), pp. 744−750.

6. Satlin, A., L. Volicer, et al. (1992), «Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease», Ibid., vol. 149(8), pp. 1.028−1.032.

7. Levitt, A., R. Joffe, et al. (1991), «Bright light augmentation in antidepressant nonresponders», Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 52 (8), pp. 336−337.

8. El control del qi: la acupuntura manipula directamente el cerebro emocional

1. Soulie de Morant, G.L. (1972), L’Acupuncture chinoise, París, Maloine Editeurs.

2. Como sugiere un análisis de todos los estudios realizados por la Food and Drug Administration de Estados Unidos: Khan, A., R. Leventhal, et al. (2002), «Severity of depresssion and response to antidepressants and placebo: an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration database», Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 22 (1), pp. 50−54.

3. British Medical Association, Board of Sciences (2000), Acupuncture: Efficacy, Safety and Practice, Londres, Harwood Academic.

4. Ulett, G.A., S. Han, et al. (1998), «Electroacupuncture: Mechanisms and clinical applications», Biological Psychiatry, vol. 44, pp. 129−138. Hechun, L., J. Yunkui, et al. (1985), «Electroacupuncture vs. amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive states», Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, pp. 3−8; Han, J.—S. (1986), «Electroacupuncture: An alternative to antidepressants for treating affective diseases?», J Neurosci, vol. 29, pp. 79−92; Polyakov, S.E. (1988), «Acupuncture in the treatment of endogenous depression», Soviet Neurology and Psychiatry, vol. 21, pp. 36−44; Thomas, M., S.V. Eriksson, et al. (1991), «A Comparative study of Diazepam and acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis pain: A placebo controlled study», American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 2 (XIX), pp. 95−100; Jin, H., L. Zhou, et al. (1992), «The inhibition by electrical acupuncture on gastric acid secretion in mediated via endorphin and somatostating in dogs», Clin Res, vol. 40, pp. 167A; Li, Y., G. Tougas, et al. (1992), «The effect of acupuncture on gastrointestinal function and disorders», Am J Gastroenterol, vol. 87, pp. 1.372−1.381; He, D., J. Berg, et al. (1997), «Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers», Preventive Medicine, vol. 26, pp. 208−214; Cardini, F.W., Huang (1998) «Moxibustion for correction of breech presentation», JAMA, vol. 280 (18), pp. 1.580−1.584; Montakab, H. (1999), «Akupunktur und Schlaflosigkeit [Acupuncture and insomnia]», Forschende Komplementarmedizin, vol. 6 (supl. 1), pp. 29−31; Timofeev, M.F. (1999); «Effects of acupuncture and an agonist of opiate receptors on heroin dependen patients», American Journal of Chinese Medicine, vol. 27 (2), pp. 143−148; Wang, S.—M. y Z.N. Kain (2001), «Auricular acupuncture: a potential treatment for anxiety», Anesth Analg, vol. 92, pp. 548−553; Paulus, W.E., M. Zhang, et al. (2002), «Influence of acupuncture on the pregnancy rate in patients who undergo assisted reproduction therapy», Fértil Steril, vol. 77 (4), pp. 721−724.

5. Cho, Z.H., S.C. Chung, et al. (1998), «New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI», Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol. 95, pp. 2.670−2.673.

6. Han, op. cit.; Luo, H.C., Y.K. Jia, et al. (1985), «Electroacupuncture vs. amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive states», Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 5, pp. 3−8; Lou, H.C., Y.C. Shen, et al. (1990), «A comparative study of the treatment of depression by electroacupuncture», Acupunct Sci IntJ, vol. 1, pp. 20−26; Luo, H.C., Y.C. Shen, et al. (1990). «A comparative study of the treatment of depression by electroacupuncture and amitriptyline», Acupuncture (Huntington, N.Y.), vol. 1, pp. 20−26.

7. Wang, op. cit.

8. Hui, K., J.Liu, et al. (2000), «Acupuncture modulates the limbic system and subcortical gray structures of the human brain: evidence from fMRI studies in normal subjects», Human Brain Mapping, vol. 9, pp. 13−25.

9. Chen, L., J. Tang, et al. (1998), «The effect of location of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on postoperative opiod analgesic requirement: acupoint versus nonacupoint stimulation», Anesth Analg, vol. 87, pp. 1.129−1.134; Lao, L., S. Bergman, et al. (1999), «Evaluation of acupuncture for pain control after oral surgery: a placebo-controlled trial», Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, vol. 125, pp. 567−572.

10. Reston, J. (1971), «Now, let me tell you about my appendectomy in Peking...», The New York Times, 26 de julio.

11. Pert, C.B., H.E. Dreher, et al. (1998), «The psychosomatic network: foundations of mind-body medicine», Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, vol. 4 (4), pp. 30−41.

9. La revolución de los omega-3: cómo alimentar el cerebro emocional

1. Hibbeln, J.R. (1999), «Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression and related conditions», Phospholipid spectrum disorder, M. Peet, I. Glen y D. Horrobin, Lancanshire, GB, Marius Press, pp. 195−210.

2. Homstra, G., M. Al, et al. (1995), «Essential fatty acids in pregnancy and early human development», European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, vol. 61 (1), pp. 57−62; Al, M., A.C. Van Houwelingen, et al. (2000), «Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome», American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71 (1 supl.), pp. 285S-291S.

3. Hibbeln, J. (1998), «Fish consumption and major depression», The Lancet, vol. 351, pp. 1.213.

4. Barton, P.G. y F.D. Gunstone (1975), «Hydrocarbon chain packing and molecular motion in phospholipid bilayers forme from unsaturated lecithins», J Biol Chem, vol. 250, pp. 4.470−4.476; Sperling, R.I., A. I. Benincaso, et al. (1993), «Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils», J Clin Invest, vol. 91, pp. 651−660.

5. Bourre, J.M., M. Bonneil, et al. (1993), «Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system», Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 48 (1), pp. 5−15.

6. Frances, H., P. Drai, et al. (2000), «Nutritional (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids influence the behavioral responses to positive events in mice», Neuroscience Letters, vol. 285 (3), pp. 223−227.

7. Bang, H. O., J. Dyerberg, et al. (1976), «The composition of foods consumed by Greenland Eskimos», Acta Med Scand, vol. 200, pp. 69−73.

8. Chalón, S., S. Delion-Vancassel, et al. (1998), «Dietary fish oil affects monoaminergic neurotransmission and behavior in rats», J Nutr, vol. 128, pp. 2.512−2.519.

9. Olsen, S.F. y N.J. Secher (2002), «Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study», British Medical Journal, vol. 324, pp. 447−451.

10. Mortensen, E. L., K.F. Michaelsen, et al. (2002), «The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence», JAMA, vol. 287, pp. 2.365−2.371.

11. Stoll, A.L., W.E. Severus, et. al (1999), «Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 56, pp. 407−412.

12. Stoll, A.L. (2001), The Omega-3 Connection: The Groundbreaking Omega-3 Antidepression Diet and Brain Program, Nueva York, Simon & Schuster.

13. Peet, M. y D. Horrobin (2022), «A dose-ranging exploratory study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with persistent schizophrenic symptoms», Journal of Pshychiatric Research, vol. 36 (1),7−18.

14. Puri, B.K., S.J. Counsell, et al. (2001), «Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression associated with symptom remission, structural brain changes and reduced neuronal phospholipid turnover», International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 55 (8), pp. 560−563; Puri, A. K., S.J. Counsell, et al. (2002), «Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatmentresistant depression», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 59, pp. 91−92.

15. Un estudio preliminar del efecto del etilo-EPA, extracto de aceite de pescado esterificado, en el mal de Huntington en el estadio III —el más avanzado— demuestra una mejora de los síntomas motores durante algunos meses comparada con una degradación importante en el grupo que no tomaba más que un placebo. También muestra un aumento de la masa cortical respecto al volumen de los ventrículos. Es decir, una inversión del proceso de la enfermedad a nivel neurológico. Puri, B.K., G. Bydder, et al. (2002), «MRI and neuropsychological improvement in Huntington disease following ethyl-EPA treatment», NeuroReport, vol. 13(1), pp. 123−126.

16. Nemets, B., Z. Stahl, et al. (2002), «Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder», American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, pp. 477−479.

17. Peet, M. y D. Horrobin (2002), «A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs», Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 59, pp. 913−919. Zanarini, M., y F.R. Frankenburg, “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment of Women with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study”, American Journal of Psychiatry 160 2002.: pp. 167−169.

18. Maes, M., R. Smith, et al. (1996), «Fatty acid composition in major depression; decreased w3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 omega-6/C20:5 omega-3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids», Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 38, pp. 35−46; Peet, M., B. Murphy, et al. (1998), «Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients», Biological Psychiatry, vol. 43 (5), pp. 315−319.

19. Adams, P.B., S. Lawson, et al. (1996), «Arachidonic acid to eicosa-pentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression», Lipids, n^s 31 (supl.), pp. S157-S161.

20. Edwards, R., M. Peet, et al. (1998), «Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients», Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 48 (2−3), pp. 149−155.

21. Tanskanen, A., J. Hibbeln, et al., “Fish Consumption, Depression, and Suicidality in a General Population”, Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2201): 512−513.

22. Tiemeier, H., H. van Tuijil, et al., “Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Depression Are Associated in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2003): 40−46.

23. Chamberlain, J. (1996), “The possible role of long-chain, omega-3 fatty acids in human brain phylogeny”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 39 (3), pp. 436−445; Broadhurst, C., S. Cunnane, et al. (1998), “Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo”, British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 79 (1), pp. 3−21.

24. Stoll, A.L. y C.A. Locke (2002), «Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: A review of neurobiologie and clinical applications», Natural Medications for Psychiatric Disorders: Considering the Alternatives, D. Mischoulon y J. Rosenbaum, Filadelfia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 13−34.

25. He tomado prestada esta imagen de Jeanette Settle. Settle, J.E. (2001), «Diet and essential fatty acids», Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Mental Health, S. Shannon, San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 93−113.

26. Weissman, M.W., R. Bland, et al. (1996), «Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder», JAMA, vol. 276, pp. 293−296; Hibbeln, J. (1998), «Fish consumption and major depression», The Lancet, vol. 351, pp. 1.213.

27. Stordy, B. y M. Nichool (2000), The LCP Solution: The Remarkable Nutritional Treatment or ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyspraxia, Nueva York, NY, Ballantine Books.

28. Klerman, G.L. y M.V. Weissman (1989), «Increasing rates of depression», JAMA, vol. 261 (15), pp. 2.229−2.235.

29. Endres, S., R. Ghorbani, et al. (1989), «The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by monoclear cells», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 320 (5), pp. 265−271; Stoll, A.L. y C.A. Locke (2002), «Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: A review of neurobiologie and clinical applications», Natural Medications for Psychiatric Disorders: Considering the Alternatives, D. Mischoulon y J. Rosenbaum, Filadelfia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 13−34.

30. Rudin, D.O. (1982), «The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 fatty acid deficiency syndrome», Medical Hypotheses, vol. 8. pp. 17−47; Simopoulos, A.P. y J. Robinson (1998), The Omega Diet, Nueva York, HarperCollins.

31. Liu, K., J. Stamler, et al. (1982), «Dietary lipids, sugar, fiber, and mortality from coronary heart disease-bivariate analysis of international data», Atherosclerosis, vol. 2, pp. 221−227.

32. Weissman, M.W., R. Bland, et al. (19%), «Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder», JAMA, vol. 276, pp. 293−296.

33. De Lorgeril, M., S. Renaud, et al. (1994), «Mediterranean alphalinolenic acid rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease», The Lancet, vol. 343, pp. 1.454−1.459.

34. Christensen, J.H. y E.B. Schmidt (2001), «N-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death», Lipids, n° 36, supl.: SI 15−118; Leaf, A. (2001), «Electrophysiologic basis for the antiarrhythmic and anticonvulsant effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids», World Review of Nutrition & Dietetics, vol. 88, pp. 72−78; Brouwer, I.A., P.L. Zock, et al. (2002), «Association between n-3 fatty acid status in blood and electrocardiographic predictors of arrhythmia risk in healthy volunteers», American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 89 (5), pp. 629−631.

35. Smith, R.S. (1991), «The macrophage theory of depression», Medical Hypotheses, vol. 35, pp. 298−306; Maes, M. y R.S. Smith (1998), «Fatty acids, cytokines, and major depression», Biological Psychiatry, vol. 43, pp. 313−314.

36. Crawford, M.A. (1968), «Fatty-acid ratios in free-living and domestic animals», The Lancet, pp. 1.329−1.333; Crawford, M.A., M. M. Gale, et al. (1969), «The polyenoic acids and their elongation products in the muscle tissue of Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a re-evaluation of “animal fat”», Biochem J, vol. 114, p. 68P; Crawford, M.A., M.M. Gale, et al. (1969). «Linoleic acid and linolenic acid elongation products in the muscle tissue of Sncerus caffer and other ruminant species», Biochem J, vol. 115, pp. 25−27.

37. Simopoulos, A.P. y N. Salem (1989), «Omega-3 fatty acids in eggs from range-fed Greek chickens», New England Journal of medicine, p. 1.412.

38. Renaud, S., M. Ciavatti, et al. (1983), «Protective effects of dietary calcium and magnesium on platelet function and atherosclerosis in rabbits fed saturated fat», Atherosclerosis, vol. 47, pp. 189−198.

39. Simopoulos, A.P., y J. Robinson, “The Omega Diet” (1998), op.cit.

40. Weill, P. et al., “Enriching Diets with Omega-3 Fatty Acid: Impact of Various Sources”, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (en prensa).

41. Stoll, A.L. (2001), The Omega-3 Connection: The Groundbreaking Omega-3 Antidepression Diet and Brain Program, Nueva York, Simon & Schuster.

42. Fairfield, K.M. y R.H. Fletcher (2002), «Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review», JAMA, vol. 287 (23), pp. 3.116−3.126; Fletcher, R.H. y K.M. Fairfield (2002), «Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications», JAMA, vol. 287 (23), pp. 3.127−3.129.

43. Baillie, R.A., R. Takada, et al. (1999), «Coordinate induction of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and UCP-3 by diatary fish oil: a mechanism for decreased body fat deposition», Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 60 (5−6), pp. 351−356.

44. Kriss-Etherton, P.M., W.S. Harris, et al. (2002), «AHA Scientific Statment: Fish consomption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease», Circulation, vol. 106, pp. 2.747−2.757.

10. ¿Prozac o Adidas?

1. McDonald, D.G. y J.A. Hogdon (1991), The Psychological Effects of Aerobic Fitness Training: Research and Theory, Nueva York, NY, Springer-Verlag; Long, B.C. y R. van Stavel (1995), «Effects of exercise training on anxiety. A meta-analysis», Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, vol. 7, pp. 167−189.

2. DiLorenzo, T.M., E.P. Bargman, et al. (1999), «Long-term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes», Preventive Medicine, vol. 28(1), pp. 75−85.

3. Kasch, F. (1976), “The effects of exercise on the aging process», The Physician and Sports Medicine, vol. 4, pp. 64−68; Palone, A.M., R.R. Lewis, et al. (1976), «Results of two years of exercise training in middle-aged men», The Physician and Sports Medicine, vol. 4, pp. 72−77.

4. LaPerrière, A., M.H. Antoni, et al. (1990), «Exercise intervention attenuates emotional distress and natural killer cell decrements following notification of positive serologic status of HIV-1», Biofeeback and Self-Regulation, vol. 15, pp. 229−242.

5. Greist, J.H., M.H. Klein, et al. (1979), «Running as treatment for depression», Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 20 (1), pp. 41−54.

6. Beck, A. (1967), Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects, Nueva York, Harper & Row; Beck, A. (1976), Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders, Nueva York, International Universities Press.

7. Babyak, M., J.A. Blumenthal, et al. (2000), «Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance and therapeutic benefit at 10 months», Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 62 (5), pp. 633−638.

8. Blumenthal, J., M. Babyak, et al. (1999), «Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression», Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 159, pp. 2.349−2.356.

9. Paffenbarger, R.S., I.—M. Lee, et al. (1994), «Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men», Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (supl.), vol. 377, pp. 16−22.

10. Wise, S.P. y M. Herkenham (1982), «Opiate receptor distribution in the cerebral cortex of the rhesus monkey», Science, vol. 218, pp. 387−389.

11. Panksepp, J., M. Siviy, et al. (1985), «Brain opiods and social emotions», The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation, M. Reite y T. Field, Nueva York, NY, Academic Press.

12. Thoren, P., J.S. Floras, et al. (1990), «Endorphins and exercise: Physiological mechanisms and clinical implications», Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 22 (4), pp. 417−428; Sher, L. (1996), «Exercise, wellbeing, and endogenous molecules of mood», The Lancet, vol. 348 (9.025), p. 447.

13. Jonsdottir, I.H., P. Hoffmann, et al. (1997), «Physical exercise, engodenous opioids and immune function», Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, supl., vol. 640, pp. 47−50.

14. Furlan, R., D. Piazza, et al. (1993), «Early and late effects of exercise an athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate», Cardiovasc Res., vol. 27, pp. 482−488.

15. George, M., Z. Nahas, et al. (2002), «Vagus nerve stimulation therapy: A research update», Neurology, vol. 59 (6 supl. 4), pp. S56−61.

16. Lawlor, D. y S. Hopker (2001), «The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials», BMJ, vol. 322 (7.289), pp. 763−767.

11. El amor es una necesidad biológica

1. Observatoire National des Prescriptions et Consommations des Médicaments. Etude de la Prescription et de la Consommation des antidépresseurs en Ambulatoire. Paris, Agence du Médicament. Directions des Etudes et de l’information Pharmaco-Economiques (1998).

2. Hirigoyen, M.—F., Stalkimg the Soul: On Emotional Abuse andthe Erosion of Identity (Helen Marx Books, 2000).

3. Se trata del córtex cingular, que es la región más “primitiva” y antigua del neocórtex y cuyo tejido es más cercano al del cerebro emocional que al del neocórtex. Mesulam, M.M. (1985), Principles of Behavioral Neurology, Filadelfia, F.A. Davis.

4. Schanberg, S. (1994), «Genetic basis for touch effects», Touch in Early Development, T. Field, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum, pp. 67−80.

5. Spitz, R. (1945), «Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood», Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, vol. I, pp. 53−74.

6. Hubei, D. (1979), «The visual cortex of normal and deprived monkeys», American Scientist, vol. 67 (5), pp. 532−543.

7. Chugani, H.T., M.E. Behen, et al. (2001), «Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans», Neuroimage, vol. 14 (6), pp. 1.290−1.301.

8. Hofer, M.A. (1987), «Early social relationships: a psychobiologist’s view», Child Development, vol. 58, pp. 633−647.

9. Katz, L.F. y J.M. Gottman (1997), «Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution», J Clin Child Psychol, vol. 26, pp. 157−171.

10. Murray Parkes, C., B. Benjamin, et al. (1969), «Broken heart: a statistical study of increased mortality among widowers», British Medical Journal, vol. 646, pp. 740−743.

11. Medalie, J.H. y U. Goldbourt (1976), «Angina pectoris among 10,000 men. II. Psychosocial and other risk factors as evidenced by a multivariate analysis of a five year incidence study», American Journal of Medicine, vol. 60 (6), pp. 910−921.

12. Medalie, J.H., K.C. Stange, et al. (1992), «The importance of biopsychosocial factors in the development of duodenal ulcer in a cohort of middle-aged men», American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 136 (10), pp. 1.280−1.287.

13. Reynolds, P., P.T. Boyd, et al. (1994), «The relationship between social ties and survival among black and white breast cancer patients. National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group», Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 3 (3), pp. 253−259.

14. Levenson, R., L.L. Carstensen, et al. (1993), «Long-term marriage: age, gender, and satisfaction», Psychology and Aging, vol. 8 (2), pp. 301−313.

15. Graham, C.A. y W.C. McGrew (1980), «Menstrual synchrony in female undergraduates living on a coeducational campus», Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 5, pp. 245−252.

16. Lewis, T., F. Amini, et al. (2000), A General Theory of Love, Nueva York, NY, Random House.

17. Friedman, E. y S.A. Thomas (1995), «Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)», American Journal of Cardiology,^. 76, pp. 1.213−1.217.

18. Siegel, J.M. (1990), «Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: The moderating influence of pet ownership», J Pers Soc Psychol., vol. 58, pp. 101−1.086.

19. Rodin, J., Langer, E.J. (1977), «Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 35, pp. 897−902.

20. Siegel, J.M., F.J. Angulo, et al. (1999), «AIDS diagnosis and depression in the multicenter AIDS cohort study: The ameliorating impact of pet ownership», AIDS Care, vol. 11, pp. 157−169.

21. Allen, K. y J. Blascovich (1996), «The value of service dogs for people with severe ambulatory disabilities: A randomized controlled trial», JAMA, vol. 275, pp. 1.001−1.006.

22. Lockwood, R. (1983), «The influence of animals on social perception», New Perspectives on Our Lives with Companion Animals, A.H. Katcher y A.M. Beck, Filadelfia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, vol. 8, pp. 64−71.

23. Allen, K., B.E. Shykoff, et al. (2001), «Pet ownership, but not ACE inhibitor therapy, blunts home blood pressure responses to mental stress», Hypertension, vol. 38, pp. 815−820.

24. Allen, K. y J.L. Izzo (in submission), «Social support and resting blood pressure among young and elderly women: The moderating role of pet ownership».

25. Simon, S (1993), «Sarajevo Pets», Week End Edition Saturday, S. Simon, Washington, National Public Radio, EE.UU.

12. La comunicación emocional

1. Hocker, J.L. y W. W. Wilmot (1991), Interpersonal Conflict, Dubuque, IA, Wm. C. Brown.

2. Chang, P.P., D.E. Ford, et al. (2002), «Anger in young men and subsequent premature cardiovascular disease: The precursors study», Arch Intern Med, vol. 162, pp. 901−906.

3. Gottman, J. (1994), Why Marriages Succeed of Fail, Nueva York, NY, Simon & Schuster; Gottman, J. y N. Silver (1999), The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, Nueva York, NY, Random House.

4. La frecuencia cardíaca de base para un hombre está generalmente alrededor de 70; sobre 80 en la mujer. Levenson, R., L.L. Carstensen, et al. (1992), «Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction», Psychology and Aging, vol. 8 (2), pp. 301−313.

5. Gottman, J. (1994), What Predicts Divorce, Mahwaw, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, p. 84, citado en Goleman, D. (1995), Emotional Intelligence, Nueva York, NY, Bantam Books, p. 135.

6. Rosenberg, M.D. (1999), Les mots sont des fenêtres ou des murs: initiation à la communication non violente, éditions La Découverte.

7. Harvey, O.J. (1961), Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization, Nueva York, NY, Harper & Row, citado en Rosenberg, M.D., op. cit.

13. Escuchar con el corazón

1. Stuart, M.R. y J.A. Lieberman (1993), The Fifteen Minute Hour: Applied Psychotherapy for the Primary Care Physician, Wesport, CT, Prager.

2. Ibid.

14. La relación con los demás

1. La Fatigue d’être soi, París, Odile Jacob, 1999.

2. Cherlin, A. (1992), Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.

3. Klerman, G.L. y M.M. Weissman (1989), «Increasing rates of depression», JAMA, vol. 261 (15), pp. 2.229−2.235.

4. Wilson, E.O. (2000), Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Twenty-Fith Anniversary Edition, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

5. Walsh, R. (2001), Les Chemins de l'éveil, Montréal, Le Jour, 2001.

6. Myers, D.G. y E. Diener (1996), «The pursuit of happiness», Scientific American, vol. 274, pp. 70−72; Argyle, M. (2001), The Psychology of Happiness (2a ed.), Nueva York, NY, Routledge.

7. Durkheim, E. (1897), Le Suicide. Une étude sociologique, Pans, Alcan.

8. Zuckerman, D.M., S.V. Kasl, et al. (1984), «Psychosocial predictors of mortality among the elderly poor», Am J Cardiol, vol. 119, pp. 410−423.

9. House, J.S., K.R. Landis, et al. (1988), «Social relationships and health», Science, vol. 241, pp. 540−545.

10. Frankl, V.E. (1976), Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy, Nueva York, NY, Mass Market Paper Back.

11. Madre Teresa citada en Walsh, R. (2001), Les Chemins de l’éveil, op. cit.

12. Abraham Maslow citado en Walsh, R. (2001), Les Chemins de l’éveil, op. cit.

13. McCraty, R., M. Atkinson, et al. (1995), «The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis and heart rate variability», The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 76 (14), pp. 1.089−1.093.

15. ¿Por dónde empezar?

1. Aristóteles, Ética a Nicómaco.

2. Le estoy muy agradecido al doctor Scott Shannon, de la Asociación Norteamericana de Medicina Holística, por haberme señalado esta relación entre Aristóteles, Jung y Maslow, a través de los dos mil quinientos años que los separan, en la introducción a su libro sobre métodos naturales de salud mental. Shannon, S. (2001); Integration and Holism, Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Mental Health, S. Shannon (comp.), San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 21−42.

3. McCraty, R., M. Atkinson, et al. (1995), «The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis and heart rate variability», The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 76 (14), pp. 1.089−1.093; Wilson, D., S.M. Silver, et al. (1996), «Eye movement and desensitization and reprocessing: Effectiveness and autonomic correlates», Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 27, pp. 219−229; Rechlin, T., M. Weis, et al. (1995), «Does bright-light therapy influence autonomic heart-rate parameters?», Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 34 (2), pp. 131−137; Haker, E., H. Egekvist, et al. (2000), «Effect of sensory stimulation (acupuncture) on sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in healthy subjects», Journal of the Autonomic Nen’ous System, vol. 79 (1), pp. 52−59; Christensen, J.H., M.S. Christensen, et al. (1999), «Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids», American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 70, pp. 331−337; Furlan, R., D. Piazza, et al. (1993), «Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate», Cardiovasc Res., vol. 27. pp. 482−488; Porges, S.W., J.A. Doussard-Roosevelt, et al. (1994), «Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion», Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago press, vol. 59 (2−3), pp. 167−186, 250−283.

4. Keller, M., J. McCullough, et al. (2000), «A comparison of Nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression», New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, pp. 1.462−1.470.