La Trinité Abbey, Caen 1, 2  

Lancaster estate and peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

see also Edward of Lancaster; John of Gaunt

land ownership 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

see also Domesday Books and survey; finances

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Langland, William see Piers Plowman

Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

languages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

laws and courts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

see also crimes and outlaws; executions; government; Magna Carta; Parliament

Leofricsons 1, 2, 3

leprosy 1, 2, 3

Lewes, Battle of (1264) 1

light and optics 1, 2, 3

Lincoln, Battle of (1141) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Lincoln, Battle of (1217) 1, 2

Lincoln Cathedral and bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

see also Grosseteste, Robert

Lionel of Antwerp 1, 2, 3

Lisle, Thomas 1, 2

literature see books and writings (historical)

livery 1, 2, 3

livestock 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Lollardy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

London 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34

see also Tower of London; Westminster Abbey

Longchamps, William 1, 2, 3

Longespée, William 1

Lords Appellant 1, 2, 3, 4

Louis VI, King of France 1, 2

Louis VII, King of France 1, 2, 3, 4

Louis IX, King of France 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Louis XI, King of France 1

Low Countries 1, 2, 3, 4

Lud, King 1

Lusignans 1, 2, 3

Luttrell Psalter 1

machinery 1, 2

see also weaponry

Magna Carta 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Maine 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

maintenance see land ownership

Malcolm III, King of Scotland 1

Maldon, Battle of (991) 1, 2

Malmesbury, William of 1, 2, 3, 4

Malory, Thomas 1

Mandeville, Geoffrey de 1

Mandeville, William de 1

Map, Walter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Margaret, Queen (first wife of Henry I) 1

Margaret, Queen (wife of Henry VI) 1, 2, 3, 463, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Margaret ‘Maid of Norway’ 1

Mark, Philip, sheriff of Nottingham 1, 2

Marshal, Richard 1, 2

Marshal, William 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Matilda, Queen (wife of William I ‘the Conqueror’) 1, 2

Matilda, Queen (wife of Henry I) 1, 2, 3

Matilda, Empress (daughter of Henry I) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

mercenaries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Mercia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

military organization and campaigns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23

see also France; knights; navy; Normandy; William I ‘the Conqueror’; individual battles

milling 1, 2, 3, 4

mining 1, 2, 3

monasteries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35

see also cathedrals by name; Church and Christianity; nunneries; papal authority; universities and colleges

money see coinage; finance; taxes and subsidies

Montfort, John de 1

Montfort, Simon de 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Moreville, Hugh de 1, 2, 3

Mortimer family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Mortimer’s Cross, Battle of (1461) 1, 2

Mowbray family 1, 2, 3, 4

music 1

myths see Arthur, King; Geoffrey of Monmouth; Glastonbury Abbey; Robin Hood; superstition and sorcery

names 1, 2, 3

national identity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

navy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

see also military organization and campaigns

Neville, Richard 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Nicholas IV, Pope 1

Nigel, Richard fitz 1, 2

Norfolk peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Norman Conquest see Hastings, Battle of (1066); Normans; William I ‘the Conqueror’

Normandy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53

see also France; William I ‘the Conqueror’

Normans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27

see also individual kings by name

Northumbria/Northumberland estate and earls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Norway 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Norwich Castle 1, 2

Norwich Cathedral and bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Norwich, William of 1, 2

nunneries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Odo, bishop of Bayeux 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Olafson, Magnus ‘Barefoot’ 1

Oldcastle, John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Opus Anglicanum (English Work) 1, 2, 3

Order of the Garter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Orford Castle, Suffolk 1

Osbern, William fitz 1

Osbert, William ‘Longbeard’ fitz 1

Oxford 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

paganism 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

papal authority 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 

see also cathedrals by name; Church and Christianity; monasteries; nunneries; individual popes by name

Paris 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Paris, Matthew 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Parliament 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32

see also government; laws and courts

Paston family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

peasants and peasant revolt (1381) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

see also agriculture; Black Death

Pecham, John, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2

Pembroke estate and peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Percy family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Perrers, Alice 1, 2, 3

Peterborough Abbey and bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Philip Augustus, King of France 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Philip IV, King of France 1, 2

Philip VI, King of France 1, 2, 3

Philippa, Queen (wife of Edward III) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

philosophy 1

physicians 1, 2

Piers Plowman 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Pipe Rolls 1, 2, 3

Plantagenet, Geoffrey, count of Anjou 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Poitiers, Battle of (1356) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Poitou 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Pole (de la) family 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Pontefract castle 1, 2, 3

Ponthieu 1, 2, 3, 4

popes see Church and Christianity; papal authority; individual popes by name

population size 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Portugal 1

prostitution 1, 2, 3

Pulteney, John 1

Ralph, earl of East Anglia 1, 2

Raphael, John 1

Reading Abbey and bishopric 1, 2

relics 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

religion see cathedrals by name; Church and Christianity; Crusades; Islam; Jews; Lollardy; monasteries; nunneries; papal authority

Repyndon, Philip 1, 2, 3

Reynolds, Walter, archbishop of Canterbury 1

Rheims 1, 2, 3, 4

Rhys, Lord 1

Richard I ‘the Lionheart’, King 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

Richard II, King 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Richard III, King 1, 2, 3

Richard (son of William I ‘the Conqueror’) 1

Richard, duke of York 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Richard I, Duke of Normandy 1, 2, 3

Richard II, Duke of Normandy 1, 2

Richard, earl of Cornwall (Henry III’s brother) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Richard of Stainsby 1

Richard of Woodstock (son of Edward IV) 1

Richard ‘Strongbow’, earl of Pembroke 1

Ripley, George 1

rivers and seas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

roads and bridges 1, 2

Robert III, King of Scotland 1

Robert ‘Curthose’, (son of William I ‘the Conqueror’) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Robert, Duke of Normandy 1, 2, 3

Robert, count of Flanders 1

Robert, earl of Gloucester 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Robert II, archbishop of Rouen 1

Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2

Robert of Mortain 1, 2, 3, 4

Robin Hood 1, 2, 3, 4

Roches, Peter des 1, 2, 3

Roger, earl of Hereford 1

Roger of Howden 1

Roger of Montgomery 1, 2, 3

Roger of Salisbury 1, 2, 3

Roger of Wendover 1

Rollo 1, 2, 3, 4

Roman Empire 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Rome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Rouen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

Rous, John 1

St George 1

St Michael 1, 2, 3

St Thomas see Becket, Thomas

Saladin, Emperor 1, 2

Salisbury Cathedral and bishopric and peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Saracens 1, 2, 3

Sarum bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

see also Salisbury

Savoy Palace 1, 2

Savoyards 1, 2, 3, 4

Sawtre, William 1, 2

science 1, 2

Scotland 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47

Scrope, Richard, archbishop of York 1, 2

sex 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

sheep see livestock

shipping 1, 2, 3, 4

see also navy; rivers and seas

Shrewsbury, Battle of (1403) 1, 2, 3, 4

Sicily 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

slavery 1

Somerset peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Song of the Battle of Hastings 1, 2, 3

Spain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

spectacles 1

spying 1

St Albans Abbey and bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

St Albans, Battle of (1455) 1, 2

St Albans, Battle of (1461) 1, 2, 3

St Brice’s Day Massacre 1, 2

Stamford Bridge, Battle of (1066) 1, 2, 3, 4

Standard, Battle of the (1138) 1

Stapledon, Walter 1

Stephen, King 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

Stephen, William fitz 1, 2, 3

Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2

Stirling Bridge, Battle of (1297) 1, 2, 3, 4

Stone Henge 1

stone of Scone 1, 2

succession (to English throne) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18

Sudbury, Simon, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2

Suffolk peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

superstition and sorcery 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Svein Estrithsson, King of Denmark 1

Swein Forkbeard, King of Denmark 1, 2, 3

Swynford, Katherine 1, 2, 3

Talbot, John 1, 2, 3

tanners 1, 2, 3

taxes and subsidies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31

see also finance

technology 1

Templars 1, 2

Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Thomas of Chobham 1

Thomas of Lancaster 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Thomas of Walsingham 1, 2, 3

Thomas of Woodstock 1, 2

timber supplies see wood

Tinchebrai, Battle of (1106) 1, 2, 3

Tower of London 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

towns (nature of) 1

Towton, Battle of (1461) 1

Tracy, William de 1, 2, 3

trade and export 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28

transport 1, 2

see also horses; rivers and seas; shipping

Tudor, Edmund 1

Tudor, Henry see Henry VII, King

Tudor, Jaspar 1, 2

Tudor, Owen 1, 2

Tyler, Watt 1, 2, 3, 4

tyrannicide 1

Tyrel, Baldwin 1

universities and colleges 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Urse, Reginald fitz 1, 2, 3

Valance, William de 1

Varangian Guard 1

Vere, Robert de, duke of Ireland 1, 2

Vere, Robert de, earl of Oxford 1, 2, 3, 4

vestments 1

Viking raiders 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

see also Cnut, King of England and Denmark

villages (nature of) 1

Virgin Mary 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Vitalis, Orderic 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Wace 1, 2, 3

Wales 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58

Wallace, William 1, 2, 3, 4

Waltheof, earl of Northumbria 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Walworth, William 1

War of the Roses 1, 2, 3

Warenne, William of 1

Warwick estate and peerage

waterways see rivers and seas

weaponry 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Wells Cathedral and bishopric 1, 2, 3

Welsh Marches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Wessex 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Westminster Abbey 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38

Westminster Palace and Hall 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Westmorland 1, 2

White Ship 1, 2, 3

Whittington, Richard 1

wildlife 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

William I ‘the Conqueror’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38

William II ‘Rufus’, King 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

William, lord of Dieppe (Henry II’s brother) 1, 2

William of Arques 1

William of Eu 1

William of Jumièges 1

William of Poitiers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

William of Worcester 1

William of Wykeham 1, 2, 3, 4

William of York 1

William the Aetheling (son of Henry I) 1

Wilton Diptych 1, 2

Winchester Cathedral and bishopric 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

Windsor Castle 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

witchcraft see superstition and sorcery

women 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

see also individuals by name

wood 1, 2, 3

Woodville, Elizabeth 1, 2, 3, 4

wool 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Wycliffe, John 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 

xenophobia 1, 2, 3, 4

see also Jews

York archbishopric and peerage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23

see also Richard, duke of York; War of the Roses