2. RELIGION

References to God and Jesus (often used as swear words) are frequent, forming an almost subconscious thematic element. Other religious references are more apparent. Martha declares herself an atheist. The second act title “Walpurgisnacht,” refers to a pagan ritual. The third act title, “The Exorcism,” is taken from the Catholic rite of driving out demons. George recites the Dies Irae, the mass for the dead, as Martha is forced to accept the death of their son.

Some readers feel that Albee used the name “Nick,” part of an old term for the devil (“Old Nick”) to suggest that it is Nick’s presence that brings chaos to George and Martha’s lives. Others see significance in the fact that the play takes place very early on a Sunday morning, a day of holiness for Christians.

Does this abundance of religious symbols and allusions suggest a possibility of redemption for George and Martha? Some say yes. Others suggest that there is no hope for them, and that Albee is pointing a finger at the failure of modern religion to supply answers to the problems of people today.

3. HISTORY VS. SCIENCE

George is a history professor; Nick teaches biology. George’s work concerns the endless variety of human motivation and endeavor, while Nick’s work—according to George—will result in the “perfect man,” a creation with no need for art, philosophy, diversity, or real pleasure. Since Albee gives the eloquent speeches to George, it has been suggested that Albee is using George’s character to condemn science for many of the ills of mankind.