NOTE

Avvertenza: le citazioni bibliche sono tratte da La Sacra Bibbia CEI-UECI,

Edizioni Paoline-CEI, Milano-Roma 1974.

PARTE PRIMA. LA SFIDA TECNOLOGICA

1. Disillusione

¹  Vedi, per esempio, il discorso d’inaugurazione di George W. Bush nel 2005, in cui ha detto: “Noi siamo portati, dagli eventi e dal senso comune, a una sola conclusione: la sopravvivenza della libertà nel nostro paese dipende in maniera crescente dal successo della libertà in altre terre. La migliore speranza per la pace nel nostro mondo è l’espansione della libertà in tutto il mondo”, “Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy”, CNN, 20 January 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018. Per Obama, vedi, per esempio, il suo ultimo discorso alle Nazioni Unite: Katie Reilly, “Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President”, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017.

²  William Neikirk, David S. Cloud, “Clinton: Abuses Put China ‘On Wrong Side of History’”, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017.

³  Eric Bradner, “Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained”, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017.

⁴  Chris Graham, Robert Midgley, “Mexico Border Wall: What Is Donald Trump Planning. How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?”, The Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017; Michael Schuman, “Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead”, The New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017.

⁵  Per numerosi esempi del XIX secolo e degli inizi del XX, vedi: Evgeny Dobrenko, Eric Naiman, eds., The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2003; Wilhelm L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany, Manchester University Press, New York 1997. Per una discussione generale vedi per esempio: Nicholas J. Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2003.

⁶  Per questa interpretazione vedi: Ishaan Tharoor, “Brexit: A Modern-Day Peasants’ Revolt?”, The Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, “US election 2016: The Trump-Brexit Voter Revolt”, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37943072.

⁷  Il più famoso tra questi rimane, ovviamente, Francis Fukuyama, autore di La fine della storia e l’ultimo uomo, Rizzoli, Milano 1992.

⁸  Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy, Simon and Schuster, New York 2014; Timothy Snider, The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America, Tim Duggan Books, New York 2018; Anne Garrels, Putin Country: A Journey into the Real Russia, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 2016; Steven L. Myers, The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin, Knopf Doubleday, New York 2016.

⁹  Credit Suisse, Global Wealth Report 2015, p. 53, https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=F2425415-DCA7-80B8-EAD9889AF9341D47E, consultato il 12 marzo 2018; Filip Nokmet, Thomas Piketty, Gabriel Zucman, “From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905-2016”, July 2017, World Wealth and Income Database, http://www.piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/NPZ2017WIDworld.pdf, consultato il 12 marzo 2018; Shaun Walker, “Unequal Russia”, The Guardian, 25 April 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/apr/25/unequal-russia-is-anger-stirring-in-the-global-capital-of-inequality, consultato il 12 marzo 2018.

¹⁰  Ayelet Shani, “The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously”, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018; “Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple”, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018; Yuri Yanover, “Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza”, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018; “Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours”, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html, consultato il 29 gennaio 2018.

¹¹  Katie Reilly, “Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President”, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, consultato il 3 dicembre 2017.

2. Lavoro

¹  Gregory R. Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Strutctural Unemployment Debates, Greenwood Press, Westport 1996, pp. 18-20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2000, pp. 1-8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers, Nicolas L. Ziebarth, “The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (3), 2015, pp. 33-42; Joe Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2002, pp. 255-7; David H. Autor, “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (3), 2015, pp. 3-30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory, Ulrich Zierahn, “The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 189, 2016; Mariacristina Piva, Marco Vivarelli, “Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?”, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No. 10471, 2017.

²  Vedi, per esempio, le prestazioni IA che superano quelle umane nel volo, e in particolare nella simulazione di combattimento aereo: Nicholas Ernest et al., “Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions”, Journal of Defense Management, 6 (1), 2016, pp. 1-7; nei sistemi d’apprendimento e di tutoraggio intelligente: Kurt VanLehn, “The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems”, Educational Psychologist, 46 (4), 2011, pp. 197-221; trading algoritmico: Giuseppe Nuti et al., “Algorithmic Trading”, Computer, 44 (11), 2011, pp. 61-9; pianificazione finanziaria, gestione di portafogli ecc.: Arash Baharammirzaee, “A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems”, Neural Computing and Applications, 19 (8), 2010, pp. 1165-95; analisi di dati complessi nei sistemi curativi e nella elaborazione di diagnosi e trattamenti: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., “Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32 (15), 2014, e17653; creazione di testi originali in linguaggio naturale a partire da una quantità massiva di dati: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al., “Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao”, Journal of Computer and Communication, 5 (6), 2017, pp. 125-48; riconoscimento del volto: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko, James Philbin, “FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering”, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2015, pp. 815-23; guida di veicoli: Cristiano Premebida, “A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking”, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2007.

³  Daniel Kahneman, Pensieri lenti e veloci, Mondadori, Milano 2013; Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational, Harper, New York 2009; Brian D. Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007; Christopher M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, New York 2007.

⁴  Seyed Azimi et al., “Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections”, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems, 4, 2011, pp. 406-16; Swarun Kumar et al., “CarSpeak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving”, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42 (4), 2012, pp. 259-70; Mihail L. Sichitiu, Maria Kihl, “Inter-Vehicle Communication System: A Survey”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 10 (2), 2008, pp. 88-105; Mario Gerla, Eun-Kyu Lee, Giovanni Pau, “Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds”, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2014, pp. 241-6.

⁵  David D. Luxton et al., “mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioural Healthcare”, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42 (6), 2011, pp. 505-12; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa, Illhoi Yoo, Lincoln Sheets, “A Systematic Review of Healthcare Application for Smartphones”, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 12 (1), 2012, p. 67; Karl Frederick Braekkan Payne, Heather Wharrad, Kim Watts, “Smartphone and Medical Related App Use among Medical Students and Junior Doctors in the United Kingdom (UK): A Regional Survey”, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 12 (1), 2012, p. 121; Sandeep Kumar Vashist, E. Marion Schneider, John H. T. Loung, “Commercial Smartphone-Based Devices and Smart Applications for Personalised Healthcare Monitoring and Management”, Diagnostics, 4 (3), 2014, pp. 104-28; Maged N. Kamel Bouls et al., “How Smartphones Are Changing the Face of Mobile and Participatory Healthcare: An Overview, with Example from eCAALYX”, BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 10 (24), 2011, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-10-24, consultato il 30 luglio 2017; Paul J. F. White, Blake W. Podaima, Marcia R. Friesen, “Algorithms for Smartphone and Tablet Image Analysis for Healthcare Applications”, IEEE Access, 2, 2014, pp. 831-40.

⁶  “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015”, World Health Organization, 2016; “Estimates for 2000-2015, Cause-Specific Mortality”, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

⁷  Per un’indagine sulle cause degli incidenti automobilistici negli Stati Uniti, vedi: Daniel J. Fagnant, Kara Kockelman, “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 2015, pp. 167-81; per una ricognizione generale nel mondo, vedi, per esempio: OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad-2016-en.

⁸  Kristofer D. Kusano, Hampton C. Gabler, “Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 13 (4), 2012, pp. 1546-55; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 2014, in particolare pp. 13-5; Fagnant, Kockelman, “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles”, op. cit.; Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff, Iyad Rahwan, “Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?”, arXiv, 2015, pp. 1-15. Per esempi di veicoli in rete in grado di impedire collisioni, vedi: Azimi et al., “Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections”, op. cit.; Kumar et al., “CarSpeak”, op. cit.; Sichitiu, Kihl, “Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems”, op. cit.; Gerla et al., “Internet of Vehicles”, op. cit.

⁹  Michael Chui, James Manyika, Mehdi Miremadi, “Where Machines Could Replace Humans – and Where They Can’t (Yet)”, McKinsey Quarterly, 2016, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet, consultato il 1° marzo 2018.

¹⁰  Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, “Computer-based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate than Those Made by Humans”, PNAS, 112 (4), 2014, pp. 1036-40.

¹¹  Stuart Dredge, “AI and Music: Will We Be Slaves to the Algorithm?”, The Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificial-intelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017. Per un’analisi generale dei metodi, vedi: Jose David Fernández, Francisco Vico, “AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey”, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 48, 2013, pp. 513-82.

¹²  Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine Is in Your Hands, Basic Books, New York 2015; Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age, McGraw-Hill Education, New York 2015; Simon Parkin, “The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now”, MIT Technology Review, 9 March 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the-artificially-intelligent-doctor-will-hear-you-now/; James Gallagher, “Artificial intelligence ‘as good as cancer doctors’”, BBC, 26 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38717928.

¹³  Kate Brannen, “Air Force’s Lack of Drone Pilots Reaching ‘Crisis’ Levels”, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/air-forces-lack-of-drone-pilots-reaching-crisis-levels/.

¹⁴  Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation, Dutton, New York 2013; Brad Bush, “How Combined Human and Computer Intelligence Will Redefine Jobs”, TechCrunch, 1 November 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how-combined-human-and-computer-intelligence-will-redefine-jobs/.

¹⁵  Ulrich Raulff, Farewell to the Horse: The Final Century of Our Relationship, Allen Lane, London 2017; Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2008, p. 286; Margo DeMello, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies, Columbia University Press, New York 2012, p. 197; Clay McShane, Joel Tarr, “The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities”, Journal of Transport History, 24 (2), 2003, pp. 177-98.

¹⁶  Lawrence F. Katz, Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015”, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016; Peter H. Cappelli, J. R. Keller, “A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements”, ILR Review, 66 (4), 2013, pp. 874-901; Gretchen M. Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron, Lyndon Garrett, “Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work”, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 2017, pp. 473-99; Sarah A. Donovan, David H. Bradley, Jon O. Shimabukuru, “What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?”, Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 5 February 2016, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018; “More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements”, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-26/, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018.

¹⁷  David Ferrucci et al., “Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!”, Artificial Intelligence, 199-200, 2013, pp. 93-105.

¹⁸  Mike Klein, “Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match”, Chess.com, 6 December 2017, https://www.chess.com/news/view/google-s-alphazero-destroys-stockfish-in-100-game-match, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018; David Silver et al., “Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm”, arXiv, 2017, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf, consultato il 2 febbraio 2018; vedi anche Sarah Knapton, Leon Watson “Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by DeepMind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours”, The Telegraph, 6 December 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018.

¹⁹  Cowen, Average is Over, op. cit.; Tyler Cowen, “What Are Humans Still Good For? The Turning Point in Freestyle Chess May Be Approaching”, Marginal Revolution, 2013, http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-humans-still-good-for-the-turning-point-in-freestyle-chess-may-be-approaching.html.

²⁰  Maddalaine Ansell, “Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning”, The Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-on-lifelong-learning.

²¹  Alex Williams, “Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax”, The New York Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety-is-the-new-depression-xanax.html.

²²  Simon Rippon, “Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 40 (3), 2014, pp. 145-50; I. Glenn Cohen, “Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 77, 2014, pp. 71-100; Alexandra K. Glazier, “The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation”, Transplant International, 24 (4), 2011, pp. 368-72; Megan McAndrews, Walter E. Block, “Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market”, Insights to a Changing World Journal, 2015, pp. 1-17.

²³  James J. Hughes, “A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine”, Journal of Evolution & Technology, 24 (1), 2014, pp. 45-61; Alan Cottey, “Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income”, AI & Society, 29 (2), 2014, pp. 249-57.

²⁴  Jon Henley, “Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed”, The Guardian, 3 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland-trials-basic-income-for-unemployed, consultato il 1° marzo 2018.

²⁵  “Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child”, The Guardian, 5 June 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swiss-vote-give-basic-income-every-adult-child-marxist-dream.

²⁶  Isabel Hunter, “Crammed into Squalid Factories to Produce Clothes for the West on just 20p a Day, the Children Forced to Work in Horrific Unregulated Workshops of Bangladesh”, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339578/Crammed-squalid-factories-produce-clothes-West-just-20p-day-children-forced-work-horrific-unregulated-workshops-Bangladesh.html, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017; Chris Walker, Morgan Hartley, “The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers”, Forbes, 16 December 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the-culture-shock-of-indias-call-centres/#17bb61d372f5, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017.

²⁷  Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Savis, Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution, World Economic Forum, 2018, p. 54. Sulle strategie di lungo periodo, vedi Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective, Anthem Press, London 2003.

²⁸  Lauren Gambini, “Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from ‘Shithole Countries’”, The Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringing-people-from-shithole-countries, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018.

²⁹  Per l’idea che un miglioramento assoluto delle condizioni socioeconomiche può essere accompagnato da una crescita della disuguaglianza relativa, vedi in particolare Thomas Piketty, Il capitale nel XXI secolo, Bompiani, Milano 2014.

³⁰  “2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel”, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 31 December 2017, https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, consultato il 1° gennaio 2018; Melanie Lidman, “As Ultra-Orthodox Women Bring Home the Bacon, Don’t Say the F-Word”, The Times of Israel, 1° gennaio 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017.

³¹  Lidman, “As Ultra-Orthodox Women Bring Home the Bacon, Don’t Say the F-Word”, op. cit.; “2016 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel”, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 31 December 2016, https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017. Per quanto riguarda la felicità, di recente Israele è stato classificato all’undicesima posizione su trentotto in materia di soddisfazione esistenziale dall’OCSE: “Life Satisfaction”, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/, consultato il 15 ottobre 2017.

³²  “2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel”, op. cit.

3. Libertà

¹  Margaret Thatcher, “Interview for Woman’s Own (‘No Such Thing as Society’)”, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018.

²  Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning, Psychology Press, New York 1999.

³  Richard Dawkins, “Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party”, NewStatesman, 29 March 2017, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new-party-european-party, consultato il 1°marzo 2018.

⁴  Steven Swinford, “Boris Johnson’s Allies Accuse Michael Gove of ‘Systematic and Calculated Plot’ to Destroy His Leadership Hopes”, The Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies-accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/, consultato il 3 settembre 2017; Rowena Mason, Heather Stewart, “Gove’s Thunderbolt and Boris’s Breaking Point: A Shocking Tory Morning”, The Guardian, 30 giugno 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris-johnson-tory-morning, consultato il 3 settembre 2017.

⁵  James Tapsfield, “Gove Presents Himself as the Integrity Candidate for Downing Street Job but Sticks the Knife into Boris AGAIN”, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m-not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing-Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html, consultato il 3 settembre 2017.

⁶  Nel 2017 un’équipe di Stanford ha prodotto un algoritmo che sembrerebbe in grado di individuare se una persona è gay o etero con una precisione del 91%, basandosi esclusivamente sull’analisi di alcune foto del volto (https://osf.io/zn79k/). Però, dato che l’algoritmo è stato sviluppato sulla base di fotografie che le persone avevano selezionato per caricarle su siti di appuntamenti, l’algoritmo potrebbe in realtà identificare le differenze negli ideali culturali. Non significa che le caratteristiche somatiche delle persone gay siano necessariamente diverse da quelle degli etero. Piuttosto, gli uomini gay che caricano immagini su siti di appuntamenti gay cercano di adeguarsi a ideali culturali diversi da quelli di uomini etero che caricano foto su siti per appuntamenti etero.

⁷  David Chan, “So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?”, in Charles E. Lance, Robert J. Vandenberg, eds., Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends, Routledge, New York-London 2009, pp. 309-36; Delroy L. Paulhus, Simine Vazire, “The Self-Report Method”, in Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley, Robert F. Krueger, eds., Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology, The Guilford Press, New York 2007, pp. 228-33.

⁸  Elizabeth Dwoskin, Evelyn M. Rusli, “The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions”, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

⁹  Norberto Andrade, “Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition”, The Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better-than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/, consultato il 10 dicembre 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin, Evelun M. Rusli, “The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions”, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, consultato il 10 dicembre 2017; Sophie K. Scott et al., “The Social Life of Laughter”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18 (12), 2014, pp. 618-20.

¹⁰  Daniel First, “Will Big Data Algorithms Dismantle the Foundations of Liberalism?”, AI & Society, DOI:10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4.

¹¹  Carole Cadwalladr, “Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search”, The Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

¹²  Jeff Freak, Shannon Holloway, “How Not to Get to Straddie”, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/, consultato il 1° marzo 2018.

¹³  Michelle McQuigge, “Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake”, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman-follows-gps-ends-up-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8-aecc501faaa5, consultato il 1° marzo 2018; “Woman Follows GPS into Lake”, News.com.au, 16 May 2016, http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1, consultato il 1° marzo 2018.

¹⁴  Henry Grabar, “Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?”, Slate, 10 July 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

¹⁵  Joel Delman, “Are Amazon, Netflix, Google Making Too Many Decisions For Us?”, Forbes, 24 November 2010, https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/24/amazon-netflix-google-technology-cio-network-decisions.html, consultato il 6 settembre 2017; Cecilia Mazanec, “Will Algorithms Erode Our Decision-Making Skills?”, NPR, 8 February 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/02/08/514120713/will-algorithms-erode-our-decision-making-skills, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

¹⁶  Jean-François Bonnefon, Azim Shariff, Iyad Rawhan, “The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles”, Science, 352 (6293), 2016, pp. 1573-6.

¹⁷  Christopher W. Bauman et al., “Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8 (9), 2014, pp. 536-54.

¹⁸  John M. Darley, Daniel C. Batson, “‘From Jerusalem to Jericho’: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (1), 1973, pp. 100-8.

¹⁹  Kristofer D. Kusano, Hampton C. Gabler, “Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 13 (4), 2012, pp. 1546-55; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica 2014, esp. 13-5; Daniel J. Fagnant, Kara Kockelman, “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 2015, pp. 167-81.

²⁰  Tim Adams, “Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview”, The Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/10/job-hunting-big-data-interview-algorithms-employees, consultato il 6 settembre 2017.

²¹  Per una disamina approfondita vedi Cathy O’Neil, Armi di distruzione matematica. Come i Big Data aumentano la disuguaglianza e minacciano la democrazia, Bompiani, Milano 2017. Questa è una lettura obbligata per chiunque sia interessato ai potenziali effetti degli algoritmi sulla società e sulla politica.

²²  Jean-François Bonnefon, Iyad Rahwan, Azim Shariff, “The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles”, Science, 24 (352), 2016, pp. 1573-6.

²³  Vincent C. Müller, Thomas W. Simpson, “Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News”, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, pp. 1-13.

²⁴  Bernd Grainer, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trad. Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern, Yale University Press, New Haven (CT) 2009, p. 16. Per un riferimento sullo stato emozionale dei soldati vedi: Herbert Kelman, V. Lee Hamilton, “The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience”, in Jodi O’Brien, David M. Newman, eds., Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading, Pine Forge Press, Los Angeles 2010, pp. 13-25.

²⁵  Robert J. Donia, Radovan Karadžić: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide, Cambridge University Press, New York 2015. Vedi anche: Isabella Delpla, Xavier Bougarel, Jean-Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, and Responsibilities, Berghahn Books, New York 2012.

²⁶  Noel E. Sharkey, “The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare”, International Review of the Red Cross, 94 (886), 2012, pp. 787-99.

²⁷  Ben Schiller, “Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?”, Fast Company, 21 February 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/3068167/algorithms-control-our-lives-are-they-benevolent-rulers-or-evil-dictators, consultato il 17 settembre 2017.

²⁸  Elia Zureik, David Lyon, Yasmeen Abu-Laban, eds., Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power, Routledge, London-New York 2011; Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine, Routledge, London-New York 2015; Torin Monahan, ed., Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life, Routledge, New York 2006; Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, “E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everday Life: The Palestinian case”, The British Journal of Criminology, 52 (1), 2012, pp. 55-72; Or Hirschauge, Hagar Sheizaf, “Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism”, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.4124379, consultato il 17 settembre 2017; Amos Harel, “The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions”, Haaretz, 18 June 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4179886, consultato il 17 settembre 2017; Neta Alexander, “This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories”, 31 March 2016, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-MAGAZINE-1.2899665, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018; Amos Harel, “Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet”, Haaretz, 16 April 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4024578, consultato il 15 gennaio 2018; Alex Fishman, “The Argaman Era”, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, p. 6.

²⁹  Yotam Berger, “Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of ‘Good Morning’ in His Facebook Page”, Haaretz, 22 October 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.4528980, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018.

³⁰  William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents, Bedford/St Martin’s, Boston (MA) 2000.

³¹  O’Neil, Armi di distruzione matematica, op. cit.; Penny Crosman, “Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?”, American Banker, 27 September 2016, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/can-ai-be-programmed-to-make-fair-lending-decisions, consultato il 17 settembre 2017.

³²  Matt Reynolds, “Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly”, New Scientist, 29 March 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431195-300-bias-test-to-prevent-algorithms-discriminating-unfairly/, consultato il 17 settembre 2017; Claire Cain Miller, “When Algorithms Discriminate”, The New York Times, 9 July 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/upshot/when-algorithms-discriminate.html, consultato il 17 settembre 2017; Hannah Devlin, “Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias”, The Guardian, 19 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/19/discrimination-by-algorithm-scientists-devise-test-to-detect-ai-bias, consultato il 17 settembre 2017.

³³  Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit.

³⁴  Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics, Columbia University Press, New York 2013, p. 100.

4. Uguaglianza

¹  “Richest 1 Percent Bagged 82 Percent of Wealth Created Last Year – Poorest Half of Humanity Got Nothing”, Oxfam International, 22 January 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018-01-22/richest-1-percent-bagged-82-percent-wealth-created-last-year, consultato il 28 febbraio 2018; Josh Lowe, “The 1 Percent Now Have Half the World’s Wealth”, Newsweek, 14 November 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/1-wealth-money-half-world-global-710714, consultato il 28 febbraio 2018; Adam Withnall, “All the World’s Most Unequal Countries Revealed in One Chart”, Independent, 23 November 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/credit-suisse-global-wealth-world-most-unequal-countries-revealed-a7434431.html, consultato l’11 marzo 2018.

²  Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2016.

³  Cara McGoogan, “How to See All the Terrifying Things Google Knows about You”, The Telegraph, 18 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/see-terrifying-things-google-knows/, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017; Caitlin Dewey, “Everything Google Knows about You (and How It Knows It)”, The Washington Post, 19 November 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/11/19/everything-google-knows-about-you-and-how-it-knows-it/?utm_term=.b81c3ce3ddd6, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017.

⁴  Dan Bates, “YouTube Is Losing Money Even Though It Has More Than 1 Billion Viewers”, Daily Mail, 26 February 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2970777/YouTube-roughly-breaking-nine-years-purchased-Google-billion-viewers.html, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017; Olivia Solon, “Google’s Bad Week: YouTube Loses Millions As Advertising Row Reaches US”, The Guardian, 25 March 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/25/google-youtube-advertising-extremist-content-att-verizon, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017; Seth Fiegerman, “Twitter Is Now Losing Users in the US”, CNN, 27 July 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/27/technology/business/twitter-earnings/index.html, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017.

PARTE SECONDA. LA SFIDA POLITICA

5. Comunità

¹  Mark Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community”, 16 February 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634/, consultato il 20 agosto 2017.

²  John Shinal, “Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook Can Play a Role that Churches and Little League Once Filled”, CNBC, 26 June 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook-to-church-little-league.html, consultato il 20 agosto 2017.

³  http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook-to-church-little-league.html; http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/22/facebook-has-a-new-mission-following-fake-news-crisis-zuckerberg-says.html.

⁴  Robin Dunbar, Dalla nascita del linguaggio alla Babele delle lingue, CDE, Milano 1999.

⁵  Vedi, per esempio, Pankaj Mishra, L’età della rabbia: una storia del presente, Mondadori, Milano 2018.

⁶  Per un’analisi generale e critica vedi: Derek Y. Darves, Michael C. Dreiling, Agents of Neoliberal Globalization: Corporate Networks, State Structures and Trade Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (MA 2016.

⁷  Lisa Eadicicco, “Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day”, Time, 15 December 2015, http://time.com/4147614/smartphone-usage-us-2015/, consultato il 20 agosto 2017; Julie Beck, “Ignoring People for Phones Is the New Normal”, The Atlantic, 14 June 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/ignoring-people-for-phones-is-the-new-normal-phubbing-study/486845/, consultato il 20 agosto 2017.

⁸  Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community”, op. cit.

⁹  Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/, consultato il 3 settembre 2017.

¹⁰  Zuckerberg, “Building Global Community”, op. cit.

¹¹  https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/04/facebook-uk-corporation-tax-profit; https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/sep/21/tech-firms-tax-eu-turnover-google-amazon-apple; http://www.wired.co.uk/article/facebook-apple-tax-loopholes-deals.

6. Civiltà

¹  Samuel P. Huntington, Lo scontro delle civiltà e il nuovo ordine mondiale, Garzanti, Milano 2000; David Lauter, Brian Bennett, “Trump Frames Anti-Terrorism Fight As a Clash of Civilizations, Defending Western Culture against Enemies”, Los Angeles Times, 6 July 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-clash-20170706-story.html, consultato il 29 gennaio 2018; Naomi O’Leary, “The Man Who Invented Trumpism: Geery Wilders’ Radical Path to the Pinnacle of Dutch Politics”, Politico, 23 February 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/the-man-who-invented-trumpism-geert-wilders-netherlands-pvv-vvd-populist/, consultato il 31 gennaio 2018.

²  Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia, Penguin, London 2013; Mishra, L’età della rabbia, op. cit.; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle between Faith and Reason, The Bodley Head, London 2017.

³  “Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe”, European Union, https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

⁴  Phoebe Greenwood, “Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards”, The Guardian, 15 November 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/jerusalem-mayor-battle-orthodox-billboards, consultato il 7 gennaio 2018.

⁵  http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/orthodox-publications-wont-show-hillary-clintons-photo/.

⁶  Simon Schama, La storia degli ebrei. In cerca delle parole. Dalle origini al 1492, Mondadori, Milano 2014; Hannah Wortzman, “Jewish Women in Ancient Synagogues: Archaeological Reality vs. Rabbinical Legislation”, Women in Judaism, 5 (2), 2008, http://wjudaism.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism/article/view/3537, consultato il 29 gennaio 2018; Ross S. Kraemer, “Jewish Women in the Diaspora World of Late Antiquity”, in Judith R. Baskin, ed., Jewish Women in Historical Perspective, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1991, in particolare p. 49; Hachlili Rachel, Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research, Brill, Leiden 2014, pp. 578-81; Zeev Weiss, “The Sepphoris Synagogue Mosaic: Abraham, the Temple and the Sun God – They’re All in There”, Biblical Archeology Society, 26 (5), 2000, pp. 48-61; David Milson, Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine: In the Shadow of the Church, Brill, Leiden 2007, p. 48.

⁷  Ivan Watson, Pamela Boykoff, “World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism”, CNN, 10 May 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/10/asia/indonesia-extremism/index.html, consultato l’8 gennaio 2018; Lauren Markoe, “Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology”, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html, consultato l’8 gennaio 2018; per la lettera, vedi: “Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi”, http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/, consultato l’8 gennaio 2018.

⁸  Chris Perez, “Obama Defends the ‘True Peaceful Nature of Islam’”, New York Post, 18 febbraio 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/02/18/obama-defends-the-true-peaceful-nature-of-islam/, consultato il 17 ottobre 2017; Dave Boyer, “Obama Says Terrorists Not Motivated By True Islam”, The Washington Times, 1 February 2015, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/1/obama-says-terrorists-not-motivated-true-islam/, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

⁹  De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op. cit.

¹⁰  Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria, I.B. Tauris, London 2012, p. 100.

¹¹  Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies, World Scientific, Hackensack (NJ) 2009, p. 23.

¹²  John K. Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250-1820, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 110.

¹³  Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali, Mohammed Tawfeeq, “Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud”, CNN, 14 April 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/index.html, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

¹⁴  Kenneth Pomeranz, La grande divergenza: la Cina, l’Europa e la nascita dell’economia mondiale moderna, il Mulino, Bologna 2004, pp. 36-8.

¹⁵  “ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq”, CBC News, 1 July 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-leader-calls-for-muslims-to-help-build-islamic-state-in-iraq-1.2693353, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017; Mark Townsend, “What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?”, The Guardian, 12 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-medics-isis-turkey-islamic-state, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

7. Nazionalismo

¹  Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York 2014.

²  Ashley Killough, “Lyndon Johnson’s ‘Daisy’ AD, Which Changed the World of Politics, Turns 50”, CNN, 8 September 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/07/politics/daisy-ad-turns-50/index.html, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017.

³  “Cause-Specific Mortality: Estimates for 2000-2015”, WHO, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017.

⁴  David E. Sanger, William J. Broad, “To Counter Russia, US Signals Nuclear Arms Are Back in a Big Way”, The New York Times, 4 February 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/us/politics/trump-nuclear-russia.html, consultato il 6 febbraio 2018; US Department of Defense, “Nuclear Posture Review 2018”, https://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0218_npr/, consultato il 6 febbraio 2018; Jennifer Hansler, “Trump Says He Wants Nuclear Arsenal in ‘Tip-Top Shape’, Denies Desire to Increase Stockpile”, CNN, 12 October 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/11/politics/nuclear-arsenal-trump/index.html, consultato il 19 ottobre 2017; Jim Garamone, “DoD Official: National Defense Strategy Will Enhance Deterrence”, Department of Defense News, Defense Media Activity, 19 January 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1419045/dod-official-national-defense-strategy-will-rebuild-dominance-enhance-deterrence/, consultato il 28 gennaio 2018.

⁵  Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era, Oxford University Press, New York 2016.

⁶  Elizabeth Kolbert, Cronache da una catastrofe: viaggio in un pianeta in pericolo, Nuovi mondi media, San Lazzaro di Savena 2006; Id., La sesta estinzione: una storia innaturale, Neri Pozza, Vicenza 2014; Will Steffen et al., “Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet”, Science, 347 (6223), 13 February 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855.

⁷  John Cook et al., “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature”, Environmental Research Letters, 8 (2), 2013; Idd., “Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming”, Environmental Research Letters, 11 (4), 2016; Andrew Griffin, “15,000 Scientists Give Catastrophic Warning about the Fate of the World in New ‘Letter to Humanity’”, Independent, 13 November 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/letter-to-humanity-warning-climate-change-global-warming-scientists-union-concerned-a8052481.html, consultato l’8 gennaio 2018; Justin Worland, “Climate Change Is Already Wreaking Havoc on Our Weather, Scientists Find”, Time, 15 December 2017, http://time.com/5064577/climate-change-arctic/, consultato l’8 gennaio 2018.

⁸  Richard J. Millar et al., “Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5 C”, Nature Geoscience, 10, 2017, pp. 741-7; Joeri Rogelj et al., “Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled”, Nature Climate Change, 6, 2016, pp. 245-52; Ashkat Rathi, “Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals”, Quartz, 21 September 2017, https://qz.com/1080883/the-breathtaking-new-climate-change-study-hasnt-changed-the-urgency-with-which-we-must-reduce-emissions/, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018; Roz Pidcock, “Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC’s New Carbon Budget”, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013, https://www.carbonbrief.org/carbon-briefing-making-sense-of-the-ipccs-new-carbon-budget, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018.

⁹  Jianping Huang et al., “Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change”, Nature Climate Change, 6, 2016, pp. 166-71; Thomas R. Knutson, “Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change”, Nature Geoscience, 3, 2010, pp. 157-63; Edward Hanna et al., “Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change”, Nature, 498, 2013, pp. 51-9; Tim Wheeler, Joachim von Braun, “Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security”, Science, 341 (6145), 2013, pp. 508-13; A. J. Challinor et al., “A Meta-Analysis of Crop Yield under Climate Change and Adaptation”, Nature Climate Change, 4, 2014, pp. 287-91; Elisabeth Lingren et al., “Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change”, Science, 336 (6080), 2012, pp. 418-9; Frank Biermann, Ingrid Boas, “Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Change”, Global Environmental Politics, 10 (1), 2010, pp. 60-88; Jeff Goodell, The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World, Little, Brown and Company, New York 2017; Mark Lynas, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet, National Geographic, Washington DC 2008; Naomi Klein, Una rivoluzione ci salverà: perché il capitalismo non è sostenibile, Rizzoli, Milano 2015; Kolbert, La sesta estinzione, op. cit.

¹⁰  Johan Rockström et al., “A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization”, Science, 355 (6331), 23 March 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3443.

¹¹  Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London 2013, p. 12.

¹²  Paul Shapiro, Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World, Gallery Books, New York 2018.

¹³  “Russia’s Putin Says Climate Change in Arctic Good for Economy”, CBS News, 30 March 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/russia-putin-climate-change-beneficial-economy-1.4048430, consultato il 1° marzo 2018; Neela Banerjee, “Russia and the US Could Be Partners in Climate Change Inaction”, Inside Climate News, 7 February 2017, https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06022017/russia-vladimir-putin-donald-trump-climate-change-paris-climate-agreement, consultato il 1° marzo 2018; Noah Smith, “Russia Wins in a Retreat on Climate Change”, Bloomberg View, 15 December 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-12-15/russia-wins-in-a-retreat-on-climate-change, consultato il 1° marzo 2018; Gregg Easterbrook, “Global Warming: Who Loses – and Who Wins?”, Atlantic, April 2007, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/04/global-warming-who-loses-and-who-wins/305698/, consultato il 1° marzo 2018; Quentin Buckholz, “Russia and Climate Change: A Looming Threat”, Diplomat, 4 February 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/russia-and-climate-change-a-looming-threat/, consultato il 1° marzo 2018.

¹⁴  Brian Eckhouse, Ari Natter, Christopher Martin, “President Trump Slaps Tariffs on Solar Panels in Major Blow to Renewable Energy”, 22 January 2018, http://time.com/5113472/donald-trump-solar-panel-tariff/, consultato il 30 gennaio 2018.

¹⁵  Miranda Green, Rene Marsh, “Trump Administration Doesn’t Want to Talk about Climate Change”, CNN, 13 September 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/12/politics/trump-climate-change-silence/index.html, consultato il 22 ottobre 2017; Lydia Smith, “Trump Administration Deletes Mention of ‘Climate Change’ from Environmental Protection Agency’s Website”, Independent, 22 October 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-administration-climate-change-deleted-environmental-protection-agency-website-a8012581.html, consultato il 22 ottobre 2017; Alana Abramson, “No, Trump Still Hasn’t Changed His Mind About Climate Change After Hurricane Irma and Harvey”, Time, 11 September 2017, http://time.com/4936507/donald-trump-climate-change-hurricane-irma-hurricane-harvey/, consultato il 22 ottobre 2017.

¹⁶  Unione Europea, Trattato che adotta una costituzione per l’Europa, https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_it.pdf.

8. Religione

¹  Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1996, p. 148.

²  Lettera enciclica Laudato si’ del Santo Padre Francesco sulla cura della casa comune, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html, consultato il 2 maggio 2018.

³  Introdotto per la prima volta da Freud nel suo trattato del 1930, Il disagio della civiltà (Il disagio della civiltà e L’avvenire di un’illusione, I libri del Corriere della Sera, Milano 2011, p. 57).

⁴  Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853-1964, Modern Library, New York 2003.

⁵  Robert Axell, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods, Longman, London 2002.

⁶  Charles K. Armstrong, “Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea”, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 6 (3), 2005, pp. 383-94; Daniel Byman, Jennifer Lind, “Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea”, International Security, 35 (1), 2010, pp. 44-74; Paul French, North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula, Zed Books, London-New York 2007²; Andrei Lankov, The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015; Young Whan Kihl, “Staying Power of the Socialist ‘Hermit Kingdom’”, in Hong Nack Kim, Young Whan Kihl, eds., North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival, Routledge, New York 2006, pp. 3-36.

9. Immigrazione

¹  “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016”, UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf, consultato l’11 gennaio 2018.

²  Lauren Gambini, “Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from ‘Shithole Countries’”, The Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringing-people-from-shithole-countries, consultato l’11 febbraio 2018.

³  Tal Kopan, “What Donald Trump Has Said about Mexico and Vice Versa”, CNN, 31 August 2016, https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/31/politics/donald-trump-mexico-statements/index.html, consultato il 28 febbraio 2018.

PARTE TERZA. DISPERAZIONE E SPERANZA

10. Terrorismo

¹  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/many-people-killed-terrorist-attacks-uk/; National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2016), Global Terrorism Database. Dati reperiti da https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd; http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/susan-jones/11774-number-terror-attacks-worldwide-dropped-13-2015; http://www.datagraver.com/case/people-killed-by-terrorism-per-year-in-western-europe-1970-2015; http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/statistics-on-incidents-of-terrorism-worldwide; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, Erin Miller, Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database, Routledge, London 2015; Gary LaFree, “Using Open Source Data to Counter Common Myths about Terrorism”, in Brian Forst, Jack Greene, Jim Lynch, eds., Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011, pp. 411-42; Gary LaFree, “The Global Terrorism Database: Accomplishments and Challenges”, Perspectives on Terrorism, 4, 2010, pp. 24-46; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, “Research on Terrorism and Countering Terrorism”, in M. Tonry, ed., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2009, pp. 413-77; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, “Introducing the Global Terrorism Database”, Political Violence and Terrorism, 19, 2007, pp. 181-204.

²  Deaths on the Roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015, WHO, consultato il 26 gennaio 2016; https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html; Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013, WHO, http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/road_traffic_deaths/atlas.html; http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/; http://www.newsweek.com/2015-brought-biggest-us-traffic-death-increase-50-years-427759.

³  http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics; http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1; https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/27/more-than-million-died-due-air-pollution-china-one-year.

⁴  Per la battaglia, vedi Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War. Myths and Reality, Headline, London 2001, pp. 137-64.

⁵  Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000, Ministero degli Esteri israeliano, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20and%20Terrorism%20sinc.aspx, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

⁶  Car Accidents with Casualties, 2002, Central Bureau of Statistics (in ebraico), http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/acci02/acci02h.pdf, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

⁷  Pan Am Flight 103 Fast Facts, CNN, 16 December 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/26/world/pan-am-flight-103-fast-facts/index.html, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

⁸  Tom Templeton, Tom Lumley, “9/11 in Numbers”, The Guardian, 18 August 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/usa.terrorism, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

⁹  Ian Westwell, Dennis Cove, eds., History of World War I, vol. 2, Marshall Cavendish, New York 2002, p. 431. Per la battaglia dell’Isonzo, vedi John R. Schindler, Isonzo. Il massacro dimenticato della Grande Guerra, LEG, Gorizia 2002.

¹⁰  Sergio Catignani, Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army, Routledge, London 2008.

¹¹  “Reported Rapes in France Jump 18% in Five Years”, France 24, 11 August 2015, http://www.france24.com/en/20150811-reported-rapes-france-jump-18-five-years, consultato l’11 gennaio 2018.

11. Guerra

¹  Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: Breve storia del futuro, Bompiani, Milano 2017, pp. 15-21; “Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012”, WHO, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.RCODWORLD?lang=en, consultato il 16 agosto 2015; “Global Study on Homicide, 2013”, UNDOC, http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf, consultato il 16 agosto 2015; http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.

²  “World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil-Exporting Countries”, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 April 2017, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2017/world-military-spending-increases-usa-and-europe, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

³  http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/egypt/popup/telel4.htm.

⁴  Spencer C. Tucker, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2013, p. 131.

⁵  Ivana Kottasova, “Putin Meets Xi: Two Economies, Only One to Envy”, CNN, 2 July 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/02/news/economy/china-russia-putin-xi-meeting/index.html, consultato il 23 ottobre 2017.

⁶  Il PIL è secondo le statistiche del Fondo monetario internazionale, calcolato in base alla parità del potere d’acquisto: FMI, “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, 2017”, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx, consultato il 27 febbraio 2018.

⁷  http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-making-50-million-a-month-from-oil-sales-2015-10.

⁸  Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2003; Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy, Vintage, London 2014.

12. Umiltà

¹  http://www.ancientpages.com/2015/10/19/10-remarkable-ancient-indian-sages-familiar-with-advanced-technology-science-long-before-modern-era/; https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/31.html; http://mcknowledge.info/about-vedas/what-is-vedic-science/.

²  Queste cifre e il loro rapporto sono chiaramente rappresentati nel grafico: Conrad Hackett, David McClendon, “Christians Remain World’s Largest Religious Group, but They Are Declining in Europe”, Pew Research Center, 5 April 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/, consultato il 13 novembre 2017.

³  Jonathan Haidt, Menti tribali. Perché le brave persone si dividono su politica e religione, Codice, Torino 2013; Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them, Penguin Press, New York 2013.

⁴  Marc Bekoff, Jessica Pierce, “Wild Justive – Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play”, American Journal of Play, 1 (4), 2009, pp. 451-75.

⁵  Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape, Granta, London 2005, cap. 5.

⁶  Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape, University of California Press, Berkeley 1997, p. 157.

⁷  La storia è diventata il soggetto di un documentario intitolato Chimpanzee, distribuito nel 2010 da Disneynature.

⁸  Mervyn E.J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws, T&T Clark International, London-New York 2000, pp. 29-31.

⁹  Loren R. Fisher, The Eloquent Peasant, 2^nd ed., Wipf & Stock Publishers, Eugene 2015.

¹⁰  Alcuni rabbini permettono di non rispettare il riposo del sabato per salvare un gentile, facendo riferimento alla tipica ingenuità talmudica. Sostengono che se gli ebrei si astengono dal salvare i gentili, tale comportamento li farà arrabbiare e li spingerà ad attaccare e uccidere gli ebrei. Così, salvando un gentile, si può salvare indirettamente un ebreo. Anche questa argomentazione evidenzia il differente valore attribuito alle vite dei gentili e degli ebrei.

¹¹  Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World, Macmillan, London 2017.

¹²  Gli editti di Aśoka, a cura di Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, Adelphi, Milano 2003, pp. 64-5.

¹³  Clyde Pharr et al., eds., The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1952, pp. 440, 467-71.

¹⁴  Ibid., in particolare pp. 472-3.

¹⁵  Sofie Remijsen, The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 45-51.

¹⁶  Ruth Schuster, “Why Do Jews Win So Many Nobels?”, Haaretz, 9 October 2013, https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/1.551520, consultato il 13 novembre 2017.

13. Dio

¹  Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle, Simon & Schuster, New York 2015.

²  Elaine Scarry, La sofferenza del corpo: la distruzione e la costruzione del mondo, il Mulino, Bologna 1990.

14. Laicismo

¹  Jonathan H. Turner, Incest: Origins of the Taboo, Paradigm Publishers, Boulder 2005; Robert J. Kelly et al., “Effects of Mother-Son Incest and Positive Perceptions of Sexual Abuse Experiences on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Clinic-Referred Men”, Child Abuse & Neglect, 26 (4), 2002, pp. 425-41; Mireille Cyr et al., “Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse: Brother-Sister Incest Does Not Differ from Father-Daughter and Stepfather-Stepdaughter Incest”, Child Abuse & Neglect, 26 (9), 2002, pp. 957-73; Sandra S. Stroebel, “Father-Daughter Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey”, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 21 (2), 2010, pp. 176-99.

PARTE QUARTA. VERITÀ

15. Ignoranza

¹  Steven A. Sloman, Philip Fernbach, L’illusione della conoscenza: perché non pensiamo mai da soli, Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2018; Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.

²  Sloman, Fernbach, L’illusione della conoscenza, op. cit., pp. 31-2.

³  Eli Pariser, Il filtro: quello che Internet ci nasconde, il Saggiatore, Milano 2012; Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.

⁴  Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.; Dan M. Kahan, “The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks”, Nature Climate Change, 2, 2012, pp. 732-5. Ma per un’opinione contraria, vedi Sophie Guy et al., “Investigating the Effects of Knowledge and Ideology on Climate Change Beliefs”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 44 (5), 2014, pp. 421-9.

⁵  Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right, The New Press, New York 2016.

16. Giustizia

¹  Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit.; Robert Wright, The Moral Animal, Pantheon, New York 1994.

²  Kelsey Timmerman, Where Am I Wearing? A Global Tour of the Countries, Factories, and People That Make Our Clothes, Wiley, Hoboken 2012; Id., Where Am I Eating? An Adventure Through the Global Food Economy, Wiley, Hoboken 2013.

³  Reni Eddo-Lodge, Why I Am No Longer Talking to White People About Race, Bloomsbury, London 2017; Ta-Nehisi Coates, Tra me e il mondo, Codice, Torino 2016.

⁴  Josie Ensor, “‘Everyone in Syria Is Bad Now,’ Says UN War Crimes Prosecutor as She Quits Post”, The New York Times, 17 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/07/everyone-syria-bad-now-says-un-war-crimes-prosecutor-quits-post/, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

⁵  Per esempio, Helena Smith, “Shocking Images of Drowned Syrian Boy Show Tragic Plight of Refugees”, The Guardian, 2 September 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/02/shocking-image-of-drowned-syrian-boy-shows-tragic-plight-of-refugees, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

⁶  Tehila Kogut, Ilana Ritov, “The Singularity Effect of Identified Victims in Separate and Joint Evaluations”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97 (2), 2005, pp. 106-16; D. A. Small, G. Loewenstein, “Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26 (1), 2003, pp. 5-16; Greene, Moral Tribes, op. cit., p. 264.

⁷  Russ Alan Prince, “Who Rules the World?”, Forbes, 22 July 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/russalanprince/2013/07/22/who-rules-the-world/#63c9e31d7625, consultato il 18 ottobre 2017.

17. Post-verità

¹  Julian Borger, “Putin Offers Ukraine Olive Branches Delivered by Russian Tanks”, The Guardian, 4 March 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/putin-ukraine-olive-branches-russian-tanks, consultato l’11 marzo 2018.

²  Serhii Plokhy, Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation, Basic Books, New York 2017; Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit.

³  Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris’ English History, trans. by J. A. Gyles, vol. 3, Henry G. Bohn, London 1854, pp. 138-41; Patricia Healy Wasyliw, Martyrdom, Murder and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe, Peter Lang, New York 2008, pp. 123-5.

⁴  Cecilia Kang, Adam Goldman, “In Washington Pizzeria Attack, Fake News Brought Real Guns”, The New York Times, 5 December 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/business/media/comet-ping-pong-pizza-shooting-fake-news-consequences.html, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018.

⁵  Leonard B. Glick, Abraham’s Heirs: Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse 1999, pp. 228-9.

⁶  Anthony Bale, “Afterword: Violence, Memory and the Traumatic Middle Ages”, in Sarah Rees Jones, Sethina Watson, eds., Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190, Narrative and Contexts, York Medieval Press, York 2013, p. 297.

⁷  Anche se la citazione è spesso attribuita a Goebbels, è opportuno segnalare che né io né il mio devoto assistente nelle ricerche abbiamo potuto verificare che Goebbels abbia mai scritto o detto queste parole.

⁸  Cfr. Hilmar Hoffman, The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933-1945, Berghahn Books, Providence 1997, p. 140. La citazione è presa da Giorgio Galli, a cura di, Le radici della barbarie nazista, Kaos, Milano 2006, p. 193.

⁹  Lee Hockstader, “From a Ruler’s Embrace to a Life in Disgrace”, Washington Post, 10 March 1995, consultato il 29 gennaio 2018.

¹⁰  Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1991, pp. 616-7.

18. Fantascienza

¹  Aldous Huxley, Il mondo nuovo / Ritorno al mondo nuovo, Mondadori, Milano 2013, pp. 194-6.

PARTE QUINTA. RESILIENZA

19. Istruzione

¹  Wayne A. Wiegand, Donald G. Davis, eds., Encyclopedia of Library History, Garland Publishing, New York-London 1994, pp. 432-3.

²  Verity Smith, ed., Concise Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, Routledge, London-New York 2013, pp. 142, 180.

³  Cathy N. Davidson, The New Education: How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux, Basic Books, New York 2017; Bernie Trilling, 21^st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 2009; Charles Kivunja, “Teaching Students to Learn and to Work Well with 21^st Century Skills: Unpacking the Career and Life Skills Domain of the New Learning Paradigm”, International Journal of Higher Education, 4 (1), 2015. Per il sito web P21, vedi: “P21 Partnership for 21^st Century Learning”, http://www.p21.org/our-work/4cs-research-series, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018. Per un esempio di introduzione di nuovi metodi pedagogici, vedi la pubblicazione del National Education Association statunitense: Preparing 21^st Century Students for a Global Society, NEA, http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/A-Guide-to-Four-Cs.pdf, consultato il 21 gennaio 2018.

⁴  Maddalaine Ansell, “Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring on Lifelong Learning”, The Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-on-lifelong-learning.

⁵  Erik B. Bloss et al., “Evidence for Reduced Experience-Dependent Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Aging Prefrontal Cortex”, Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (21), 2011, pp. 7831-9; Miriam Matamales et al., “Aging-Related Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Produces Conflict in Action Selection”, Neuron, 90 (2), 2016, pp. 362-72; Mo Costandi, “Does Your Brain Produce New Cells? A Skeptical View of Human Adult Neurogenesis”, The Guardian, 23 February 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2012/feb/23/brain-new-cells-adult-neurogenesis, consultato il 17 agosto 2017; Gianluigi Mongillo, Simon Rumpel, Yonatan Loewenstein, “Intrinsic Volatility of Synaptic Connections – A Challenge to the Synaptic Trace Theory of Memory”, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 46, 2017, pp. 7-13.

20. Senso

¹  Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Manifesto del partito comunista, www.centrogramsci.it/classici/pdf/manifesto_marx-engels.pdf.

²  Gian Mario Bravo, a cura di, Il Manifesto del partito comunista e i suoi interpreti, Editori Riuniti, Roma 1973, pp. 30-1.

³  Raoul Wootlif, “Netanyahu Welcomes Envoy Friedman to ‘Jerusalem, Our Eternal Capital’”, Times of Israel, 16 May 2017, https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-welcomes-envoy-friedman-to-jerusalem-our-eternal-capital/, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018; Peter Beaumont, “Israeli Minister’s Jerusalem Dress Proves Controversial in Cannes”, The Guardian, 18 May 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/18/israeli-minister-miri-regev-jerusalem-dress-controversial-cannes, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018; Lahav Harkov, “New 80-Majority Jerusalem Bill Has Loophole Enabling City to Be Divided”, Jerusalem Post, 2 January 2018, http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Right-wing-coalition-passes-law-allowing-Jerusalem-to-be-divided-522627, consultato il 12 gennaio 2018.

⁴  Klaus-Peter Schröder, Robert Connon Smith, “Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386 (1), 2008, pp. 155-63.

⁵  Vedi in particolare: Roy A. Rappaport, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999; Graham Harvey, Ritual and Religious Belief: A Reader, Routledge, New York 2005.

⁶  Questa è l’interpretazione più diffusa, benché non sia l’unica, dell’espressione hocus pocus: Leslie K. Arnovick, Written Reliquaries, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam 2006, p. 250, n. 30.

⁷  Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Fontana Press, London 1993, p. 235.

⁸  Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, pp. 190-9.

⁹  “Flag Code of India, 2002”, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html, consultato il 13 agosto 2017.

¹⁰  http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html.

¹¹  https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/195493-Heres-why-Indias-tallest-flag-cannot-be-hoisted-at-Pakistan-border.

¹²  Stephen C. Poulson, Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran: Culture, Ideology and Mobilizing Frameworks, Lexington Books, Lanham 2006, p. 44.

¹³  Houman Sharshar, ed., The Jews of Iran: The History, Religion and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2014, pp. 52-5; Houman M. Sarshar, Jewish Communities of Iran, Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation, New York 2011, pp. 158-60.

¹⁴  Gersion Appel, The Concise Code of Jewish Law, 2^nd ed., KTAV Publishing House, New York 1991, p. 191.

¹⁵  Vedi in particolare: Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, Vintage Books, New York 2005.

¹⁶  Richard Griffiths, Fascism, Continuum, London-New York 2005, p. 33.

¹⁷  Christian Goeschel, Suicide in the Third Reich, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.

¹⁸  “Paris Attacks: What Happened on the Night”, BBC, 9 December 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34818994, consultato il 13 agosto 2017; Anna Cara, “ISIS Expresses Fury over French Airstrikes in Syria; France Says They Will Continue”, CTV News, 14 November 2015, http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/isis-expresses-fury-over-french-airstrikes-in-syria-france-says-they-will-continue-1.2658642, consultato il 13 agosto 2017.

¹⁹  Jean de Joinville, The Life of Saint Louis, in Margaret R. B. Shaw, ed., Chronicles of the Crusades, Penguin, London 1963, p. 243; Jean de Joinville, Vie de saint Louis, éd. par Jacques Monfrin, Paris 1995, ch. 319, p. 156.

²⁰  Ray Williams, “How Facebook Can Amplify Low Self-Esteem/Narcissism/Anxiety”, Psychology Today, 20 May 2014, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201405/how-facebook-can-amplify-low-self-esteemnarcissismanxiety, consultato il 17 agosto 2017.

²¹  Mahāsatipat.t.hāna Sutta, Vipassana Research Institute, Igatpuri 2006, ch. 2, section 1, pp. 12-3.

²²  Ibid., p. 5.

²³  Godfrey E. Harvey, History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London 1925, pp. 252-60.

²⁴  Brian Daizen Victoria, Zen at War, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2006; Buruma, Inventing Japan, op. cit.; Stephen S. Large, “Nationalist Extremism in Early Showa Japan: Inoue Nisshō and the ‘Blood-Pledge Corps Incident’, 1932”, Modern Asian Studies, 35 (3), 2001, pp. 533-64; Winston L. King, Zen and the Way of the Sword: Arming the Samurai Psyche, Oxford University Press, New York 1993; Danny Orbach, “A Japanese Prophet: Eschatology and Epistemology in the Thought of Kita Ikki”, Japan Forum, 23 (3), 2011, pp. 339-61.

²⁵  “Facebook Removes Myanmar Monk’s Page for ‘Inflammatory Posts’ about Muslims”, Scroll.in, 27 February 2018, https://amp.scroll.in/article/870245/facebook-removes-myanmar-monks-page-for-inflammatory-posts-about-muslims, consultato il 4 marzo 2018; Marella Oppenheim, “‘It Only Takes One Terrorist’: The Buddhist Monk Who Reviles Myanmar’s Muslims”, The Guardian, 12 May 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/12/only-takes-one-terrorist-buddhist-monk-reviles-myanmar-muslims-rohingya-refugees-ashin-wirathu, consultato il 4 marzo 2018.

²⁶  Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, p. 163.

21. Meditazione

¹  www.dhamma.org.

²  Britta K. Hölzel et al., “How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective”, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6 (6), 2011, pp. 537-59; Adam Moore, Peter Malinowski, “Meditation, Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility”, Consciousness and Cognition, 18 (1), 2009, pp. 176-86; Alberto Chiesa, Raffaella Calati, Alessandro Serretti, “Does Mindfulness Training Improve Cognitive Abilities? A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Findings”, Clinical Psychology Review, 31 (3), 2011, pp. 449-64; Antoine Lutz et al., “Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12 (4), 2008, pp. 163-9; Richard J. Davidson et al., “Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation”, Psychosomatic Medicine, 65 (4), 2003, pp. 564-70; Fadel Zeidan et al., “Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognition: Evidence of Brief Mental Training”, Consciousness and Cognition, 19 (2), 2010, pp. 597-605.