a
Here’s the two-sided definition of the Sawyer
Effect: practices that can either turn play into work or turn work
into play.
b
The results for the 119 men in the experiment
were somewhat different. The payment had no statistically
significant effect, positive or negative, on the decision to give
blood.
c
The fine was per child, so a parent with two
children would have to pay twenty Israeli shekels (NS 20) for each
instance of tardiness. When the experiment was conducted, ten
Israeli shekels was equivalent to about three U.S. dollars.
d
Alas, its impact was greater in the classroom
than in the boardroom. Many companies did move their practices more
in the direction of Theory Y. But talk to many managers even today
and—in private—they’ll often voice the same assumptions of Theory X
that McGregor articulated in 1960.
e
You can even try with this people you don’t
know. See if you agree. Enron’s Jeff Skilling was Type X; Berkshire
Hathaway’s Warren Buffett is Type I. Antonio Salieri was Type X;
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was Type I. The very wealthy Donald Trump
is Type X; the even wealthier Oprah Winfrey is Type I. Former CEO
of GE Jack Welch is Type X; Interface Global founder Ray Anderson
is Type I. Simon Cowell is Type X; Bruce Springsteen is Type I. For
a more nuanced view, check out the Type I Toolkit at the end of the
book to find a free online assessment of the category to which you
belong.
f
In her 2006 book, Mindset:
The New Psychology of Success, which I recommend in the Type I
Toolkit, Dweck refers to these two views as the “fixed mindset” and
the “growth mindset.”
g
A maximum of 140 characters, as required by
Twitter (see www.twitter.com).
Feel free to retweet this summary or one of your own.
h
A maximum of 100 words, or less than a minute of
talking.
i
If you’d like your question included in the
Discussion Guide for future editions of Drive, send it directly to me at
dhp@danpink.com.