NOTES
The following abbreviated citations are used for reports of U.S. House of Representatives committee hearings.
|
Controversial Pardon |
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. The Controversial Pardon of International Fugitive March Rich. HR Report 11, 107th Congress, 1st session (2001). |
|
“Take Jack’s Word” |
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. “Take Jack’s Word: The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green,” chapter 1 of Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House. HR Report 454, 107th Congress, 2nd session (2002). |
|
Thataway |
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. They Went Thataway: The Strange Case of Marc Rich and Pincus Green. HR Report 537, 102nd Congress, 2nd session (1992). |
1: The Undisputed King of Oil
1. Leonardo Maugeri, The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future of the World’s Most Controversial Resource (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006). Maugeri is head of strategy and development for the Italian energy company Eni, the sixth-largest publicly listed oil company in the world.
2. Daniel Yergin. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
3. Drivers paid 36
for a gallon of gasoline in 1970 (U.S. national average). Today the gallon costs around
2. The record price for regular unleaded was
4. Robert Lenzner, “Candidates Need an Economic Clue,” Forbes, June 9, 2008.
5. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 5.
6. A. Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World’s Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985).
7. Rudolph W. Giuliani, the lead prosecutor in the case against Marc Rich, refused to give an interview or even to answer some questions in spite of a very generous time frame.
2: The Biggest Devil
1. The interviews with Marc Rich started in spring 2007.
2. “The 10 Most Notorious Presidential Pardons,” www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/10.html.
3. Financial Times, September 1, 1988.
4. A. Craig Copetas, “The Sovereign Republic of Marc Rich,” Regardie’s, February 1, 1990.
5. According to the Swiss member of Parliament Josef Lang, who made a political career by attacking Marc Rich’s businesses.
6. “Marc Rich Indicted in Vast Tax Evasion Case,” New York Times, September 20, 1983.
7. The superseding indictment of March 1984 lists sixty-five counts. Indictment, U.S. v. Marc Rich, Pincus Green, et al., March 6, 1984, S 83 Cr. 579.
8. As of January 11, 2009.
9. Controversial Pardon, 109.
10. Salinger managed to buy 1,200 Petit Upmanns, as he recounts in “Kennedy, Cuba and Cigars,” Cigar Aficionado, Autumn 1992.
11. BP, Chevron, Esso, Gulf, Mobil, Shell, and Texaco. Enrico Mattei, the legendary boss of Eni, the then state-owned Italian energy company, coined the term “Seven Sisters” in the 1960s.
12. Rich’s partners were Pincus Green, Jacques Hachuel, Alec Hackel, and John Trafford.
13. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III, The Limits to Growth (New York: Universe Books, 1992). Marion King Hubbert, a geologist at Shell, coined the term “peak oil” in 1957. The term “Hubbert’s peak” is used as well.
14. James Kerr, senior trader with Elders IXL, quoted in John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, Contemporary American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), 557.
15. Richard M. Auty, (1993). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis (London: Routledge, 1993); Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew M. Warner, Natural resource abundance and economic growth. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5398, December 1995.
16. “Take Jack’s Word.”
17. Ibid., 16.
18. Ibid., 14.
19. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 5.
20. “The Billionaires,” Fortune, June 28, 1993. The magazine estimated Rich’s fortune at
3: A Jewish Fate
1. Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 (New York: Bantam, 1986), 33.
2. Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol. 3 of Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 143.
3. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1998).
4. Eric Laureys, “The Plundering of Antwerp’s Jewish Diamond Dealers, 1940–1944,” in Confiscation of Jewish Property in Europe, 1933–1945 (Washington: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2003), 57–74.
5. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3 vols. (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 600.
6. Antwerp’s remarkable Jewish culture was completely destroyed in World War II. The town was officially Judenrein when the Nazis left in September 1944.
7. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org. In the course of two days, September 29–30, 1941, a special team of German Nazi SS supported by other German units, local collaborators, and Ukrainian police shot about 34,000 Jewish civilians. The Babi Yar massacre is considered by historians to be one of the largest single massacres in the history of the Holocaust.
8. Toni Falbo and Denise Polit, “A Quantitative Review of the Only-Child Literature: Research Evidence and Theory Development,” Psychological Bulletin 100 (1986): 176–89.
9. “In KC, Quiet Rich Barely Recalled,” Kansas City Star, March 2, 2001.
10. Calvin Trillin, With All Disrespect: More Uncivil Liberties (New York: Penguin, 1986), 148.
11. Inflation-adjusted purchasing power parity, Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov/data/inflation-calculator.htm.
12. Letter from Donald R. Nickerson, then principal of Rhodes School, Fortune, February 20, 1984.
4: The American Dream
1. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).
2. Quoted in “The Man Behind Marc Rich,” New York Times, August 18, 1983.
3. A. Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World’s Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985), 71. The same quote appears in “Take Jack’s Word” on page 9.
4. “Cuba Speeds Nuclear Project; Marc Rich Is Said to Assist,” Wall Street Journal Europe, June 4, 1991.
5. Geoffrey Jones, “Multinational Trading Companies in History and Theory,” in The Multinational Traders, ed. Jones (London: Routledge, 1998).
6. John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, Contemporary American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), xxii.
5: The Crude Awakening
1. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 555.
2. The term “Seven Sisters” was coined by Enrico Mattei, the legendary boss of Eni, the then state-owned Italian energy company.
3. Edith Penrose, The International Petroleum Industry (London: Allen & Unwin, 1968), 78.
4. One gallon was around 35
5. The Iranian oil industry was nationalized in 1951 by Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh. In 1953 Mossadegh was deposed by Iranian army officers, supported by the CIA and the British Secret Intelligence Service. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlevi came back from exile and took power again.
6. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report, 2007, www.unctad.org.
7. Lucy Dawidowicz, “Babi Yar’s Legacy,” New York Times Magazine, September 27, 1981.
6: Israel and the Shah
1. Professor Uri Bialer of Hebrew University of Jerusalem just recently managed, based on formerly classified documents, to shed some light on the history of the pipeline. His highly interesting study “Fuel Bridge Across the Middle East—Israel, Iran, and the Eilat-Ashkelon Oil Pipeline” was published in Israel Studies 12, no. 3 (Fall 2007). Samuel Segev wrote about the secret pipeline as one of the first in his standard work, The Iranian Triangle (New York: Free Press, 1988).
2. Bialer, “Fuel Bridge Across the Middle East,” 30.
3. Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).
4. As of January 16, 2009.
5. Tony Benn, Against the Tide: Diaries, 1973–1976 (London: Arrow, 1989), 488.
6. Bialer, “Fuel Bridge Across the Middle East,” 34.
7: Marc Rich + Company
1. Quoted in “Secrets of Marc Rich,” Fortune, January 23, 1984.
2. Quoted in “Inside Philipp Brothers,” Business Week, September 3, 1979.
3. Helmut Waszkis wrote a brilliant company history, Philipp Brothers: The Rise and Fall of a Trading Giant (Worcester Park, U.K.: Metal Bulletin, 1992). This book was an important inspiration and a valuable source for me. The quotation is from p. 204.
4. “Hide and Seek,” Wall Street Journal, August 5, 1983.
5. U.S. Energy Information Agency, www.eia.doe.gov.
6. Geoffrey Jones, “Multinational Trading Companies in History and Theory,” in The Multinational Traders, ed. Jones (London: Routledge, 1998), 16.
7. Philippe Chalmin, Traders and Merchants: Panorama of International Commodity Trading (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987), 282.
8. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).
9. Kenneth J. Arrow, The Limits of Organization (New York: Norton, 1974), 23.
10. “Secrets of Marc Rich,” Fortune, January 23, 1984.
11. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 722.
8: Trading with the Ayatollah Khomeini
1. Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 80.
2. Ibid., 83.
3. Figures from OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletins (www.opec.org), U.S. Energy Information Administration (www.eia.doe.gov), and BP Statistical Review of World Energy (www.bp.com).
4. “The Hustling Price Gougers,” Time, March 12, 1979.
5. Exec. Order No. 12170, 44 Fed. Reg. 65729 (1979).
6. U.S. Energy Information Agency, Annual Oil Market Chronology, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/AOMC/Overview.html.
7. Exec. Order No. 12205, 45 Fed. Reg. 24099 (1980).
8. See Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 700–706.
9. Exec. Order No. 12205, 45 Fed. Reg. 24099 (1980). Even subsidiaries of American companies abroad were allowed to trade with Iran. United Press International, for example, reported on two major U.S. defense contractors and other U.S. firms that continued legally shipping goods to Iran during the hostage crisis (September 28, 1981).
10. Glencore, the former Marc Rich + Co., is still in business with Iran.
11. “Oil Trader,” Washington Post, February 15, 1983.
12. “The Lifestyle of Rich,” Fortune, December 22, 1986.
13. The speech is available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/filmmore/ps_crisis.html.
14. The Iranian Consortium was owned as follows: 40 percent BP, 14 percent Royal Dutch Shell, 7 percent Exxon, 7 percent Gulf Oil, 7 percent Mobil (now part of Exxon-Mobil), 7 percent Standard Oil of California (now Chevron, which in the 1980s bought most of Gulf Oil), 7 percent Texaco (now part of Chevron), 6 percent Compagnie Française des Pétroles (now TotalFinaElf), and 5 percent Iricon Agency Ltd. Iricon grouped six U.S. companies, which held the 5 percent as follows: one sixth by each of American Independent Oil, Getty Oil, and Charter Oil; one third by Atlantic Richfield (ARCO—now part of BP); and one twelfth by each of Continental Oil (Conoco) and Standard Oil of Ohio (now part of BP).
15. “Oil Trader,” Washington Post, February 15, 1983.
16. “Shadow of Khomeini Falls on the Mideast Peace Talks,” New York Times, February 25, 1979; Uri Bialer, “Fuel Bridge Across the Middle East: Israel, Iran, and the Eilat-Ashkelon Oil Pipeline,” Israel Studies 12, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 30.
17. “Shadow of Khomeini Falls on the Mideast Peace Talks,” New York Times, February 25, 1979.
18. “Hearing on the Future of Oil of the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming,” Congressional Quarterly, June 11, 2008, 35.
19. A. Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World’s Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985), 115.
20. International Monetary Fund, www.imf.org.
21. Official excerpt from the Zug tax records dated August 12, 1983.
9: The Case
1. The interview with Morris “Sandy” Weinberg took place on March 12, 2008.
2. Marc Rich + Co. AG was a Swiss corporation that did not have to file U.S. corporate income tax returns. Marc Rich International was a Swiss subsidiary of Marc Rich + Co. AG and did business in the United States. It had its principal offices in Zug, Switzerland, and New York, and it filed U.S. corporate income tax returns.
3. They served ten months.
4. Evan Thomas, The Man to See: Edward Bennett Williams—Ultimate Insider, Legendary Trial Lawyer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 14.
5. Interview with Avner Azulay.
6. Thomas, The Man to See, 415–17.
7. Ibid.
8. Letter from Marc Rich to Ruth H. Van Heuven, U.S. Consul General, Zurich, October 27, 1992.
9. “Take Jack’s Word,” 26.
10. Thomas, The Man to See, 415–17.
11. Rich’s Netherland Antilles affiliate Richco contributed at least
12. Quoted in “Dinkins Among 14 Arrested in Protest of Police Shooting,” New York Times, March 16, 1999.
13. Thomas, The Man to See, 416.
14. Leonard Garment, Crazy Rhythm (New York: Da Capo, 2001), 394.
15. Article 273 of the Swiss penal code.
16. “Marc Rich Asset Freeze May Halt Its U.S. Business,” Wall Street Journal, August 1, 1983.
17. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 84-6033, 6075 at 7.
18. Diplomatic note, handed over by the Embassy of Switzerland, on September 21, 1983.
19. The superseding indictment of March 1984 lists sixty-five counts. Indictment, U.S. v. Marc Rich, Pincus Green, et al., March 6, 1984, S 83 Cr. 579.
20. Quoted in “Marc Rich Indicted in Vast Tax Evasion Case,” New York Times, September 20, 1983.
21. Indictment, count 7, p. 3.
22. Ibid, count 50, pp. 45–46.
23. Controversial Pardon, 109.
24. 15 U.S.C. § 751 et seq.
25. Indictment, page 7. The average world market price of crude oil was around
26. Indictment, e.g., counts 7, 9, 10, 11, and 22.
27. Indictment, page 11.
28. Request for Assistance Under the Swiss Federal Law on International Assistance in Penal Matters in the Investigation of Marc Rich et al.: “They also engineered fraudulent transactions whereby
29. John Dean, “Why an Investigation of the Marc Rich Pardon Is Imminent,” FindLaw.com, February 2, 2001.
30. Gerard E. Lynch, “RICO: The Crime of Being a Criminal,” Columbia Law Review 87, no. 4 (May 1987).
31. Indictment, counts 35–40.
32. “Rich Is Poorer,” Time, October 22, 1984.
33. Ibid.
10: Rudy Giuliani’s Failures
1. Securities Industry Association, Foreign Activity in U.S. Securities 8, no. 2 (April 10, 1984): 4.
2. IMAC, Art. 3, Par. 3. “A request shall not be granted if the subject of the proceeding is an offence which appears to be aimed at reducing fiscal duties or taxes or which violates regulations concerning currency, trade or economic policy. However, a request for judicial assistance under the third part of this act may be granted if the subject of the proceeding is a duty or tax fraud.” Unofficial translation by the Swiss Federal Office of Justice, www.bj.admin.ch/bj/en.
3. Extradition treaty of May 14, 1900, II.4, II.6; indictment, count 7, p. 3: “. . . and to obtain money and property by false and fraudulent pretenses, representations and promises.”
4. “Aussergerichtlicher Vergleich im Fall Marc Rich,” NZZ, October 12, 1984.
5. “Die Bananenrepublik zeigt ihre Zähne,” Die Weltwoche, September 29, 1983.
6. Translation of the French note delivered on September 25, 1984, by the Office for Police Matters to the Embassy of the United States.
7. Annual Report of the Swiss Federal Council, 1984, 132.
8. Quoted in Thataway, 10.
9. “Exporting American Taxes,” Economist, October 1, 1983.
10. Quoted in A. V. Lowe, “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: An Annotated Collection of Legal Materials,” American Journal of International Law 78, no. 2 (April, 1984): 547–49.
11. Harold G. Maier, “Interest Balancing and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction,” American Journal of Comparative Law 31, no. 4 (Autumn 1983): 579–97; 595, 579 quoted.
12. Ibid., 595–96.
13. A. D. Neale and M. L. Stephens, International Business and National Jurisdiction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 194.
14. Thataway, 11.
15. Ibid., 13.
16. Quoted in “All the Fugitive’s Men in Israel,” Los Angeles Times, February 25, 2001.
17. Thataway, 32.
18. Ibid., 37.
19. The Supreme Court wrote in 1895, “The principle that there is a presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law, axiomatic and elementary, and its enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our criminal law.” Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432; 15 S. Ct. 394.
20. Quoted in The Strange Case of Marc Rich: Contracting with Tax Fugitives at Large in the Alps: Hearings Before the Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, 102nd Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, 1991–92 (Washington: GPO, 1993), 8.
21. United States Attorneys’ Manual, USAM 6-4.210.
22. United States Attorneys’ Manual, USAM 9-110.415.
23. The analysis can be retrieved via www.law.wayne.edu/McIntyre/text/in_the_news/marc_rich.pdf; 23–24 quoted.
24. “Marc Rich’s Road to Riches,” Time, October 3, 1983.
25. Exec. Order No. 12205, 45 Fed. Reg. 24099 (1980). The charges against the companies—but not against Rich and Green—were later dropped.
26. United Press International, September 28, 1981. See note 9 to chapter 8 above.
27. Controversial Pardon, 486–87.
28. Ibid., 45.
29. Letter from Jack Quinn to President Bill Clinton, January 5, 2001.
30. Letter to U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White, December 1, 1999.
31. Gordon Crovitz, “RICO’s Broken Commandments,” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 1989.
32. Letter to U.S. Attorney Otto G. Obermaier, November 6, 1990.
33. Hermann Lübbe, Politischer Moralismus: Der Triumph der Gesinnung über die Urteilskraft (Berlin: Siedler, 1987).
34. Howard Safir on Larry King Live, CNN, February 16, 2001.
35. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 5.
36. Michael Levi, Regulating Fraud (London: Tavistock, 1987), 113.
11: “I Never Broke the Law”
1. Thataway, 27.
12: The Hunt for Marc Rich
1. Ethan Avram Nadelmann, Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of U.S. Criminal Law Enforcement (University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 168–69.
2. United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655 (1992).
3. Thataway, 20.
4. The interview with Ken Hill took place on March 11, 2008.
5. Jeppesen Sanderson officially says it didn’t cooperate.
6. Maureen Orth, “The Face of Scandal,” Vanity Fair, June 2001.
7. For more information about the relationship between Avner Azulay and Ehud Barak see chapter 18, “The Pardon.”
8. A. Craig Copetas, “The Sovereign Republic of Marc Rich,” Regardie’s, February 1990.
9. Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2001.
10. “Take Jack’s Word,” 27.
11. Pat Dawson, “The Double Life of Marc Rich,” February 12, 2001, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3071886.
12. Quoted in “The Rich List,” Observer, May 13, 2001.
13. Editorial, Regardie’s, August 1985.
14. Answers to Questions Submitted to the Department of Justice by the Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Regarding Marc Rich and Pincus Green, 1992, 26.
15. Quoted in “Investigator Tells House Committee That Politics Let Tax Fugitive Go Free,” American Metal Market, March 6, 1992.
16. Thataway, 34.
17. Published as Thataway.
18. Parliamentary Motion of June 19, 1992.
19. Howard Safir on Larry King Live, CNN, February 8, 2001.
20. Thataway, 13–17, 37.
13: Clandestine Talks
1. Web site of Zuckerman Spaeder, Sandy Weinberg’s law firm: www.zuckerman.com/morris_weinberg.
2. Memorandum from Leonard Garment to Otto G. Obermaier, November 6, 1990.
3. Quoted in “Plotting a Pardon,” New York Times, April 11, 2001.
4. Letter from Jack Quinn to Mary Jo White, December 1, 1999.
5. Letter from Bernard Wolfman to Gerard E. Lynch, December 7, 1990.
6. Letter from Laurence A. Urgenson to Patrick Fitzgerald, June 3, 1994.
7. Letter from Patrick Fitzgerald to Laurence Urgenson, June 27, 1994.
8. Letter from Mary Jo White to Jack Quinn, February 2, 2000.
9. Leonard Garment, “Representing Marc Rich in a Vindictive Time,” in Liber Amicorum Marc Rich (Lucerne, 2004), 73.
14: The Secrets of Success
1. “Why Marc Rich Is Richer Than Ever,” Fortune, August 1, 1988.
2. Financial Times, September 1, 1988.
3. “Take Jack’s Word,” 9–16.
4. A. Craig Copetas, Metal Men: How Marc Rich Defrauded the Country, Evaded the Law, and Became the World’s Most Sought-After Corporate Criminal (New York: Putnam, 1985), 115–19.
5. “The Lifestyle of Rich,” Fortune, December 22, 1986.
6. Ayn Rand, Answers: The Best of Her Q&A, ed. Robert Mayhew (New York: New American Library, 2005), 124.
7. Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (1964); Rand, Answers, 109.
8. Cf. “Capitalist Heroes,” Wall Street Journal, October 12, 2007.
9. Copetas, Metal Men, 115.
10. “Jamaica Eyes Alumina Contracts,” American Metal Market, March 8, 1989.
11. “Jamaica’s Manley Ends Attack,” American Metal Market, July 6, 1989.
12. Figures from U.S. Geological Survey, http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/aluminum.pdf.
13. “Jamaica Alumina Output Hikes Hit Snags,” Metals Week, March 23, 1987.
14. Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS), “Jamaica: Rejoicing over New IMF Pact, But . . .,” July 28, 1989, and “Jamaica: Government Blamed for Alumina Plant Closure,” February 8, 1985.
15. Associated Press, June 26, 1979.
16. E. S. Reddy, “A Review of United Nations Action for an Oil Embargo Against South Africa,” United Nations Centre Against Apartheid, 1981, available at www.anc.org.za/un/reddy/oilembargo.html.
17. HR 4868. President Ronald Reagan attempted to veto the bill but was overridden by Congress.
18. The actual prices were staggered, as is usual in the industry. For comparison: The official OPEC price in 1979 was between
19. Quoted in “Oil Fuels Apartheid,” ANC Statement, March 1985, available at www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1980s/pr850300.html.
20. Twenty-two billion South African rands between 1973 and 1984. Richard Hengeveld and Jaap Rodenburg, eds., Embargo: Apartheid’s Oil Secrets Revealed (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1995), 230; IPS, “Oil Embargo Shows the Heavy Price of Economic Sanctions,” August 2, 1985.
21. Hengeveld and Rodenburg, Embargo, 274.
22. Ibid., 145.
23. IPS, “Oil Embargo Shows the Heavy Price of Economic Sanctions,” August 2, 1985.
15: Surprising Services
1. Quoted in “To Honor Their Lives,” February 1, 2005, www.peacenow.org/resources/publications.asp?rid = & cid = 228.
2. Leonard Garment, Crazy Rhythm (New York: Da Capo, 2001), 376–80.
3. Ibid.
4. Quoted in “A Fugitive’s Secret Talks with the Feds,” U.S. News & World Report, March 12, 2001.
5. Garment, Crazy Rhythm, 376–80.
6. Controversial Pardon, 1056.
7. Quoted in “Plotting a Pardon,” New York Times, April 11, 2001.
8. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (New York: Norton, 2004), 12.
9. Letter from Shabtai Shavit to President Bill Clinton, November 28, 2000.
10. “The Rich List,” Observer, May 13, 2001.
11. Yossi Melman, “The Story of Iranian Oil and Israeli Pipes,” Haaretz.com, October 21, 2007.
16: The Private Life of the Riches
1. “Songwriter Who Doubles as Friend of Bill,” New York Times, October 11, 2000.
2. Petition for Pardon for Marc Rich and Pincus Green, December 11, 2000, 30.
3. 750 million Swiss francs. The Swiss franc /U.S. dollar exchange rate was around 1.5:1 in April 1992.
4. 5 million Swiss francs at the time.
5. Schweizer Illustrierte, May 19, 1993.
6. 50 million Swiss francs at the time.
7. Denise Joy Rich v. Alexander R. Hackel, et al. New York State Supreme Court, New York County, Case No. 100710-1993.
8. 215 million Swiss francs. The Swiss franc /U.S. dollar exchange rate was around 1.30:1 in December 1990.
17: The End of the King of Oil
1. Figures from International Monetary Fund.
2. “Marc Rich + Co. Executive to Quit over Disagreement,” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 1992.
3. Quoted in “Take Jack’s Word,” 30.
4. “When a Fugitive Marc Rich Flouted U.S. Sanctions,” Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2001.
5. The report is available at www.iic-offp.org/documents.htm.
6. “A Definition of Richness,” Financial Times, August 10, 1992.
7. Petition for Pardon for Marc Rich and Pincus Green, December 11, 2000, 4.
18: The Pardon
1. “King of the World,” Playboy, February 1, 1994.
2. “Opposed to Holder Without Apology,” National Review Online, November 25, 2008.
3. “Isn’t It Rich?,” New York Times, February 1, 2001.
4. Vanity Fair, June 2001.
5. On Larry King Live, CNN, February 8, 2001
6. Clemency Regulations, 28 C.F.R. § 1.1.
7. Petition for Pardon for Marc Rich and Pincus Green, December 11, 2000, 8, 28.
8. Ibid., 4.
9. White House Transcripts. Verbatim notes of non-redacted portions of transcripts of Clinton/Barak conversations.
10. Letter from Shlomo Ben-Ami to William Jefferson Clinton, November 26, 2000.
11. Sidney Blumenthal, The Clinton Wars (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 783.
12. E-mail from Avner Azulay to Jack Quinn, December 25, 2000.
13. White House Transcripts. Verbatim notes of non-redacted portions of transcripts of Clinton/Barak conversations.
14. “Take Jack’s Word,” 74–83.
15. “Songwriter Who Doubles as Friend of Bill,” New York Times, October 11, 2000.
16. Letter of Denise Rich to President Bill Clinton, December 6, 2000. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 619.
17. “Plotting a Pardon,” New York Times, April 11, 2001.
18. Note from Jack Quinn, November 8, 1999
19. Quoted in Controversial Pardon, 194.
20. Quoted in “The Threatened Eclipse of a Rising Star,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 31 (Spring, 2001): 69.
21. Controversial Pardon.
22. United States Constitution, Article II, Section 2: “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.”
23. “My Reasons for the Pardons,” New York Times, February 18, 2001.
24. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2004).
25. Ibid.
26. Quoted in “Marc Rich Is Sent
27. “Head of Rich Foundation Defends Pardon,” CNN, February 20, 2001, http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/02/20/rich.foundation/index.html.
20: Epilogue
1. John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, Contemporary American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary (Westport; Conn.: Greenwood, 1990), xxii.