Reference Notes

Part One: The Ancient Vine

Chapter 1: Experience and Authority

 

^{[Note 1]} T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land (1922), lines 331–58, from Collected Poems 1909–1962 by T. S. Eliot, p. 66, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 2]} Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.9.

^{[Note 3]} Hamlet III. ii.

^{[Note 4]} Compare The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 32–33 and 461–72.

^{[Note 5]} The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology, pp. 255–69.

^{[Note 6]} Matthew 4 :1 9 ; Mark 1:17; Luke 5:10.

^{[Note 7]} Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientate, 1905, p. 57; Robert Eisler, Orpheus the Fisher (London: J. M. Watkins, 1921), Plate X.

^{[Note 8]} John 3:5.

^{[Note 9]} The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 328–31.

^{[Note 10]} A. Wünsche, Aus Israels Lehrhallen, II, 53, as cited by Eisler, op. cit., Plate XLVII.

^{[Note 11]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 90–92.

^{[Note 12]} Edith Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections, The Bollingen Series XIV (New York: Pantheon Books, 1948), Vol. I, Plate CXVII, 773 E.

^{[Note 13]} Genesis 3:19–20.

^{[Note 14]} Primitive Mythology, p. 101; Occidental Mythology, pp. 183–85.

^{[Note 15]} I Corinthians 15:36, 42.

^{[Note 16]} Romans 7:24.

^{[Note 17]} Occidental Mythology, Figures 3 and 4.

^{[Note 18]} Occidental Mythology, Figure 24.

^{[Note 19]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 9ff.

^{[Note 20]} Oriental Mythology, Figure 20.

^{[Note 21]} The only surviving manuscript of the Abbess Herrad von Landsberg’s Hortulus deliciarum was destroyed at the siege of Strasbourg, 1870. Many of its illustrations had already been reproduced, however, in a monograph by Christian M. Englehardt, Herrad von Landsberg und ihr Werk Hortus deliciarum; ein Beytrag zur Geschichte. … des Mittelalters (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1818).

^{[Note 22]} Mark 10:45; Matthew 20:28; also Timothy 2:5–6 .

^{[Note 23]} For references: Irenaeus, Adversus haereses 5.1; Origen, Exhort, ad martyr. 12; Gregory of Nyssa, The Great Catechism, 26; Augustine, de Trinitate, 13. 12–14; Gregory the Great, Moralia in Librum Job 33.7. For discussions, see Adolph Hamack, History of Dogma, translated from third German edition, of 1900, by Neil Buchanan (New York: Dover Publications, 1961), Vol. II, p. 367 and Note 1; Vol. I ll, p. 307; also W. Adams Brown, article “Expiation and Atonement (Christian),” in James Hastings (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928), Vol. V, pp. 642–643.

^{[Note 24]} I have been following Harnack, op. cit., Vol. VI, pp. 59–67, with large abridgments and with attention, also, to Brown, op. cit., pp. 643–45. The quotations from Anselm are from Cur deus homo? II, 6–11 and 18–19, as translated in Harnack, op. cit., pp. 64–67.

^{[Note 25]} Harnack, op. cit., Vol. VI, pp. 78–80.

^{[Note 26]} Etienne Gilson, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (New York: Random House, 1955).

^{[Note 27]} Ibid., p. 163.

^{[Note 28]} Hans Leisegang, “The Mystery of the Serpent,” in Joseph Campbell (ed.), The Mysteries, Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks, Vol. 2, Bollingen Series XXX.2 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1955), pp. 257–58.

^{[Note 29]} Orphic Hymn XXXIV. Translation by Thomas Taylor, The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus (Chiswick: C. Whittingham, 1824), pp. 77–79, as cited in Leisegang, op. cit., p. 255.

^{[Note 30]} The sketch is adapted from Eisler, op. cit., Plate XXXI.

^{[Note 31]} Eisler, op. cit., Plate XXXI.

^{[Note 32]} John A. T. Robinson, Honest to God (London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1963), p. 74.

^{[Note 33]} John 15:5.

^{[Note 34]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 251–52; Occidental Mythology, pp. 242–271.

^{[Note 35]} Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book XII, Chapter 8, paragraph 1074a.

^{[Note 36]} Benedict Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Chapter XX, third paragraph from end.

^{[Note 37]} I am following the exposition of Bruno’s thought in J. L. McIntyre’s article, “Bruno,” in James Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 878–81.

^{[Note 38]} Leo Frobenius, Monumenta Terrarum, Erlebte Erdteile, Vol. VII (Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Societäts-Druckerei, 1929), pp. 178–80 and passim.

^{[Note 39]} Einstein’s key paper, “Zur Electrodynamik bewegter Körper,” appeared in Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Bd. 17 (1905), pp. 891–921; English translation by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery in H. A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and A. Weyl, The Principle of Relativity (London: Methuen and Co., 1923). My interpretation and reference to Newton follow Sir James Jeans, The Mysterious Universe (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1930), p. 95.

^{[Note 40]} Sir Isaac Newton, Philosophia naturalis principia mathematica (1687), Definition VIII, Scholium IV; translation by Andrew Motte, Newton's Principia (New York: Daniel Adee, 1848), p. 79.

^{[Note 41]} Liber XXIV philosophorum, Proposition II; Clemens Bäumker, “Das pseudo-hermetische ‘Buch der vierundzwanzig Meister’ (Liber XXIV philosophorum),” in Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Philosophie und ihrer Geschichte. Festgabe zum 70 Geburtstag Georg Freiherrn von Hertling (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1913), p. 31.

^{[Note 42]} Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1923), English translation by Charles Francis Atkinson, The Decline of the West (London: Allen and Unwin, Ltd.; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926, 1928), Vol. II, p. 227 (German), p. 189 (English).

^{[Note 43]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 398ff.

^{[Note 44]} Sir Arthur Keith, in the anonymously edited volume, Living Philosophies (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1931), pp. 142–43.

^{[Note 45]} Arthur Schopenhauer, Über die Grundlage der Moral (1840), in Samtliche Werke (Stuttgart: Cotta’sche Bibliothek der Weltlitteratur, no date), Vol. 7, pp, 133ff.

^{[Note 46]} Arthur Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Book II, Section 26; Sämtliche Werke, Vol. 2, p. 176.

^{[Note 47]} Ibid., Book III, Section 45; Vol. 3, pp. 65ff.

^{[Note 48]} Ibid., Book II, Section 26; Vol. 2, pp. 175ff.

^{[Note 49]} Ibid., Book II, Section 20; Vol. 2, p. 151.

^{[Note 50]} Arthur Schopenhauer, Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit, Chapter VI; Sämtliche Werke, Vol. 9, p. 260.

^{[Note 51]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Book II, section 28 (Vol. 2, pp. 202ff.) and Book IV, section 55 (Vol. 3, pp. 140ff.).

^{[Note 52]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 243, 317.

^{[Note 53]} James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd. 1916), p. 242.

^{[Note 54]} Albert Pauphilet (ed.), La Queste del Saint Graal (Paris: Champion, 1949), p. 26, lines 15–19. For an excellent interpretation of this work, see Frederick W. Locke, The Quest for the Holy Grail (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960).

^{[Note 55]} Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan und Isold, 4 5–66. References are to the lines of the Middle High German text as edited by Friedrich Ranke (Berlin-Charlottenburg: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 4th ed., 1959).

^{[Note 56]} Joyce, op. cit., p. 281.

^{[Note 57]} Passages quoted by Peter Gast, “Einführung in den Gedankenkreis von Also sprach Zarathustra,” in Friedrich Nietzsche, Werke (Leipzig: Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1919), Vol. VI, pp. 496–97.

Chapter 2: The World Transformed

 

^{[Note 1]} Gottfried, op. cit., 111–18.

^{[Note 2]} Ibid., 119–30; 235–40.

^{[Note 3]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 490–504.

^{[Note 4]} Gottfried, op. cit., 16689–16729.

^{[Note 5]} Ibid., 16963–17138, abridged.

^{[Note 6]} Ibid., 16807–16820 and 16902–16908.

^{[Note 7]} Ibid., 15166–15168.

^{[Note 8]} Henry Adams, Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1904), p. 198.

^{[Note 9]} Ibid., pp. 94–95.

^{[Note 10]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 49–98.

^{[Note 11]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 404–18.

^{[Note 12]} A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, The Andaman Islanders (2nd printing: London: Cambridge University Press, 1933), pp. 233–34; cited in Primitive Mythology, pp. 33–34.

^{[Note 13]} Dante Alighieri, Paradiso XXXIII. 1–21. Translation by Charles Eliot Norton, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1902).

^{[Note 14]} Spengler, op. cit., Knopf edition, Vol. II, pp. 288–90, Atkinson translation, greatly abridged.

^{[Note 15]} Joyce, op. cit., pp. 135ff.

^{[Note 16]} Ibid., pp. 142–43.

^{[Note 17]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8112–8131.

^{[Note 18]} For the full text, Primitive Mythology, pp. 351–52.

^{[Note 19]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 36–40

^{[Note 20]} Quotations from the translation of the letters in Henry Osborn Taylor, The Mediaeval Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, fourth edition, 1925), Vol. II, pp. 30–41. Abelard’s Historia calamitatum together with the letters will be found in Jacques Paul Migne (ed. and publisher), Patrologiae cursus completus, Latin Series (Paris: 1844–1855), vol. clxxviii, columns 113–326.

^{[Note 21]} H. O. Taylor, op. cit., p. 41.

^{[Note 22]} Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 42, 49. Migne, Patr. Lai., clxxviii, 187, 212.

^{[Note 23]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 495ff.

^{[Note 24]} Occidental Mythology, p. 448.

^{[Note 25]} Sarahāpada, Dohakoṣa 34; cited in Shashibhusan Dasgupta, Obscure Religious Cults as Background of Bengali Literature (Calcutta; University of Calcutta Press, 946), p. 95.

^{[Note 26]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 343–64.

^{[Note 27]} Occidental Mythology, pp, 440–453.

^{[Note 28]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 456–473.

^{[Note 29]} Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1951), p. 562. This derivation is clearly preferable to that more usually proposed, from an assumed Vulgar Latin tropare, supposed to have meant “to invent.” (See, for instance, Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language [Springfield, Mass.: G and C. Merriam Company, 2nd edition, 1937.]) W. Meyer-Lubke’s Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitäts-buchhandlung, 1924), p. 683, item 8992, derives the word from the Latin turbare, “to agitate, disturb, throw into confusion” (cf. English “turbulent”); however, with a discussion conceding considerable doubt.

^{[Note 30]} Hitti, op. cit., p. 600.

^{[Note 31]} H. A . R. Gibb, article “Literature,” in Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (eds.), The Legacy of Islam (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1931), pp. 189–190.

^{[Note 32]} Hitti, op. cit., p. 562.

^{[Note 33]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 489–90.

^{[Note 34]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 449–450.

^{[Note 35]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 358–61.

^{[Note 36]} Dante, Divina Commedia, last line.

^{[Note 37]} Idries Shah, The Sufis (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964), pp. 322–23.

^{[Note 38]} Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra, 1.3: “Von den Hinterweltlern”; Werke, Vol. VI, p. 43.

^{[Note 39]} Hakuin’s “Song of Meditation,” translation from Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Manual of Zen Buddhism (London: Rider and Company, 1935), pp. 151–52.

^{[Note 40]} Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra, 1.6: “Vom bleichen Verbrecher” ; Werke, Vol. VI, p. 53.

^{[Note 41]} José Ortega y Gasset, History as a System, translated from the Spanish by Helen Weyh (New York:W. W. Norton and Company, 1962), pp. 175–76.

^{[Note 42]} Gottfried, op. cit., 17101–17135.

^{[Note 43]} Joyce, op. cit., pp. 223 and 242–243.

^{[Note 44]} Dante Alighieri, La Vita Nuova II, translation by Charles Eliot Norton (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1867), p. 2.

^{[Note 45]} Ibid., XLIII (Norton translation, pp. 89–90).

^{[Note 46]} Joyce, op. cit., pp. 194–96.

^{[Note 47]} A. T. Hatto, in the introduction to his translation of Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1960), p. 24.

^{[Note 48]} August Closs, in the introduction to his edition of the Middle High German text of Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan and Isolt (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), pp. xiv-xv.

^{[Note 49]} See Eugène Vinaver, “The Love Potion in the Primitive Tristan Romance,” in Medieval Studies in Memory of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis (Paris: Librairie Honord Champion; New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), p. 79.

^{[Note 50]} Eilhart von Oberge, Tristrant und Isolde, F. Lichtenstein (ed.), Eilhart von Oberge, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der germanischen Völker, 19 (Strassburg: K. J. Trubner, 1877), lines 2288–2300.

^{[Note 51]} Briefwechsel zwischen Wagner und Liszt (Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel, 1900), Vol. II, p. 46.

^{[Note 52]} Richard Wagner, Mein Leben (Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1911), p. 605.

^{[Note 53]} Schopenhauer, Über die Grundlage der Moral, Section 16; Sämtliche Werke, Vol. 7, pp. 233–234

^{[Note 54]} Wagner, op. cit., p. 626.

^{[Note 55]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 297, 466–67, 469.

^{[Note 56]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 440, 447–52, 509.

^{[Note 57]} Schopenhauer, Über die Grundlage der Moral, Section 22; Vol. 7, pp. 290–94, abridged.

^{[Note 58]} Wagner, op. cit., p. 604.

^{[Note 59]} Plato, Republic 7

^{[Note 60]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 13f., 177, 184, 237, 254, 335–36.

^{[Note 61]} Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Adonais,” LII, 462–63.

^{[Note 62]} Goethe, Faust II. 1, lines 4702–4727

^{[Note 63]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, II. 21; Sämtliche Werke, Vol. 2, pp. 152–53

^{[Note 64]} Ibid., 22; pp. 154–55.

^{[Note 65]} Schopenhauer, Über die Grundlage der Moral, Section 22; Vol. 7, p. 293.

^{[Note 66]} Gottfried, op. cit., 4862–4895, slightly abridged.

^{[Note 67]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung II. 27, last paragraph; Vol. 2, p. 242.

^{[Note 68]} Ibid., III. 34; Vol. 3, p. 17.

^{[Note 69]} Joyce, op. cit., p. 242.

^{[Note 70]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, III. 36; Vol. 3, pp. 24–25.

^{[Note 71]} Seneca, De tranquilitate animi 15. 16.

^{[Note 72]} John Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, lines 163–64.

^{[Note 73]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung III. 36; Vol. 3, p. 31.

^{[Note 74]} Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde, Act. I, conclusion.

^{[Note 75]} Gottfried, op. cit., 11708–11870, greatly abridged.

Chapter 3: The Word Behind Words

 

^{[Note 1]} José Ortega y Gasset, Man and Crisis, translated from the Spanish by Mildred Adams (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1958, 1962), p. 113.

^{[Note 2]} T. S. Eliot, ‘The Hollow Men,” Part III, last four lines.

^{[Note 3]} Ibid., Part I, p. 79: from Collected Poems 1909–1962, pp. 80–81, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 4]} Nietzsche, Also Sprach Zarathustra, I. 11: “Vom neuen Götzen,” Werke, Vol. VI, pp. 69–72, abridged.

^{[Note 5]} Benjamin Lee Whorf, “Science and Linguistics,” The Technology Review, Vol. XLII, No. 6 (April 1940); “Linguistics as an Exact Science,” Ibid., XLIII, No. 2 (December 1940); “Languages and Logic,” ibid., XLIII, No. 6 (April 1941); “The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language,” Language, Culture and Personality (Menasha, Wis., 1941), pp. 75–93; “An American Indian Model of the Universe,” International Journal of American Languages, Vol. 16, No. 2 (April 1950).

^{[Note 6]} Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.4.

^{[Note 7]} Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 2.2.1.

^{[Note 8]} Tomás de Villanueva, Opera (Salamanco, 1761–64; Bibl., No. 1073), Vol. IV, p. 388; translation from E. Allison Peers, Studies of the Spanish Mystics (London: S.P.C.K., 1960), Vol. II, p. 68.

^{[Note 9]} Eliot, The Waste Land, note to line 411, from F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1893), p. 346.

^{[Note 10]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 386–87.

^{[Note 11]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 9–17 .

^{[Note 12]} Eliot, “The Hollow Men,” Part V: from Collected Poems 1909–1962, pp. 81–82, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 13]} Ernest Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, translation by Willard R. Trask, Bollingen Series XXXVI (New York: Pantheon Books, 1953), pp. 12 and 591.

^{[Note 14]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 255- 269.

^{[Note 15]} Leisegang, loc. cit., pp. 194–260.

^{[Note 16]} Gafurius, De harmonia musicorum instrumentorum (Milan, 1518), fol. 93v. I am here following Edgar Wind, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958), p. 46, note 5.

^{[Note 17]} H. E. D. Blakiston, “Greco-Egyptian Religion,” article in James Hastings (ed.), op cit., Vol. VI, p. 377, column 2.

^{[Note 18]} Macrobius, Saturnalia, Liber I, Caput XX, describing the three-headed animal of the sun-god Serapis in the temple of Alexandria.

^{[Note 19]} Gafurius, op. cit., Ch. 92; as cited by Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, Bollingen Series XXXVIII (New York: Pantheon Books, 1953; Harper Torchbook, 1961), pp. 140–41.

^{[Note 20]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 325- 330.

^{[Note 21]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 412–15.

^{[Note 22]} Hesiod, Theogony 50–67.

^{[Note 23]} Roger Sherman Loomis, Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), Chapter V, “Curoi, Gwri, and Gawain,” and Chapter XVI, “The Grail Heroes.”

^{[Note 24]} Eleanor Hull, Early Christian Ireland (London: David Nutt; Dublin: M .H . Gill & Son, 1905), pp. 253–54.

^{[Note 25]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 466–467.

^{[Note 26]} Harnack, op. cit., Vol. V, Chapter VI, note 1.

^{[Note 27]} Dante, Inferno I. 1–3, Norton translation.

^{[Note 28]} Ibid., 10–18, Norton translation.

^{[Note 29]} Ibid., 31–51, Norton translation.

^{[Note 30]} Ibid., 113.

^{[Note 31]} Ibid., II. 7.

^{[Note 32]} Ibid., II, 127–42.

^{[Note 33]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 173–76.

^{[Note 34]} Curtius, op. cit., pp. 18–19.

^{[Note 35]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 481–482.

^{[Note 36]} The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: A Provisional Guide (London: The British Museum, 5th impression, 1956), p. 62.

^{[Note 37]} Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglotum, Book IV, Chapter XXIV. Migne, op. cit., xlv, 212–213. Translation from Vida D. Scudder, Everyman Library, 1910.

^{[Note 38]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 444–45.

^{[Note 39]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 447–55.

^{[Note 40]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 464–5, 466.

^{[Note 41]} The dating of Beowulf is still uncertain, ranging from c. 700 to the end of the eighth century. See C. L. Wrenn, “Sutton Hoo and Beowulf,” in Lewis E. Nicholson (ed.), An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963), pp. 325–29.

^{[Note 42]} Cf. C. L. Wrenn, Beowulf (Boston: D. C. Heath and Co.; London: George G. Harrap and Co., 1953), pp. 32–37.

^{[Note 43]} Ibid., pp. 64–65.

^{[Note 44]} George K. Anderson, The Literature of the Anglo-Saxons (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949), p. 230.

^{[Note 45]} Translation by Anderson, op. cit., p. 231; from Bede, Historia V. 13.

^{[Note 46]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 228 and 241.

^{[Note 47]} Miguel Asín y Palacios, La Escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia (Madrid: Imprenta de Estanislao Maestre, 1919; 2nd ed., Madrid-Granada: Escuelas de Estudios Árabes, 1943), p. 166.

^{[Note 48]} Wrenn, Beowulf, p. 83.

^{[Note 49]} W. W. Lawrence, Beowulf and the Epic Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1928), p. 4.

^{[Note 50]} Ibid., pp. 7–8 .

^{[Note 51]} Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 101— 102; English edition, Vol. II, p. 87.

^{[Note 52]} Beowulf, lines 700–702, as cited by Marie Padgett Hamilton, “The Religious Principle in Beowulf,” in Nicholson (ed.), op. cit., p. 112.

^{[Note 53]} Werner Speiser, The Art of China (New York: Crown Publishers, 1960), p. 36.

^{[Note 54]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 471–72.

^{[Note 55]} Beowulf, 2419–2420.

^{[Note 56]} Poetic Edda, Völuspó 20.

^{[Note 57]} Grimm, Tale Number 50; cf. Grimms Fairy Tales (New York: Pantheon Books, 1944), pp. 237–241.

^{[Note 58]} Grimm, Tale Number 14; cf. ibid., pp. 83–86.

^{[Note 59]} Translation largely following Clarence Griffin Child, Beowulf and the Finnesburgh Fragment (Boston, New York, Chicago: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1904).

^{[Note 60]} This point is made by Levin L. Schiicking, “The Ideal of Kingship in Beowulf,” in Nicholson (ed.), op. cit., p. 37.

^{[Note 61]} Beowulf in this connection has been studied in detail and at length by F. Panzer, Beowulf, Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte I (München, 1910). See also, Johannes Bolte and Georg Polivka, Ammerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmdrchen der Bruder Grimm (Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1915), Vol. II, pp. 300–16.

^{[Note 62]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 339–47.

^{[Note 63]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 162— 177.

^{[Note 64]} Ibid., pp. 34ff. and 64–72.

^{[Note 65]} Ibid., pp. 291–96.

^{[Note 66]} O. G. S. Crawford, The Eye Goddess (New York: T h e Macmillan Company, no date).

^{[Note 67]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 34–41, 62–72.

^{[Note 68]} T. G. E. Powell, The Celts (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1958), pp. 146–47.

^{[Note 69]} Marcel Probe and Jean Roubier, The Art of Roman Gaul (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), Plate 8.

^{[Note 70]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 183–84.

^{[Note 71]} Ibid., pp. 441–51.

^{[Note 72]} Ibid., pp. 432–34.

^{[Note 73]} Gottfried, op. cit., 13513–13536.

^{[Note 74]} Asín, op. cit.

^{[Note 75]} Analecta Bollandiana, as cited by The Duke of Alba in his Introduction to the English translation, op. cit., pp. IX-X .

^{[Note 76]} Inferno XV.

^{[Note 77]} Asín, op. cit., English translation by Harold Sunderland, Islam and the Divine Comedy (London: John Murray, 1926), pp. 253–54.

^{[Note 78]} Opus majus (Edit. Jebe, 1733), p. 246 (Asín’s note).

^{[Note 79]} Opera omnia III.3, De Anima 166 (Asín’s note ).

^{[Note 80]} Blanquerna II. 105, 134, 158–160 (Asín’s note).

^{[Note 81]} Asín, op. cit., translation by Sunderland, op. cit., pp. 256–58.

^{[Note 82]} R. A. Nicholson, “Mysticism,” in Arnold and Guillaume (eds.), op. cit., pp. 227–28.

^{[Note 83]} Asín, op. cit., English edition, pp. 239–44 abridged.

^{[Note 84]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 321–27; Occidental Mythology, pp. 402–407.

^{[Note 85]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 442–443.

^{[Note 86]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 338–67; 378; 481–96.

^{[Note 87]} Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend (London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1941); for the Coptic version, E. A. W. Budge, Baralâm and Yěwâsěf (London: Cambridge University Press,. 1923); for a discussion, J. Jacobs, Barlaam and Josaphat (London: David Nutt, 1896).

^{[Note 88]} La Fontaine, Avertissement to Vol. 2 of his Fables.

^{[Note 89]} Joseph Campbell (ed.), The Portable Arabian Nights (New York: The Viking Press, 1952), pp. 19- 20.

^{[Note 90]} Ibid., pp. 14–15.

^{[Note 91]} Oriental Mythology, p. 327; citing Hermann Goetz, “Imperial Rome and the Genesis of Classical Indian Art,” in East and West, New Series, Vol. 10, Nos. 3–4 , Sept.–Dec., 1959, p. 264.

^{[Note 92]} Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 92 (English edition, Vol. II, p. 78).

^{[Note 93]} Ibid., Vol. II, p. 62 (English edition, Vol. II, p. 55).

^{[Note 94]} For instance, the fine series of articles on “Fate ” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. V, pp. 771–796.

^{[Note 95]} Qu'ran 27:48.

^{[Note 96]} Quoted from Gilson, op. cit., p. 399, where it is cited without precise reference.

^{[Note 97]} Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Kitāb faṣl al-maqāl wa tagrīr mā bayn ash-sharī ’a wal-ḥikma min al-ittisāl (“The Book of the Decision of the Discourse, and a Determination of What There Is of Connection between Religion and Philosophy”), Book II, 7 :1 -1 8 and 8.11; translation from George F. Hourani, Averroes: On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, No. 21 (London: Luzac and Co., 1961), pp. 50–51.

^{[Note 98]} Averroes, op. cit., 15. 8–15; Hourani, p. 59.

^{[Note 99]} Miguel Asín y Palacios, “El Averroísmo Teológico de Santo Tomás de Aquino,” in Homenáje á D. Francisco Codera (Zaragoza: Mariano Escar, 1904), pp. 307–308.

^{[Note 100]} Quest. disp. de Veritate, q. XIV, De fide a. 10.

^{[Note 101]} Jacob Guttmann, Das Verhaltnis des Thomas von Aquino zum Judenthum und zür jüdischen Litteratur (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1891); Die Scholastik des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts in ihren Beziehangen zum Judenthum und zür jüdischen Litteratur (Breslau: M. & H. Marcus, 1902).

^{[Note 102]} Asín y Palacios, “El Averroismo,” etc., pp. 318–19.

^{[Note 103]} St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica I. 14. Art. 8.

^{[Note 104]} Paradiso X. 136–138.

^{[Note 105]} Inferno IV. 131–143.

^{[Note 106]} Inferno XXVIII. 22–45.

^{[Note 107]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 234–38.

^{[Note 108]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 276–79.

^{[Note 109]} Oriental Mythology, p. 294.

^{[Note 110]} E.g., Richard Garbe, Die Sâṃkhya-Philosophie (Leipzig: H. Haessel, 2nd ed., 1917), Chapter III, “Uber den Zusammenhang er Sâṃkhya-Lehre mit der griechischen Philosophic.”

^{[Note 111]} Occidental Mythology, p. 412.

^{[Note 112]} Matthew 19:21 (Mark 10:21) and Matthew 8:22 (Luke 9:60).

^{[Note 113]} A. Guillaumont, H. -Ch. Puech, G. Quispel, W. Till and Yassah ’Abd al Masēh, The Gospel According to Thomas (Leiden: E. J. Brill; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959), 91: 30–32; p. 31.

^{[Note 114]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 403–404.

^{[Note 115]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 13–14, 254–55, 264–66.

^{[Note 116]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 447–55.

^{[Note 117]} Augustine, Confessions, Book III, Chapter 6.

^{[Note 118]} Galatians 5:16. Cited by Augustine, The City of God, Book XIII, Chapter 13.

^{[Note 119]} Augustine, The City of God, Book XIV, Chapter 5.

^{[Note 120]} Ibid., Book X III, Chapter 13.

^{[Note 121]} Tertullian, Apologeticus 7 (Migne, op. cit., i, 506); Aristides, Apology 17.2; Justin Martyr, Apologiae I. 5, 15, 18, 27, and II. 12 (J. P. Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca (Paris: 1857–1860), vi. 335- 36, 349–52, 355–56, 369–75, 463–66); Minucius Felix, Octavian, 9.6. (Migne, Patr. Lat., iii. 262 ); the Younger Pliny, Epist., X. 96. See Max Pulver, op. cit., pp. 292–95.

^{[Note 122]} Galatians 3:13.

^{[Note 123]} I Corinthians 11:20–22.

^{[Note 124]} Revelation, 2:19–25 .

^{[Note 125]} Ibid., 2:14.

^{[Note 126]} Jude 4 and 12.

^{[Note 127]} Tertullian, De Jejunis 17 (Migne, Patr. Lat., ii. 977).

^{[Note 128]} “The Gospel According to Thomas,” 84:34–85:6; Guillaumont, etc., op. cit., p. 15.

^{[Note 129]} Ibid., 87:26–88:1; p. 23.

^{[Note 130]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 388–394.

^{[Note 131]} Epiphanius, Panarion 1. 37.5 (272A ff), as quoted by Leisegang, op. cit., p. 231.

^{[Note 132]} Leisegang, op. cit., p. 231.

^{[Note 133]} John 3:15.

^{[Note 134]} Numbers 21:5–9.

^{[Note 135]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 101–102.

^{[Note 136]} II Kings 18:4.

^{[Note 137]} Genesis 3:15.

^{[Note 138]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 362–375.

^{[Note 139]} Hippolytus Elenchos V. 17. 1i2 and 8, as cited by Leisegang, op. cit., p. 230.

^{[Note 140]} Occidental Mythology, p. 468.

^{[Note 141]} “The Gospel According to Thomas,” 99: 16–18 (op. cit., p. 57) and 80:24–81:2 (p. 3); cited in Occidental Mythology, pp. 367–68.

^{[Note 142]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 300–303.

^{[Note 143]} Oriental Mythology, p. 496.

^{[Note 144]} Oriental Mythology, p. 304.

^{[Note 145]} Epiphanius, Panarion 26.4.1; from Max Pulver, “Vom Spielraum gnostischer Mysterienpraxis,” Eranos-Jahrbuch 1944 (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, 1945), pp. 289–92.

^{[Note 146]} Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Random House, The Modern Library, 1931), p. 498.

^{[Note 147]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 496–500.

^{[Note 148]} Innocentii III, Epist. Book vii, No. 75, in Migne, Patr. Lat., ccxv, 355–357; as cited by J. Bass Mullinger, article “Albigenses,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. I, p. 280.

^{[Note 149]} Occidental Mythology pp. 386, 464, 492.

^{[Note 150]} Rene Fülöp-Miller, Der Heilige Teufel: Rasputin und die Frauen (Leipzig: Grethlein and Co., 1927). Translation by F. S. Flint and D. F. Tait, Rasputin, the Holy Devil (London and New York: The Viking Press, 1928).

^{[Note 151]} Leisegang, op. cit., p. 244.

^{[Note 152]} Following J. A. MacCulloch, article “Relics,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. X, p. 655.

^{[Note 153]} Charles Schmidt, Histoire et doctrine des Cathares ou Albigeois (Paris: J. Cherbulier, 1849), Vol. I, p. 31.

^{[Note 154]} See Heinrich Zimmer and Joseph Campbell, The Art of Indian Asia, Bollingen Series XXXIX (New York: Pantheon Books, 1955), Vol. n, Plates 114–436, passim.

^{[Note 155]} Oriental Mythology, p. 359 and note.

^{[Note 156]} Oriental Mythology, p. 361, citing H. H. Wilson, “Essays on the Religion of the Hindus,” Selected Works (London: Trubner and Company, 1861), Vol. I, p. 263.

^{[Note 157]} John Rutherford, The Troubadours (London: Smith, Elder, and Company, 1861), Vol. I, p. 195.

^{[Note 158]} Zimmer and Campbell, op. cit., Vol. II, Plates 336–43.

^{[Note 159]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 343–358.

^{[Note 160]} Arthur Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe), The Principles of Tantra (Madras: Ganesh and Co., 1914; 2nd edition, 1952), pp. lxxi–lxxii.

^{[Note 161]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 325–27; Occidental Mythology, pp. 389–394.

Part Two: The Waste Land

Chapter 4: The Love-Death

 

^{[Note 1]} Denis de Rougemont, Love in the Western World (New York: Pantheon Books, 1940, revised and augmented, 1956), passim.

^{[Note 2]} See Barbara Smythe (trans.), Trobador Poets (London: Chatto and Windus, 1929), p. 152.

^{[Note 3]} Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XI, Chapter IX to Book XII, Chapter IV. Malory’s source for these books of his compilation was the early thirteenth-century “Vulgate Tristan ” in the enlarged version represented by three manuscripts at the British Museum, viz. Add. 5474, Royal 20 D ii, and Egerton 989. See H. Oskar Sommer, Le Morte Darthur (London: David Nutt, 1891), Vol. III, pp. 280ff.

^{[Note 4]} Rutherford, op. cit., pp. 124-25.

^{[Note 5]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 464-466.

^{[Note 6]} Matthew 23:39.

^{[Note 7]} Erik Routley, The Man for Others (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 99.

^{[Note 8]} Guiraut de Borneilh, Tam cum los oills el cor…. Rutherford, op. cit., pp. 34-35. The rhyme scheme of this poem is as follows: a b c c b b a d d a / b c c b b a e e a.

^{[Note 9]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 482, 489-90.

^{[Note 10]} Bemart de Ventadom, Joie d’aimer, verses I, IV and VII; from Joseph Anglade, Anthologie des Troubadours (Paris: E. de Boccard, no date), pp. 39-41. The rhyme scheme of the poem is a b b a c d d c / c a a c b d d b / a b b a c d d c … etc.

^{[Note 11]} H. O. Taylor, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 57.

^{[Note 12]} Carl von Kraus (ed.), Die Gedichte Walthers von der Vogelweide (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1962), pp. 52-53, lines 39:11-40:18. The rhyme scheme is as follows: a b c, a b c, d—tandaradei—d.

^{[Note 13]} Ibid., p. 165; lines 257:10-13 (Swer giht daz minne sünde sî …)

^{[Note 14]} Ibid., p. 68; lines 48:38-39.

^{[Note 15]} H. O. Taylor, op. cit., p. 58.

^{[Note 16]} Kraus, op. cit., p. 115; lines 81. 31-82:2 (Diu minne ist weder man noch wêp …). The rhyme scheme here is: a a, b b, c d, c.

^{[Note 17]} Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936), Vol. VI, p. 50.

^{[Note 18]} Kraus, op. cit., p. 11, lines 9: 16-27 (Ich sach mit mînen ougen).

^{[Note 19]} Translation from Dom Gaspar Lefebure O.S.B., Daily Missal (Saint Paul, Minn.: E. M. Lohmann Co., 1934), pp. 123-24.

^{[Note 20]} Anglade, op. cit., pp. 13-14: the rhyme scheme is a, a, a, refrain; b, b, b, refrain etc. I am giving but three of the five stanzas.

^{[Note 21]} Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, Book XI, Chapter 2.

^{[Note 22]} Wace, Roman de Brut, final passage.

^{[Note 23]} Layamon, Brut, G. L. Brook and R. F. Leslie (eds.) (London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1963), last lines.

^{[Note 24]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 9-20.

^{[Note 25]} Gottfried, op. cit., 704-758, and 847-853, abridged.

^{[Note 26]} Gottfried Weber, Gottfried’s von Strassburg Tristan und die Krise des hochmittelalterlichen Weltbildes um 1200 (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1953).

^{[Note 27]} Ibid., Vol. I, p. 34.

^{[Note 28]} Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam Company, second edition, 1937), p. 1747.

^{[Note 29]} Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 2.2.1.

^{[Note 30]} Kena Upaniṣad 1.3.

^{[Note 31]} Mu-mon, “The Gateless Gate,” 48; in Paul Reps, Zen Flesh, Zen Bones (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Anchor Books, 1961), p. 127.

^{[Note 32]} Oriental Mythology, p. 303, citing Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 1.

^{[Note 33]} Nicholas Cusanus, Apologia doctae ignorantiae, as quoted in Gilson, op. cit., pp. 538 and 536.

^{[Note 34]} Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles I. v.

^{[Note 35]} Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1958, 1962), p. 49.

^{[Note 36]} Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra, “Vonder Selbstüberwindung”; Werke, Vol. VI, p. 167.

^{[Note 37]} Gottfried, op. cit., 847-853.

^{[Note 38]} Ibid., 915-982.

^{[Note 39]} Ibid., 1159-1171.

^{[Note 40]} Ibid., 1219-1330; 1337-1362, abridged.

^{[Note 41]} Ibid., 1373-1750.

^{[Note 42]} Ibid., 3379-3384.

^{[Note 43]} Schopenhauer, Transcendente Spekulation über die anscheinende Absichtlichkeit im Schicksale des einzelnen, Werke, Vol. 8, pp. 208-209.

^{[Note 44]} Ibid., pp. 210-11.

^{[Note 45]} Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 2.2.5.

^{[Note 46]} Wordsworth, “Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour. July 13, 1789,” lines 88-102.

^{[Note 47]} Schopenhauer, Transcendente Spekulation … , Werke, Vol. 8, p. 211.

^{[Note 48]} James Joyce, Ulysses, (Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1922, eighth printing, 1926), p. 204; (New York: Random House, The Modern Library, 1934), p. 210.

^{[Note 49]} Ibid, Paris edition, pp. 376-377; Random House, p. 388.

^{[Note 50]} Jean-Paul Sartre, L’Existentialisme est un humanisme (Paris: Les Éditions Nagel, 1946); tran slation from Walter Kaufmann, Existentialism from Dostoyevsky to Sartre (New York: Meridian Books, 1956), pp. 294-95.

^{[Note 51]} The Journals of Kierkegaard, translated by Alexander Dru (New York: Harper Torch books, 1959), pp. 189 and 203.

^{[Note 52]} Twelfth Night, I. v. 331-332.

^{[Note 53]} Schopenhauer, Transcendente Spekulation … , Werke, Vol. 8, pp. 212-13.

^{[Note 54]} Standish H. O’Grady, Silva Gadelica (London: Williams and Norgate, 1892), Vol. II, pp. xiii and 3 Ilf!.

^{[Note 55]} Gottfried, op. cit., 3721-3739.

^{[Note 56]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 62-68.

^{[Note 57]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 151—225.

^{[Note 58]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 170-171.

^{[Note 59]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 9-10.

^{[Note 60]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 168-71.

^{[Note 61]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 405-413.

^{[Note 62]} Gertrude Schoepperle, Tristan and Isolt (London: David Nutt; Frankfurt a. M.: Joseph Baer and Co., 1913), p. 227.

^{[Note 63]} H. Zimmer, “Zur Namenforschung, in den altfranzösischen Arthurepen,” Zeitschrift für französischer Sprache und Literatur, Vol. XIII (1891), pp. 58ff.

^{[Note 64]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 183-190.

^{[Note 65]} Sir James G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, one-volume edition (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1922J, p. 470. See Primitive Mythology, p. 184.

^{[Note 66]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 432-434.

^{[Note 67]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 36-41.

^{[Note 68]} Béroul, Le Roman de Tristan, edited by Ernest Muret (Paris: Honore Champion, 1962), line 1334.

^{[Note 69]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 190-97.

^{[Note 70]} Nihongi 19.34; as cited in Oriental Mythology, p. 480.

^{[Note 71]} Oswald Spengler, Jahre der Entscheidung (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1933), pp. 36-37.

^{[Note 72]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 291-334, and pp. 393-94.

^{[Note 73]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 456-490.

^{[Note 74]} José Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Quixote, translated from the Spanish by Evelyn Rugg and Diego Marin, copyright, ©, 1961 by W. W. Norton and Company, p. 51.

^{[Note 75]} Ibid., p. 136.

^{[Note 76]} Ibid., p. 138.

^{[Note 77]} Ibid., pp. 138-39.

^{[Note 78]} Ibid., p. 164.

^{[Note 79]} Ibid., pp. 164-65.

^{[Note 80]} G. V. Anrep (trans. and ed.), I. P. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes, an investigation of the physiological activity of the Cerebral Cortex (London: Oxford University Press, 1927).

^{[Note 81]} John B. Watson, Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1919, 1924).

^{[Note 82]} Ibid., pp. 9-10. The italics are Dr. Watson’s.

^{[Note 83]} Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 10.5.2.13 and 16, as cited by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Hinduism and Buddhism (New York: Philosophical Library, no date), p. 7.

^{[Note 84]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 52-53.

^{[Note 85]} Bhagavad Gita 2:22.

^{[Note 86]} James Joyce, Finnegans Wake (New York: The Viking Press, 1939), p. 455.

^{[Note 87]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 23-25.

^{[Note 88]} Gottfried, op. cit., 6931-6947, abridged.

^{[Note 89]} Ibid., 7051-7059.

^{[Note 90]} Ibid., 6732-6752.

^{[Note 91]} Ibid., 6611-6616.

^{[Note 92]} Ibid., 6594-6598.

^{[Note 93]} Ibid., 7165-7195.

^{[Note 94]} Nietzsche, “Die fröhliche Wissenschaft,” §87, Werke, Vol. 5, p. 120.

^{[Note 95]} Gottfried, op. cit., 7275-7299, abridged.

^{[Note 96]} Homeri Hymni 7.

^{[Note 97]} Gottfried, op. cit., 7507-7523.

^{[Note 98]} Ibid., 7772-7821, abridged.

^{[Note 99]} Ibid., 7835-7859, abridged.

^{[Note 100]} Occidental Mythology, p. 25.

^{[Note 101]} W. B. Yeats, Irish Folk and Fairy Tales (New York: The Modem Library, no date), Introduction, p. ix.

^{[Note 102]} Gottfried, op. cit., 7911-7924.

^{[Note 103]} Ibid., 8002-8018.

^{[Note 104]} August Closs, Tristan und Isolt: A Poem by Gottfried von Strassburg (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), pp. xlix-1.

^{[Note 105]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8085-8089; 8112-8131.

^{[Note 106]} Ibid., 8253-8262.

^{[Note 107]} Joseph Anglade, op. cit., p. 30: “Amor de lonh,” Stanza IV.

^{[Note 108]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8608-8613.

^{[Note 109]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8263-8284.

^{[Note 110]} Cf. C. G. Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, translated by R. F. C. Hull, Bollingen Series XX, Vol. 9, 1 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1959), pp. 25ff. and index under “anima.”

^{[Note 111]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8505-8509.

^{[Note 112]} According to the Middle English translation of Thomas, Sir Tristram, Strophe 95.

^{[Note 113]} Gottfried, op. cit., 8902-8924.

^{[Note 114]} Ibid., 8925-11366.

^{[Note 115]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 5 4 - 55.

^{[Note 116]} Gottfried, op. cit., 10885-10898, abridged, and 10992-11005.

^{[Note 117]} Curtius, op. cit., pp. 48ff.

^{[Note 118]} Gottfried, op. cit., 11556-11580.

^{[Note 119]} A .T . Hatto, translator: Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1960), p. 28.

^{[Note 120]} Closs, op. cit., p. Iii.

^{[Note 121]} Dante, Inferno V. 118-120 and 127-138; Charles Eliot Norton translation, slightly retouched.

^{[Note 122]} Weber, op. cit., p. 87.

^{[Note 123]} Ibid., pp. 89-90.

^{[Note 124]} Gottfried, op. cit., 11964-11972.

^{[Note 125]} Ibid., 11978-12041, abridged.

^{[Note 126]} Ibid., 11435-11444.

^{[Note 127]} Ibid., 12106-12133, abridged.

^{[Note 128]} Ibid., 12157-12182.

^{[Note 129]} Ibid., 12463-12502.

^{[Note 130]} Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermones in Cantica Canticorum LXXIX. 1. Translation from Terence L. Connolly, S.J., Saint Bernard on the Love of God (New York: Spiritual Book Associates, 1937), pp. 224-25.

^{[Note 131]} W. O. E. Oesterley and Theodore H. Robinson, An Introduction to the Books of the Old Testament (New York: Meridian Books, 1958), p. 217.

^{[Note 132]} Bernard, op. cit., IX.2 (Connolly, op. cit., pp. 82-83). The italicized phrases are from, respectively, Psalm 99:4, and the Song of Songs 1:2.

^{[Note 133]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 352-58.

^{[Note 134]} See Primitive Mythology, pp. 38-49, 62, 75-76.

^{[Note 135]} N. Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1951), p. 45. The picture is reproduced by kind permission of The Clarendon Press.

^{[Note 136]} Bernard, op. cit., XXXII. 2 (Connolly, op. cit., p. 141). The italicized phrase is from Revelation 14:4.

^{[Note 137]} William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, “A Memorable Fancy,” and “Proverbs of Hell” (c. 1793).

^{[Note 138]} Gottfried, op. cit., 12217-12231 and 12279-12304.

^{[Note 139]} Ibid., 12237-12244.

^{[Note 140]} Ibid., 12527-12674, abridged.

^{[Note 141]} Ibid., 17770-17803, abridged.

^{[Note 142]} Ibid., 17858-17906, abridged.

^{[Note 143]} Ibid., 16587-16620, abridged.

^{[Note 144]} Ibid., 18335-18344.

^{[Note 145]} I am here following Weber, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 306.

^{[Note 146]} Thomas, Le Roman de Tristan, Joseph Bédier (ed.) (Paris: Société des Anciens Textes Français, 1902), Vol. I, p. 317, line 1011.

Chapter 5: Phoenix Fire

 

^{[Note 1]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 123.

^{[Note 2]} Ibid., p. 232.

^{[Note 3]} Ibid., p. 383.

^{[Note 4]} Ibid., p. 105.

^{[Note 5]} Ibid., p. 107.

^{[Note 6]} Ibid., p. 32.

^{[Note 7]} Genesis 1:27.

^{[Note 8]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 261.

^{[Note 9]} Ibid., pp. 14, 61, 70, 73, 274, 310.

^{[Note 10]} See Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson, A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1944), p. 46.

^{[Note 11]} Translation from Lefebure, op. cit., p. 831: “Holy Saturday: Blessing of the Paschal Candle.”

^{[Note 12]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 536.

^{[Note 13]} Ibid., p. 24.

^{[Note 14]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 478; Random House ed., pp. 496-97.

^{[Note 15]} “The Gospel According to Thomas” 94:24-28; Guillaumont, etc. op. cit., p. 43.

^{[Note 16]} Bhagavad Gīta 10.8, 20, 36.

^{[Note 17]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 480-481; Random House ed., p. 499.

^{[Note 18]} Rosarium philosophorum. Secunda pars alchimiae de lapide philosophico vero modo praeparando … . cum figuris rei perfectionem ostendentibus (Frankfurt a. M.: 1550), pp. 219, 230, and 274.
My text and pictures are from C. G. Jung, “The Psychology of the Transference,” in the volume entitled The Practice of Psychotherapy, Bollingen Series XX, Vol. 16 (New York: Pantheon Books, second edition, 1966), pp. 212-13 and 288, note 15.

^{[Note 19]} Matthew 7:6.

^{[Note 20]} Luke 8:10.

^{[Note 21]} Muhammed ibn Umail at-Tamini (known to the Latin world as “Senior”), “The Book of the Silvery Water and Starry Earth” (translated into Latin as De chemia), edited by E. Stapleton and M. Hidayat Husain, Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XII. I am quoting from Marie-Louise von Franz, Aurora Consurgens, Bollingen Series LXXVII (New York: Pantheon Books, 1966), p. 45, notes 8 and 9.

^{[Note 22]} Theobald de Hoghelande, “Liber de alchemiae difficultatibus,” in Theatrum chemicum, praecipuos selectorum auctorum tractatus … . continens (Ursel: 1602), Vol. I, p. 155; as quoted by C. G. Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 288, note 15.

^{[Note 23]} Heinrich Conrad Khunrath, Von hyleanischen, das ist, primaterialischen catholischen, oder allgemeinen natürlichen Chaos (Magdeburg: 1597), p. 21; as cited by Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 288, note 15.

^{[Note 24]} Giordano Bruno, The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, translated and introduced by Arthur D. Imerti (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), pp. 235 and 236.

^{[Note 25]} Dedicatory epistle to De I’infinito universo et mondi, in Opera italiane (ed. Giovanni Gentile and Vincenzo Spampanato; Bari: Gius. Laterza & Figli, 1925-1927), Vol. I, p. 156; cited by Arthur D. Imerti, in op. cit., p. 20.

^{[Note 26]} Vincenzo Spampanato, Documenti della vita di Giordano Bruno (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1933), “Documenti romani,” XXX. 202, as cited by Imerti, op. cit., p. 64.

^{[Note 27]} The Prankquean episode, Finnegans Wake, pp. 21-23. Cf. William York Tindall, James Joyce, His Way of Interpreting the Modern World (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), p. 86.

^{[Note 28]} T. S. Eliot, “Burnt Norton ” Part II, in Four Quartets; from Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, p. 177, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 29]} C. G. Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, translated by R. F. C. Hull, Bollingen Series XX, Vol. 12 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1953), pp. 231-32.

^{[Note 30]} Ibid., pp. 235-37, from Abtala Jurain. Hyle und Coahyl. Translated from Ethiopian into Latin and from Latin into German by Johannes Elias Müller (Hamburg: 1732), Chapters VIII and IX. The text actually is not old, or of the origin claimed.

^{[Note 31]} Ibid., p. 237; quoting Hoghelande, “Liber de alchemiae difficultatibus,” in Theatrum chemicum, praecipuos selectorum auctorum tractatus. … continens (Ursellis, 1602), Vol. I, pp. 121-215.

^{[Note 32]} Ibid., p. 239 and note 8.

^{[Note 33]} Ibid., Figure 2; from Mutus liber in quo tamen tota Philosophia hermetica, figuris hieroglyphicis dipingitur … . (La Rochelle: 1677), p. 11, detail.

^{[Note 34]} Khunrath, op. cit., p. 59 and passim.

^{[Note 35]} Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, pp. 299-300.

^{[Note 36]} Ibid., pp. 225-28.

^{[Note 37]} Kalid, “Liber secretorum alchemiae,” in Artis Auriferae quam chemiam vocant (Basel: 1593), Vol. I, p. 340; as quoted by Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 248, note 4.

^{[Note 38]} Gottfried, op. cit., 15801-15893, abridged.

^{[Note 39]} Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, p. 313, quoting Michael Maier, Symbola aurea mensae duodecim nationum (Frankfurt: 1617), p. 380.

^{[Note 40]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 49; Random House ed., pp. 50-51.

^{[Note 41]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 44 - 46; Random House ed., pp. 45-47.

^{[Note 42]} Eliot, The Waste Land, lines 71-76; op. cit., p. 68.

^{[Note 43]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 561; Random House ed., p. 548.

^{[Note 44]} Eliot, The Waste Land, lines 42-48; from Collected Poems 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, p. 54, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 45]} Ibid., lines 49-56.

^{[Note 46]} Ibid., note to lines 46ff, op. cit., pp. 70-71.

^{[Note 47]} London. British Museum. MS. Additional 5245. “Cabala mineralis,” Rabbi Simeon ben Cantara Alchemical figures in water-colours with explanations in Latin and English; fol. 2. From Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, p. 227.

^{[Note 48]} Ovid, Metamorphoses I. 5-9 ; translation by Frank Justus Miller, The Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916).

^{[Note 49]} Ibid., 21-31.

^{[Note 50]} Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923-1958), Vol. I, p. 82, citing Pliny, Historia naturalis XX. 33.

^{[Note 51]} Ibid., Vol. I, p. 580, citing the Greek edition of his text by Robert Etienne Stephanus (1567), Vol. I, pp. 156-57; and the more recent edition by Theodore Puschmann, Alexander von Tralles, Original text und Ubersetzung nebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung (Vienna, 1878-79), Vol. I, pp. 567-73.

^{[Note 52]} Ibid., Vol. I, p. 769.

^{[Note 53]} Opening paragraph of Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

^{[Note 54]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 376; Random House ed., 388.

^{[Note 55]} Oriental Mythology, p. 426, citing Tao Teh Ching 15. Translation from Arthur Waley, The Way and Its Power (New York: The Macmillan Co.; London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd. 1949), p. 15O.

^{[Note 56]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 413-18; quoting S. N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXI, 1944), pp. 90-95.

^{[Note 57]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 406-18; Oriental Mythology, pp. 42-45.

^{[Note 58]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 58-72.

^{[Note 59]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 396-97; 403-406; 463-64.

^{[Note 60]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 66-67 and pp. 190-97.

^{[Note 61]} John 12:24-25.

^{[Note 62]} Eliot, The Waste Land, lines 395-401; from Collected Poems 1909- 1962 by T. S. Eliot, p. 68, copyright, 1936, by Harcourt, Brace, & World, Inc.; copyright, ©, 1963, 1964, by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

^{[Note 63]} Eliot’s reference, Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 5.1. is incorrect; the passage is in 5.2.

^{[Note 64]} Eliot, The Waste Land, lines 400-422; op. cit., pp. 68-69.

^{[Note 65]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 37; Random House ed., p. 38.

^{[Note 66]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 593 and 600; Random House ed., pp. 618 and 625.

^{[Note 67]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 21, 38, 189, 374 and 638; Random House ed., pp. 22, 39, 1 9 4 ,'3 8 5 , and 666.

^{[Note 68]} Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 241.

^{[Note 69]} Rosarium, p. 241; Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 242.

^{[Note 70]} Rosarium, p. 239; Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 244.

^{[Note 71]} Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 244.

^{[Note 72]} Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.3. 19- 21, abridged.

^{[Note 73]} The translation is by R. F. C. Hull, in Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 247.

^{[Note 74]} Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 247.

^{[Note 75]} A classic of Arabic origin, put into Latin between the eleventh and twelfth centuries. [C. G. Jung’s note, ibid., p. 274, n. 7.]

^{[Note 76]} Julius Ruska (ed.), Turba philosophorum (Berlin: J. Springer, 1931), p. 247; as cited by C. G. Jung, Mysterium Coniunctionis: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy, translated by R. F. C. Hull, Bollingen Series XX, Vol. 14 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1963), p. 21.

^{[Note 77]} Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, pp. 268-69.

^{[Note 78]} Ibid., pp. 273 and 282-83.

^{[Note 79]} Rosarium, p. 277; cited in Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 274.

^{[Note 80]} Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, pp. 286-87.

^{[Note 81]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 527- 528; Random House ed., p. 549.

^{[Note 82]} Ibid., Paris, ed., pp. 560-61; Random House ed., pp. 583-84.

^{[Note 83]} From the translation by Emma Gurney Salter, Nicholas of Cusa, The Vision of God (New York: E. P. D utton and Co., 1928; republished New York: Frederick Ungar, 1960), Chapters III and X, pp. 12-13 and 46.

Chapter 6: The Balance

 

^{[Note 1]} Myrrha Lot-Borodine, “Tristan et Lancelot,” in Medieval Studies in Memory of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis (Paris: Honore Champion; New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), p. 23.

^{[Note 2]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 471-473; also Primitive Mythology, pp. 432-34.

^{[Note 3]} A. Glasheen, “Out of My Census,” The Analyst, No. XVII (1959), p. 23; as cited by Clive Hunt, Structure and Motif in Finnegans Wake (Evanston, 111.: Northwestern University Press, 1962), p. 81.

^{[Note 4]} Schoepperle, op. cit., pp. 391-444; John Arnott MacCulloch, Celtic Mythology, The Mythology of All Races, Vol. III (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), pp. 175-78; Lady Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men (London: John Murray, 1904), p. 343-99; and, for the full text of one version of the story, Standish Hayes O’Grady (ed.), The Pursuit after Diarmuid O’Duibhne, and Grainne, the Daughter of Cormac Mac Airt, King of Ireland in the Third Century, Transactions of the Ossianic Society for the year 1855, Vol. III (Dublin: John O’Daly, 1857), pp. 40-211.

^{[Note 5]} Roger S. Loomis (trans.), The Romance of Tristan and Ysolt of Thomas of Britain (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1923), following H. Zimmer, op. cit., p. 103.

^{[Note 6]} For this identification, see Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge: The University Press, 1920), pp. 130, 180, 185-88.

^{[Note 7]} Thomas, Tristan 2120.

^{[Note 8]} Elucidation 4-9; 12-13.

^{[Note 9]} First Continuator.

^{[Note 10]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 151-215.

^{[Note 11]} For the variants and references, see C. Kerényi, The Heroes of the Greeks (New York: Grove Press, 1960), pp. 227-34, and notes.

^{[Note 12]} Euripides, Hippolytus 527-532 and 561-562; translation from David Green, in David Green and Richmond Lattimore (ed s.), The Complete Greek Tragedies (University of Chicago Press, 1959), Vol. Ill, pp. 185 and 186.

^{[Note 13]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 92.

^{[Note 14]} Ibid., p. 259.

^{[Note 15]} Sigmund Freud, Jehnseits des Lustprinzips (1921); Gesammelte Werke chronologisch geordnet (London: Imägo Publishing Co., 1940-1952), Bd. 13.

^{[Note 16]} Thomas Mann, Die Forderung des Tages: Reden und Au fsa tze aus den Jahren 1925-1929 (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1930), p. 175.

^{[Note 17]} Thomas Mann, “Tonio Kröger,” translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter, in Thomas Mann, Stories of Three Decades (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936), p. 132.

^{[Note 18]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 13-34 and passim.

^{[Note 19]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, p. 281.

^{[Note 20]} Thomas Mann, Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1922), pp. 560-561. The work has not been translated.

^{[Note 21]} Ibid., p. 364.

^{[Note 22]} Ibid., p. 202.

^{[Note 23]} Ibid., p. 445-46.

^{[Note 24]} Ibid., p. 227.

^{[Note 25]} Mann, Die Forderung des Tages, pp. 191 and 193-94.

^{[Note 26]} The New York Times, December 7, 1951; greatly abridged.

^{[Note 27]} Oriental Mythology, Chapter 1 and passim.

^{[Note 28]} Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1932) (New York: Harper, 1946), motto page.

^{[Note 29]} Mann, Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, p. 431.

^{[Note 30]} Thomas Mann, Bemühungen (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1925), pp. 270-74.

^{[Note 31]} Mann, Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, p. 60.

^{[Note 32]} Ibid., pp. 60-62.

^{[Note 33]} Thomas Mann, Rede und Antwort (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1922), pp. 13-15.

^{[Note 34]} Mann, Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, pp. 604-605 and 608. Another translation of this passage, in Joseph Warner Angell (ed.), The Thomas Mann Reader (New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1950), pp. 493-94, 496.

^{[Note 35]} Matthew 5:43-44 .

^{[Note 36]} Matthew 7:1.

^{[Note 37]} Oriental Mythology, p. 503.

^{[Note 38]} Philippians 2:6-8 .

^{[Note 39]} Galatians 2:20.

^{[Note 40]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 282-83; 302-03; 319-20.

^{[Note 41]} Vajracchedika 5.

^{[Note 42]} Madhyamika-śāstra 15.8.

^{[Note 43]} Friedrich Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, in Werke (op. cit.), Vol. I, p. 19.

^{[Note 44]} Ibid., pp. 19-25.

^{[Note 45]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 13f., 177, 184, 237, 254, 335-36.

^{[Note 46]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 37; Random House ed., p. 38.

^{[Note 47]} Ibid., Paris ed., p. 38; Random House ed., p. 39.

^{[Note 48]} Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wirdauftreten können, paragraphs 57-58.

^{[Note 49]} Johannes Scotus Erigena, De divisione naturae, Liber II, 28; in ed. Monasterii Guestphalorum (1838), pp. 152, 154; Migne, Patr. Lat., cxxii, 594c, 596c.

^{[Note 50]} Schopenhauer, Transcendente Spekulation … , Werke, Vol. 8, pp. 220-25.

^{[Note 51]} Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.9-16.

^{[Note 52]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 660-61, 693, 735; Random House ed., pp. 688-89, 722, 768.

^{[Note 53]} Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad, complete.

^{[Note 54]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 35-83.

^{[Note 55]} Ibid., pp. 98-100.

^{[Note 56]} Primitive Mythology, passim.

^{[Note 57]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, pp. 241-43.

^{[Note 58]} Ibid., p. 233.

^{[Note 59]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 15-21.

^{[Note 60]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung III. 34; Werke, Vol. 3, p. 18, citing Spinoza, Ethics V. prop. 31, schol.; also ib II. prop. 40, schol. 2, and V. prop. 25-28.

^{[Note 61]} Robinson Jeffers, “Natural Music,” in op. cit., p. 232.

^{[Note 62]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 35-36; 45-47; 461, 478; also Occidental Mythology, p. 519.

^{[Note 63]} Otto, op. cit., pp. 12-13.

^{[Note 64]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, pp. 232-33.

^{[Note 65]} Schopenhauer, “Zur Rechtslehre und Politik,” Parerga und Paralipomena, Par. 127; Werke, Vol. 10, p. 245.

^{[Note 66]} Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung. “Streifzüge eines Unzeitgemässen,” 8-9; “Was ich den Alten verdanke,” 5; Werke, Vol. VIII, pp. 122-24 and 173-74.

^{[Note 67]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung III, 52 (last paragraph); Werke, Vol. 3, pp. 119-20.

^{[Note 68]} Thomas Mann, “Leiden und Grosse Richard Wagners,” in Leiden und Grösse der Meister (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1935), pp. 99 and 95-97. Another translation, by H. T. Lowe-Porter, in Thomas Mann, Essays of Three Decades (New York: Knopf, 1947), pp. 311-12.

^{[Note 69]} Ibid., p. 93. (Essays … , p. 309.)

^{[Note 70]} Ibid., pp. 109-110. (Essays … , pp. 319-20.)

^{[Note 71]} Ibid., p. 99.

^{[Note 72]} Wolfgang Golther, Richard Wagner an Mathilde Wesendonck (Leipzig: Britkopf und Härtel, 1922), pp. 260-61.

^{[Note 73]} Mann, Leiden und Grösse der Meister, pp. 136-37. (Essays … , p. 336.)

^{[Note 74]} Ibid., p. 133. (Essays … , p. 334.)

^{[Note 75]} Thomas Mann, Joseph und seine Brüder, I. Die Geschichten Jaakobs (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1933), published in English as Joseph and His Brothers, translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936), see Chapter 2, Section 1: “Lunar Syntax”.

^{[Note 76]} Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Bollingen Series XVII (New York: Pantheon Books, 1949).

^{[Note 77]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 581.

^{[Note 78]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, pp. 40 and 48.

^{[Note 79]} Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, pp. 13-15, abridged.

^{[Note 80]} Ibid., pp. 12-13.

^{[Note 81]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, p. 277.

^{[Note 82]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 34; Random House ed., p. 35.

^{[Note 83]} Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung, Section 8, “Was den Deutschen abgeht,” Paragraph 3; Werke, Vol. VIII, pp. 110-111.

^{[Note 84]} Mann, Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, p. 395.

^{[Note 85]} Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, Paragraph 13; Werke, Vol. I, pp. 95-96.

^{[Note 86]} Goethe, in “Geistes-Epochen,” Sämmtliche Werke (1853), Vol. 3, pp. 327-330.

^{[Note 87]} Thomas Mann, Der Zauberberg, (Berlin: S. Fischer Verlag, 1924), pp. 526-28, abridged; English transl. by H. T. Lowe-Porter, The Magic Mountain (New York: Knopf, 1927), pp. 510-11.

^{[Note 88]} Ibid., pp. 537, 538; English, pp. 520, 522.

^{[Note 89]} Ibid., p. 515; English, p. 499.

^{[Note 90]} Isaiah 24:1-6 .

^{[Note 91]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 505-16.

^{[Note 92]} Numbers 15:32-36.

^{[Note 93]} Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays (First Series), “Self-reliance”; Works (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1883), Vol. II, pp. 51-52.

^{[Note 94]} Johann Peter Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahres seines Lebens, 1823-1832 (Berlin: Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong & Co., 1916), Vol. I, p. 251 (Feb. 13, 1829). Translation by Charles Francis Atkinson, in Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, Vol. I, p. 49, note 1.

^{[Note 95]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 226-383.

^{[Note 96]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 144-150; 404-18; Oriental Mythology, pp. 35-102; Occidental Mythology, pp. 6-7.

^{[Note 97]} Hans Heinrich Schaeder, Der Mensch in Orient und Okzident: Grundzüge einer eurasiatischen Geschichte (Munich: R. Piper & Co., 1960), pp. 30-32.

^{[Note 98]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 422-29.

^{[Note 99]} Emerson, “History,” in op. cit., p. 7.

^{[Note 100]} Ortega y Gasset, Man and Crisis, translation by Mildred Adams, op. cit., pp. 98-99.

^{[Note 101]} Wagner, Mein Leben, Vol. III, pp. 605-606.

^{[Note 102]} Chrétien de Troyes, Li Contesdel Graal, lines 3507-3524; Alfons Hilka (ed.) (Halle: Max Niemeyer Verlag), p. 158.

^{[Note 103]} Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival IX. 478:8-16. My references are to the lines of the Middle High German text, as edited by Karl Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach (Berlin-Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 6th ed., 1926).

^{[Note 104]} Ibid., IX. 479:1-480:29, abr.

^{[Note 105]} James Douglas Bruce, The Evolution of Arthurian Romance (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1928), Vol. I, p. 317.

^{[Note 106]} See Oriental Mythology, pp. 6-7, 22, 107, 131-32, 392, 500; Occidental Mythology, pp. 72-92.

^{[Note 107]} Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, as quoted in Gilson, op. cit., p. 45.

^{[Note 108]} I Corinthians 1:21.

^{[Note 109]} Abailard, Dialogus inter philosophum, Judaeum et Christianum,. in Migne, Patr. Lat., clxxviii, 1610ff.

^{[Note 110]} Gilson, op. cit., p. 163.

^{[Note 111]} Abailard, Sic et Non, prologue, in Migne Patr. Lat., clxxviii, 1347.

^{[Note 112]} Abailard, Introducto ad Theologian ii. c., in Migne, Patr. Lat., clxxviii, 1050. I am following here the article “Abelard,” by H. B. Workman in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 14-18.

^{[Note 113]} Abailard, Historia Calamitatum, Chapters IX-XIII.

^{[Note 114]} Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 1.I.2. Art. 2. Translation by Father Lawrence Shapcote, as edited by Anton C. Pegis, Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas (New York: Random House, 1945).

^{[Note 115]} Ibid., 2-2. I. 1. Art. 5.

^{[Note 116]} Cited from Gilson, op. cit., pp. 392, 397.

^{[Note 117]} Ibid., pp. 405-408.

^{[Note 118]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 503-504.

Part Three: The Way and The Life

Chapter 7: The Crucified

 

^{[Note 1]} Roger Sherman Loomis, Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927); Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien of Troyes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949), The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963).

^{[Note 2]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 401-434. 15.

^{[Note 3]} Elucidation, 11. 4-5, as cited in Weston, op. cit., p. 130.

^{[Note 4]} Matthew 27:57-60; Mark 15:14-46; Luke 23:50-53; John 19:38-42.

^{[Note 5]} Weston, op. cit., Chapter IX, "The Fisher King.” 17.

^{[Note 6]} William A. Nitze, “Perceval and the Holy Grail,” University of California Publications in Modern Philology, Vol. 28, No. 5 (1949), p. 316.

^{[Note 7]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 389-92.

^{[Note 8]} The Mabinogion, translation by Lady Charlotte Guest, in Everyman’s Library (London: J. M. Dent and Sons; New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1906), p. 185.

^{[Note 9]} Weston, op. cit., p. 111.

^{[Note 10]} Wolfram, op. cit., IX. 491:1-14.

^{[Note 11]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 273, 285, 287, 305, 320, 485.

^{[Note 12]} Ibid., pp. 318-19.

^{[Note 13]} Pañcatantra, Book 5, Fable 3; translation by Arthur Ryder The Panchatantra (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1925), pp. 434-41.

^{[Note 14]} Theodor Benfey, Pantschatantra (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1859), p. 487.

^{[Note 15]} William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, “Proverbs of Hell,” Proverb No. 3.

^{[Note 16]} Viktor E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (New York: Washington Square Press, 1963).

^{[Note 17]} J. A. MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1911), p. 368.

^{[Note 18]} Benfey, op. cit., p. 487.

^{[Note 19]} Grimm’s Fairy Tales (New York: Pantheon Books, 1944), pp. 258-264.

^{[Note 20]} Johannes Bolte and Georg Polivka, Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm (Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1937), Vol. I, pp. 464-85.

^{[Note 21]} Chāndogya Upaniṣad 7.15.1.

^{[Note 22]} Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 2.5.15.

^{[Note 23]} Praśna Upaniṣad 6.6.

^{[Note 24]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 141, 257, 328.

^{[Note 25]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 141, 147, 233-34, 441.

^{[Note 26]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 211-18.

^{[Note 27]} Mahā-Vagga 1.21. 1-4.

^{[Note 28]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 13-23.

^{[Note 29]} Pindar, Pythia 2.21-48.

^{[Note 30]} Virgil, Aeneid 6.601.

^{[Note 31]} Ovid, Metamorphoses, 4.465.

^{[Note 32]} Albert Camus, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (Paris: Gallimard, 1942), pp. 163-65.

^{[Note 33]} Ibid., p. 20.

^{[Note 34]} Frankl, op. cit., pp. 187-88.

^{[Note 35]} Dante, Inferno XXXIV. 2.69. Norton translation, slightly modified.

^{[Note 36]} Hamack, op. cit., Vol. VI, pp. 78-79, citing Abelard, on Romans 3:22ff.; 5:12ff.; Sermons, V, X, XII; Theologia christiana IV; and the Dialogue. All in Migne, Patr. Lat., clxxviii respectively: col. 417-25; 448-53; 479-84; 1259-1516; 1609-82.

^{[Note 37]} Occidental Mythology, p. 450.

^{[Note 38]} Abū Yazīd (Bāyazīd), as cited by R. A. Nicholson, “Mysticism,” in Sir Thomas Arnold (ed.), The Legacy of Islam (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1931), p. 216.

^{[Note 39]} Chrétien de Troyes, Li Contes del Graal, 11. 66ff.

^{[Note 40]} “Among the documents emanating from the bishop's palace at Troyes there is a charter dated 1173 which carries as one of its signatories the name of a certain Christianus or Chrétien. He was a canon of the ancient Abbey of Saint-Loup, in which is now housed the public library and museum of the town. The abbey, established in the fifth century by Saint Bernard, apparently enjoyed the special favor of the house of Champagne. This ‘Christianus, canonicus Sancti Lupi,’ is perhaps our poet. Certainly the latter was a cleric … .” (Nitze, op. cit., p. 282).

^{[Note 41]} Wolfram, op. cit., IX. 454: 17-25.

^{[Note 42]} Loomis, The Grail, p. 29.

^{[Note 43]} So Arnold of Villanova (d. 1312?), in the Rosarium philosophorum (Artis Auriferae, Basel, 1593, Vol. II, Part XII), p. 210; as cited by Jung, Psychology and Alchemy, pp. 78, 171, note 117.

^{[Note 44]} Wolfram, op. cit., IX. 469: 7-28

^{[Note 45]} Ibid., II. 115-27.

^{[Note 46]} Ibid., III. 140: 16-17.

^{[Note 47]} Ibid., XVI. 827. 19-24.

^{[Note 48]} Ibid., 1:1-14.

Chapter 8: The Paraclete

 

^{[Note 1]} in dûhte, wert gedinge daz waere ein hôhiu linge ze disem lêhe hie unt dort. daz sint noch ungelogeniu wort. (Wolfram, op. cit., III 177:6-9.)

^{[Note 2]} Wer immer strebend sich bemüht, Den können wir erlösen. (Faust II. v. 11936-11937.)

^{[Note 3]} Wolfram, op. cit., IV. 199:23-203:11.

^{[Note 4]} Gottfried Weber, Parzival, Ringen und Vollendung (Oberursel: Kompass-Verlag, 1948), p. 31.

^{[Note 5]} Cf. Oriental Mythology, pp. 285-286, citing Thus Spake Zarathustra, Part I, “Three Transformations of the Spirit.”

^{[Note 6]} Karl Jaspers and Rudolf Bultmann, Myth and Christianity: An Inquiry into the Possibility of Religion without Myth (New York: The Noonday Press, 1958), p. 19.

^{[Note 7]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 490-504.

^{[Note 8]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, pp. 177-78; 183.

^{[Note 9]} Ibid., pp. 184-85.

^{[Note 10]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 481; Random House ed., p. 499.

^{[Note 11]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 528-33; Random House ed., pp. 549-54.

^{[Note 12]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 193-194, 197-98.

^{[Note 13]} Weston, op. cit., pp. 71-72.

^{[Note 14]} See Heinrich Zimmer, The King and the Corpse, edited by Joseph Campbell, Bollingen Series XI (New York: Pantheon Books, 1948), pp. 67-95.

^{[Note 15]} Ibid.

^{[Note 16]} W. B. Yeats, A Vision (New York: Collier Books Edition, 1966, based on revised edition of 1956), pp. 286-87.

^{[Note 17]} Wolfram, op. cit., IX. 435:23-25.

^{[Note 18]} Ibid., IX. 438:28-29 .

^{[Note 19]} Ibid., IX. 470:1-8.

^{[Note 20]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 542-45; Random House ed., pp. 564-68.

^{[Note 21]} Weber, Parzival, p. 63.

^{[Note 22]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed. p. 40; Random House ed., p. 40.

^{[Note 23]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 500-501.

^{[Note 24]} Occidental Mythology, p. 350.

^{[Note 25]} Oriental Mythology, p. 271.

^{[Note 26]} Mark 15:38.

^{[Note 27]} Nitze, op. cit., p. 317.

^{[Note 28]} Joseph Campbell (ed.), The Portable Arabian Nights (New York: The Viking Press, 1952), pp. 95-114.

^{[Note 29]} Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, p. 30.

^{[Note 30]} Bhagavad Gītā 3:35.

^{[Note 31]} Ibid., 2:22.

^{[Note 32]} Ibid., 2:71.

^{[Note 33]} Swami Nikhilananda (translator), The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna (New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 1942), p. 257 and passim.

^{[Note 34]} C. G. Jung, Psychology and Religion: West and East, translated by R. F. C. Hull, Bollingen Series XX, Vol. 11 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1958), p. 502.

^{[Note 35]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Book III, Paragraph 45; Werke, Vol. 3, pp. 70-71.

^{[Note 36]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 14; Random House., p. 15.

^{[Note 37]} Mann, Der Zauberberg, Chapters I and II.

^{[Note 38]} “The Gospel According to Thomas,” 113:16-18; Guillaumont, etc., op. cit., p. 57.

^{[Note 39]} See Primitive Mythology, pp. 123-25.

^{[Note 40]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, last paragraph.

^{[Note 41]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 528; Random House ed., p. 549.

^{[Note 42]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 496-500; Random House ed., pp. 515-20.

^{[Note 43]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 58-59; Random House ed., p. 61.

^{[Note 44]} Ibid., Paris ed., p. 59; Random House ed., p. 61.

^{[Note 45]} Mann, Der Zauberberg, pp. 103-104; English, p. 99.

^{[Note 46]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 129 and 174.

^{[Note 47]} Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, p. 32.

^{[Note 48]} Oriental Mythology, Figure 21 and pp. 343-64.

^{[Note 49]} Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, p. 29.

^{[Note 50]} C. G. Jung, Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self, translated by R. F. C. Hull, Bollingen Series XX. Vol. 9, Part 2 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1959), p. 13.

^{[Note 51]} Ibid.

^{[Note 52]} See our discussion of the psychology of “imprints” at the opening of this study, Primitive Mythology, pp. 30-131.

^{[Note 53]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 129-130.

^{[Note 54]} Jung, Aion, p. 13.

^{[Note 55]} Thomas Mann, “Freud and the Future,” translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter in Mann, Essays of Three Decades, p. 418.

^{[Note 56]} C. G. Jung, as quoted by W. Y. Evans-Wentz (ed.). The Tibetan Book of the Dead (New York: Oxford University Press, Galaxy Book edition, 1960), p. vi.

^{[Note 57]} C. G. Jung, “Psychological Commentary,” to Evans-Wentz (ed.), op. cit., p. xl.

^{[Note 58]} Mann, “Freud and the Future,” p. 419.

^{[Note 59]} Aśvaghoṣa, The Awakening of Faith, translation by Timothy Richard (Shanghai, 1907), p. 26, as quoted by Evans-Wentz (ed.), op. cit., p. 227.

^{[Note 60]} Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung IV. 54; Werke, Vol. 3, p. 127.

^{[Note 61]} Goethe, Faust II. 1. 6213-6216.

^{[Note 62]} Lefebure, op. cit., p. 831.

^{[Note 63]} Shakespeare, Hamlet III. i. 79-80.

^{[Note 64]} Matthew 26:41; Mark 14:38.

^{[Note 65]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 90-91.

^{[Note 66]} Zimmer, The King and the Corpse, pp. 86-87.

^{[Note 67]} Frazer, op. cit., p. 9. Question 1 is answered, pp. 9-592; Question 2, pp. 592-711. For discussions of ritual regicide, see Primitive Mythology, pp. 151-225, 405-460; Oriental Mythology, pp. 42- 102, 160-68, 207, 284, 394-95, 396-97; and Occidental Mythology, pp. 59-60, 64, 155, 312-13, 321 and 506.

^{[Note 68]} Augustine, The City of God XXI.4, as cited by C. G. Jung, Mysterium Coniunctionis, p. 292, note 134.

^{[Note 69]} Angelo de Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology (London: Trübner and Co., 1872), Vol. II, p. 323, as cited by Jung, Mysterium Coniunctionis, p. 291.

^{[Note 70]} Jung, Mysterium Coniunctionis, p. 289.

^{[Note 71]} Musaeum hermeticum (Frankfurt a. M., 1678), p. 693-94; as in Arthur Waite (ed. and transl.), The Hermetic Museum Restored and Enlarged (London, 1893), Vol. II, p. 194. Cited by Jung, Mysterium Coniunctionis, pp. 288-89.

^{[Note 72]} Occidental Mythology, p. 167.

^{[Note 73]} Genesis 3:24.

^{[Note 74]} Wolfram, op. cit., IX. 490. 15-18

^{[Note 75]} See Kerényi, op. cit., pp. 340-41, citing Diodorus Siculus 4.59.5; Pausanias Periegeta 1.39.3; Apollodorus Mythographus, epitoma 1.3; Hygini Fabulae 38; and Bacchylides 18.28.

^{[Note 76]} Occidental Mythology, p. 25.

^{[Note 77]} Wagner, Mein Leben, Vol. II, p. 360.

^{[Note 78]} Ibid., Vol. III”, p. 649.

^{[Note 79]} Wagner, Tannhäuser, Act II, Scene iv.

^{[Note 80]} Golther, op. cit., p. 191.

^{[Note 81]} Mann, Leiden und Grösse der Meister, pp. 115-16. Lowe-Porter version in Mann Essays of Three Decades, pp. 323-24.

^{[Note 82]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 15-20.

^{[Note 83]} Occidental Mythology, p. 264.

^{[Note 84]} Nietzsche, Nietzsche contra Wagner, “Wie ich von Wagner loskam,” §1; Werke, Vol. 8, p. 200.

^{[Note 85]} Ibid., “Wagner als Apostel der Keuschheit,” §3; Werke, Vol. 8, pp. 198-200, slightly abridged.

^{[Note 86]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 490-501, 507, 515.

^{[Note 87]} Zimmer, The King and the Corpse, p. 86.

^{[Note 88]} Roger Sherman Loomis, “Gawain, Gwri, and Cuchulinn,” Publications of the Modern Language Association, Vol. XLII, No. 2, June 1928, p. 384.

^{[Note 89]} For these identifications, see Weston, op. cit., pp. 130, 181, 185-88.

^{[Note 90]} Thomas, Tristan 2120.

^{[Note 91]} Elucidation 4-9; 12-13, Hilka ed., op. cit., p. 417.

^{[Note 92]} Second (“Wauchier”) Continuation, British Museum MS. additional 36614, Fol. 241 V°. For a discussion and collation of other manuscript passages, see Jessie L. Weston, “Wauchier de Denain and Bleheris (Bledhericus)” in Romania XXXIV (1905), pp. 100-105; also Roger Sherman Loomis, “The Arthurian Legend before 1134,” in The Romanic Review XXXII (1941), pp. 16-19.

^{[Note 93]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 383-394, 456-90.

^{[Note 94]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 125-140.

^{[Note 95]} Nennius, Historia Britonum (edition by Josephus Stevenson, English Historical Society, 1838), Paragraph 56.

^{[Note 96]} Ibid., paragraphs 40-42.

^{[Note 97]} Annales Cambriae, John Williams ab Ithel (ed.) (Great Britain, Public Record Office: Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages, No. 20, 1860).

^{[Note 98]} Nennius, op. cit., paragraph 73.

^{[Note 99]} Loomis, Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes, p. 198.

^{[Note 100]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 199, 347, 369.

^{[Note 101]} William Stubbs (ed.), Willelmi Malmesbiriensis monachi De gestis regum Anglorum (Great Britain, Public Record Office: Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages, No. 90, 1887-1889), p. 11.

^{[Note 102]} Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerarium Cambriae I.5 (The Works of Giraldus Cambrensis, Rolls Series, 1861-91, pp. 57-58).

^{[Note 103]} Sebastian Evans, “The Translator’s Epilogue,” in the Everyman’s edition of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Histories of the Kings of Britain (London: J. M. Dent and Sons; New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912), pp. 241-242.

^{[Note 104]} Ibid., p. 243.

^{[Note 105]} Roger Sherman Loomis, “Geoffrey of Monmouth and Arthurian Origins,” in Speculum, Vol. III (1928), p. 16.

^{[Note 106]} Layamon, op. cit., lines 6-13.

^{[Note 107]} Wace, op. cit., lines 9994ff., 10555, 13675; Layamon, op. cit., lines 22736ff.

^{[Note 108]} Wace, op. cit., lines 13681ff., Layamon, op. cit., 23080ff., 28610ff. See discussions in Evans, op. cit., pp. xvii-xx.

^{[Note 109]} Bruce, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 119-120.

^{[Note 110]} W. Wiston Comfort, Introduction to Arthurian Romances of Chrétien de Troyes (Everyman’s Library, No. 698), p. xviii.

^{[Note 111]} For the interpretation of this conte as an oral tale, see Wendelin Foerster (ed.), Der Karrenritter (Lancelot) und Das Wilhelmsleben (Guillaume d’Angleterre) von Christian von Troyes (Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1899), pp. LXXVI-LXXVII.

^{[Note 112]} Loomis, Arthurian Romance and Chrétien de Troyes, pp. 36-37.

^{[Note 113]} Bruce, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 120- 122.

^{[Note 114]} Loomis, The Grail, p. 239.

^{[Note 115]} Ibid., p. 179.

^{[Note 116]} The sources for this portion of the legend were chiefly the Gospels (Matthew 27:57; Mark 15:43; Luke 23:51; and John 19:38-42), the apocryphal “Gospel of Nicodemus” and two other apocryphal works: the “Vengeance of Avenging of the Savior” (Vindicta Salvatoris) and the “Story of Joseph of Arimathea” (Narratio Josephi). For these, see Montague Rhodes James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1953), pp. 94ff., 161ff.

^{[Note 117]} H. Oskar Sommer, The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances (Washington: The Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1909), Vol. I, pp. 264, 267, 269-279.

^{[Note 118]} Ibid., p. 289.

^{[Note 119]} Ibid., p. 285.

^{[Note 120]} Ibid., p. 77.

^{[Note 121]} Ibid., p. 290.

^{[Note 122]} Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XI, Chapters II and III, in part.

^{[Note 123]} Albert Pauphilet (ed.), op. cit., p. 19, lines 12-26.

^{[Note 124]} Ibid., p. 26.

^{[Note 125]} John 20:19.

^{[Note 126]} Acts 2:1-4. This identification of the day of the risen Christ’s appearance in the upper room with that of the miracle of Pentecost is made by the author of the Queste (Pauphilet [ed.], op. cit.), p. 78, lines 12-18.

^{[Note 127]} Oriental Mythology, p. 352.

^{[Note 128]} Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Novaet Amplissima Collectio (Venice, 1778), XXII. 982; cited by Frederick W. Locke, The Quest for the Holy Grail (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), p. 110, note 11.

^{[Note 129]} Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVII, Chapter XX. The corresponding passage in La Queste del Saint Graal appears in Pauphilet (ed.), op. cit., pp. 268-271.

^{[Note 130]} Pauphilet (ed.), op. cit., pp. 277-78.

^{[Note 131]} Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVII, Chapter XXII.

^{[Note 132]} Migne, Patr. Lat., clxxxiv, col. 21; cited by Loomis, The Grail, p. 187, following Albert Pauphilet, Études sur la “Queste del Saint Graal,” p. 151.

^{[Note 133]} Locke, op. cit., pp. 10-11.

^{[Note 134]} Ibid., p. 10.

^{[Note 135]} Pauphilet (ed.), op. cit., p. viii.

^{[Note 136]} Regula Templi (ed. Henri de Curzon, Paris 1886), rules 70 and 71; cited by Locke, op. cit., p. 114, note 21.

^{[Note 137]} Jessie L. Weston, The Legend of Sir Gawain (London: David Nutt, 1897), p. 59.

^{[Note 138]} Zimmer, The King and the Corpse, pp. 180-81.

^{[Note 139]} Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Am I My Brother’s Keeper? (New York: The John Day Company, 1947), p. 28.

^{[Note 140]} Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Vol. I, German ed., p. 408; English ed., p. 319.

^{[Note 141]} Wolfram, op. cit., XVI. 795:29.

^{[Note 142]} Wolfram, op. cit., XVI. 827:1-11.

^{[Note 143]} For the negative argument, see Loomis, The Grail, p. 197; for the positive, Franz Rolf Schroeder, Die Parzivalfrage (München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1928), pp. 70-71.

^{[Note 144]} Wolfram, op. cit., I. 1-14.

^{[Note 145]} Wolfram, op. cit., XI. 569. 12-13.

^{[Note 146]} Wolfram, op. cit., XVI. 827:19-24.

^{[Note 147]} Wolfram, op. cit., XVI. 817:4-7.

^{[Note 148]} Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, pp. 388-89.

Part Four: New Wine

Chapter 9: The Death of “God”

 

^{[Note 1]} J. J. Fahie, Galileo, His Life and Work (London: John Murray, 1903), pp. 313-14.

^{[Note 2]} Oriental Mythology, p. 105, Figure 13.

^{[Note 3]} Ortega y Gasset, Man and Crisis, pp. 92-93.

^{[Note 4]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 405-11.

^{[Note 5]} Emerson, op. cit., p. 71.

^{[Note 6]} Emerson, “The Over-Soul,” op. cit., pp. 252-53.

^{[Note 7]} Oriental Mythology, pp, 198ff. and 316.

^{[Note 8]} Summa contra Gentiles 1.5. I note that in Anton C. Pegis, Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas (New York: Random House, 1945), the chapter containing this passage does not appear.

^{[Note 9]} Acta Bollandiana, pp. 712f., as cited by Marie-Louise von Franz, op. cit., pp. 424-25.

^{[Note 10]} Ibid., p. 713. From von Franz, op. cit., pp. 425-26.

^{[Note 11]} Angelo Walz, “De Alberti Magni et S. Thomae personali relatione,” Angelicum (Rome), II:3 (1925), pp. 299ff. Cited by von Franz, op. cit., pp. 428-29.

^{[Note 12]} Henri Petitot, Saint Thomas d’Aquin: La Vocation—l'oeuvre—la vie spirituelle (Paris, 1923), p. 154. Cited by von Franz, op. cit., pp. 427-28.

^{[Note 13]} Karl Jaspers, Nietzsche, translated by Charles F. Wallraff and Frederick J. Schmitz (Tucson, Ariz.: The University of Arizona Press, 1965), Book One.

^{[Note 14]} Nietzsche, Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, Vorrede zur zweiten Ausgabe; Werke, Vol. 5, p. 8; cited by Jaspers, op. cit., p. 114.

^{[Note 15]} Jaspers, op. cit., p. 114.

^{[Note 16]} Ibid.

^{[Note 17]} Nietzsche, Ecce homo, “Warum ich so klug bin,” par. 2; Werke, Vol. 15, pp. 30-31.

^{[Note 18]} Nietzsche, Umwertung aller Werthe, par. 54; Werke, Vol. 8, p. 295.

^{[Note 19]} Swami Nikhilananda (transl. and ed.), op. cit., p. 858.

^{[Note 20]} Nicholas of Cusa, The Vision of God, translation by Emma Gurney Salter, op. cit., pp. 1-6.

^{[Note 21]} Ortega y Gasset, History as a System, translation by Helen Weyl, op. cit., p. 172.

^{[Note 22]} I am here citing largely from Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, 8 volumes (New York: Columbia University, 1923-1958), Vol. II, pp. 19-43.

^{[Note 23]} Ibid., pp. 31-32 and 35.

^{[Note 24]} Ibid., p. 9, from Adelard of Bath, De eodem et diverso: H. Willner, Des Adelard von Bath Traktat De eodem et diverso, zum ersten Male herausgegeben und historischkritisch untersucht (Münster, 1903), in Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters (ed. C. Baeumker, G. von Hertling, M. Baumgartner, et al., Munster 1891–), p. 13.

^{[Note 25]} Thorndike, op. cit., pp. 28-29, citing Questiones, cap. 6.

^{[Note 26]} Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 2-2. Q.l. Art. 5. (Pegis, ed., Vol. II, p. 1062.)

^{[Note 27]} Occidental Mythology, p. 389.

^{[Note 28]} Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 439.

^{[Note 29]} Ibid., pp. 439-40.

^{[Note 30]} Ibid., p. 441, citing Ludwig Bauer, Die Philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste (Münster: 1912) in Baeumker’s Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, Vol. IX, 74.

^{[Note 31]} Ibid., p. 443, citing Bauer, op. cit., 60.

^{[Note 32]} Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 657, citing J. H. Bridges (ed.), The Opus Maius of Roger Bacon, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1897 and 1900), Vol. II. 202.

^{[Note 33]} Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 656, citing J. H. Bridges (ed.), op. cit., Vol. n. 208.

^{[Note 34]} Gilson, op. cit., p. 515.

^{[Note 35]} Ibid., p. 516.

^{[Note 36]} Ibid., p. 516.

^{[Note 37]} Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. Ill, p. 450, citing from the Vatican, FL Asbumham 210, fol. 38 v., col. 1.

^{[Note 38]} Gilson, op. cit., p. 518.

^{[Note 39]} Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 volumes (reprint, New York: Russell and Russell, 1955), Vol. I, pp. 328, 337-39, 421-22.

^{[Note 40]} Ibid., Vol. III, 464.

^{[Note 41]} Frazer, op. cit., p. 681.

^{[Note 42]} Lea, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 500-501.

^{[Note 43]} Desiderius Erasmus (1509), translation by John Wilson (1668), The Praise of Folly (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1913), p. 177.

^{[Note 44]} I have followed Bayard Taylor’s review of the Faust Legend in his translation of Goethe’s Faust (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1870), Vol. I, pp. 337-44, and, almost verbatim, the fine article of Professor W. Alison Phillips of Dublin University in The Encyclopaedia Britannica (Fourteenth Edition, 1936), Vol. 9, pp. 120-22, which, in turn, cites Karl Engel, Zusammenstellung der Faust-Schriften vom 16. Jahrhundert bis Mitte 1884 (Oldenburg: Bibliotheca Faustiana, 2nd ed., 1885) and Carl Kiesewetter, Faust in der Geschichte und Tradition (Leipzig: M. Spohr, 1893).

^{[Note 45]} Henry Adams, The Degeneration of the Democratic Dogma, edited with an introduction by Brooks Adams (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1919, 1947), p. 287.

^{[Note 46]} Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 484.

^{[Note 47]} Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quijote de la Mancha, Part I, Chapter VIII.

^{[Note 48]} Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Quixote, translated from the Spanish by Evelyn Rugg and Diego Marín, op. cit., pp. 136, 137.

^{[Note 49]} Ibid., p. 138.

^{[Note 50]} Ibid., pp. 148-149.

^{[Note 51]} Ibid., pp. 152-55.

^{[Note 52]} Christopher Marlowe, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Scene VI.

^{[Note 53]} Ibid., Scene XIV.

^{[Note 54]} Goethe, Faust, Prologue in Heaven, lines 304-307, translation by Bayard Taylor (modified).

^{[Note 55]} Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Vol. I, p. 240 (German ed.), p. 187 (English).

^{[Note 56]} Taittirīya Upaniṣad 2.9.

^{[Note 57]} Erwin Schrödinger, My View of the World translated by Cecily Hastings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), pp. 20-22.

^{[Note 58]} “The Gospel According to Thomas” 94:26 (op. cit., p. 43).

^{[Note 59]} Ṛ Veda I. 164.46.

^{[Note 60]} Cecil Jane, The Voyages of Christopher Columbus; being the Journals of his First and Third, and the Letters concerning his First and Last Voyages, to which is added the Account of his Second Voyage written by Andreas Bernaldez (London: The Argonaut Press, 1930), p. 36.

^{[Note 61]} Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Part I, Question 102, Article 1, Reply 3.

^{[Note 62]} Glossa ordin., super Genesis 2:8 (I, 36F).

^{[Note 63]} Augustine, De Genesi ad Litt. VIII, I (PL 34, 371); also De Civil. Dei XIII, 21 (PL 41, 395).

^{[Note 64]} Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, “The Christian and Oriental, or True Philosophy of Art,” in Why Exhibit Works of Art (London: Luzac and Company, 1943), pp. 32-33.

^{[Note 65]} Jeffers, op. cit., p. 24.

^{[Note 66]} Loren Eiseley, The Firmament of Time (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1962), p. 14.

^{[Note 67]} Ibid., pp. 14, 15.

^{[Note 68]} David Bergamini and The Editors of Life, The Universe, Life Nature Library (New York: Time Incorporated, 1962), pp. 131-37, greatly abridged.

^{[Note 69]} Goethe, Faust II. 2. 7495-8487.

^{[Note 70]} Eiseley, op. cit., pp. 45-47.

^{[Note 71]} Ibid., p. 51.

^{[Note 72]} Edward MacCurdy (ed.), The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (New York: George Braziller, 1955), p. 191.

^{[Note 73]} Goethe, Vorträge iiber die drei ersten Capitel des Entwürfs einer allgemeinen Einleitung im die vergleichende Anatomie, ausgehend von der Osteologie (1796), in Werke (1858), Vol. 36, p. 323.

^{[Note 74]} Goethe, Bildung und Umbildung organischer Naturen, Einleitendes zur Metamorphosen der Pflanzen (1790), Werke (1858), Vol. 36, pp. 6-9, abridged.

^{[Note 75]} Max Planck, “Über die Elementarquanta der Materie und der Elektrizitat,” Ann. der Phys., iv (1901), p. 564.

^{[Note 76]} Harold Dean Cater (ed.), Henry Adams and His Friends (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947), pp. 558-59.

^{[Note 78]} John Dewey, in Living Philosophies, a symposium of twenty-two living philosophies (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1931), pp. 25-27, 34-35.

^{[Note 79]} Nietzsche, Der Wille zur Macht, Book III, Par. 602, in Werke, Vol. 16, p. 96.

^{[Note 80]} Ibid., I. “Der europäische Nihilismus,” 20, 22, 28, in Werke (1922), Vol. 15, pp. 155-56 and 160.

^{[Note 81]} Eiseley, op. cit., p. 137.

^{[Note 82]} Ibid., p. 140.

Chapter 10:The Earthly Paradise

 

^{[Note 1]} Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, pp. 1-2.

^{[Note 2]} Stephen Herbert Langdon, Semitic Mythology, in MacCulloch (ed.), The Mythology of All Races, Vol. V, p. 11.

^{[Note 3]} Ibid., pp. 13 and 14.

^{[Note 4]} Occidental Mythology, pp. 95-140; 221-26; 271-90.

^{[Note 5]} Zimmer, Philosophies of India, pp. 13-14.

^{[Note 6]} Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 1.4.6,7, and 10, abridged. Translation following Robert Ernest Hume, The Thirteen Principal Upaniṣads (London, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1921), pp. 82-84, and commentary, Note 1, p. 83.

^{[Note 7]} Samuel A. B. Mercer, The Pyramid Texts (New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., 1952), Vol. I, pp. 93-94; texts 398 and 403.

^{[Note 8]} E. A. W. Budge, translation, The Per-em-hru or “Day of Putting Forth,” commonly called The Book of the Dead, in The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East (New York and London: Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. 2, pp. 190-91 and 196-97.

^{[Note 9]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 62.

^{[Note 10]} Ibid., p. 593.

^{[Note 11]} C. G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956), p. 215.

^{[Note 12]} See Zimmer, Philosophies of India, pp. 151-60.

^{[Note 13]} Dante, Convivio, Treatise IV, Chapters 23-28. Translation following Philip H. Wicksteed, The Convivio of Dante Alighieri (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1903), pp. 341-75.

^{[Note 14]} Ibid., IV, 26, v. (Wicksteed, op. cit., p. 363.)

^{[Note 15]} Ibid., IV, 26, i-ii. (Wicksteed, op. cit., p. 361.)

^{[Note 16]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 48- 50; Random House ed., p. 50-51.

^{[Note 17]} Richard Ellmann, James Joyce (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 162-63.

^{[Note 18]} Mann, The Magic Mountain, translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter, p. 4. (German, p. 12.)

^{[Note 19]} Ibid., p. 317. (German, p. 329.)

^{[Note 20]} Ibid., Translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter, p. 505. (German, pp. 521-522.)

^{[Note 20a]} Ibid., German, pp. 449-50; English, pp. 432-33.

^{[Note 21]} Sermo suppositus, 120, 8 (In Natali Domini IV), translation from Marie-Louise von Franz, Aurora Consurgens: A Document Attributed to Thomas Aquinas on the Problem of Opposites in Alchemy, Bollingen Series LXXVII (New York: Pantheon Books, 1966), p. 428.

^{[Note 22]} Epist. CXIV, Migne, P.L., vol. lxxvii col. 806, cited by Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 258, note 6.

^{[Note 23]} De chemia, p. 16, cited by Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, p. 258, n. 5.

^{[Note 24]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 543-546; Random House ed., pp. 565- 568.

^{[Note 25]} Ibid., Paris ed., p. 633; Random House ed., p. 661.

^{[Note 26]} Ibid., Paris ed., pp. 690-92 and 727 ff.; Random House ed., pp. 719-21 and 759 ff.

^{[Note 27]} Mann, Der Zauberberg, pp. 170-171; English, p. 165.

^{[Note 28]} Ibid., p. 249; English, p. 241.

^{[Note 29]} Ibid., p. 351; English, p. 338.

^{[Note 30]} Ibid., pp. 449-50; English 432- 33.

^{[Note 31]} C. G. Jung, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, translation by R. F. C. Null, Bollingen Series XX. 8 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1960), pp. 247-48.

^{[Note 32]} Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, conclusion.

^{[Note 33]} Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, p. 340.

^{[Note 34]} Mann, Der Zauberberg, pp. 647-648; English, pp, 625-26.

^{[Note 35]} Jung, Civilization in Transition, pp. 144-45.

^{[Note 36]} Theogony 116 ff.; Parmenides, fragment 132; Symposium 178 b.

^{[Note 37]} Translation by Richmond Lattimore, Hesiod (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), p. 130.

^{[Note 38]} C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, recorded and edited by Aniela Jaffé, translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Pantheon Books, 1963), pp. 353-354.

^{[Note 39]} John 12:45 and 10:30.

^{[Note 40]} Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 1. I am following my own translation, in Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, pp. 372-78.

^{[Note 41]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 37; Random House ed., p. 38.

^{[Note 42]} Translation by D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinness, Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: The Humanities Press, 1961).

^{[Note 43]} Bertrand Russell, “Introduction” to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, Pears and McGuinness (eds.), op. cit., p. x.

^{[Note 44]} Nietzsche, Der Wille zur Macht, Part III, Section 1, “Der Wille zur Macht als Erkenntnis,” Aphorisms Nos. 539 and 540.

^{[Note 45]} Nietzsche, Menschlich Allzumenschliches, Vol. I, Aphorism, No. 11.

^{[Note 46]} Jung, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, pp. 123-24.

^{[Note 47]} Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, Scene III.

^{[Note 48]} Ibid., Scene III.

^{[Note 49]} Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, translation by A. A. Brill in The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud (New York: The Modern Library, 1938), pp 164-65.

^{[Note 50]} Nietzsche, Menschlich Allzumenschliches, Aphorism No. 5.

^{[Note 51]} Sigmund Freud, Totem and Tabu, in Brill (transl.), op. cit., p. 927.

^{[Note 52]} Jung, The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, pp. 310-11.

^{[Note 53]} Jeffers, “Roan Stallion,” in Roan Stallion, Tamar, and Other Poems, p. 24.

^{[Note 54]} Thomas Mann, Joseph and His Brothers, Vol. I, translated by H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936), p. 3.

^{[Note 55]} Ibid., pp. 37-38.

^{[Note 56]} Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, p. 173.

^{[Note 57]} Oriental Mythology, pp. 9-10.

^{[Note 58]} Jung, The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, pp. 79-80.

^{[Note 59]} Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 5-6.

^{[Note 60]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 687; Random House ed., 715-16.

^{[Note 61]} Dante, Divina Commedia, Paradiso XXXIII, 115-17. Norton translation.

^{[Note 62]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., pp. 692- 693; Random House ed., pp. 721-722. In both editions the dot is by printer’s error omitted. See the German translation by Georg Goyert (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, no date), Vol. II, p. 354.

^{[Note 63]} Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, p. 280.

^{[Note 64]} Oriental Mythology, p. 485.

^{[Note 65]} Mann, The Magic Mountain, German, pp. 856-93; English, pp. 822-57.

^{[Note 66]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, pp. 182— 186.

^{[Note 67]} Joyce, Ulysses, Paris ed., p. 34; Random House, p. 35.

^{[Note 68]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 461-472.

^{[Note 69]} Mann, “Freud and the Future,” op. cit., pp. 425-26.

^{[Note 70]} Hesiod, Theogony 117, Lattimore translation.

^{[Note 71]} Ibid., 106.

^{[Note 72]} Joyce, Ulysses, last lines.

^{[Note 73]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 18.

^{[Note 74]} Ibid., pp. 4, 215, 382, 353, 486, 563, 582, 458, 455.

^{[Note 75]} Chāndogya Upaniṣad 8.4.2.

^{[Note 76]} Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 7.

^{[Note 77]} Thomas A. Sebeok, “Animal Communication,” Science, Vol. 147, pp. 1006-1014.

^{[Note 78]} Diego de Estella, Meditations on the Love of God, Nos. 18 and 28. Translations from E. Allison Peers, Studies of the Spanish Mystics (London: S.P.C.K.; New York: The Macmillan Co., 1951), Vol. II, p. 190.

^{[Note 79]} John of the Cross, Living Flame of Love I, translation from Peers, Vol. I, p, 213.

^{[Note 80]} Cited in Rudolf Arnheim, Picasso's Guernica: The Genesis of a Painting (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962), p. 138, note to p. 23.

^{[Note 81]} Joyce, Finnegans Wake, p. 215.

^{[Note 82]} Primitive Mythology, pp. 358-59, citing Wolfgang Köhler, The Mentality of Apes (2nd ed.; New York: Humanities Press, 1927), p. 95.

^{[Note 83]} Mann, The Magic Mountain, translation by H. T. Lowe-Porter, pp. 781-82; German, 813-14.

^{[Note 84]} Wittgenstein, op. cit., translation, Pears and McGuinness, op. cit.

^{[Note 85]} Zimmer, Philosophies of India, p. 375.