Freie Teilchen im Dreidimensionalen in Kugelkoordinaten

Um zu zeigen, wie sich die Radialgleichung lösen lässt (im vorangegangenen Abschnitt wurde die Radialgleichung erläutert), werden in den nächsten beiden Abschnitten verschiedene Zentralpotentiale behandelt. Zuerst betrachten wir freie Teilchen, die in kein Potential eingeschlossen sind.

Die Wellenfunktion hat in Kugelkoordinaten die folgende Form:

images

Über Ylm(θ, φ) wissen Sie Bescheid, denn das sind die Kugelfunktionen. Das Problem besteht nun darin, die Gleichung für den Radialteil Rnl(r) zu lösen. Die Radialgleichung lautet:

images

Für ein freies Teilchen gilt V(r) = 0, damit folgt für die Radialgleichung:

images

Um mit dieser Gleichung weiterzuarbeiten, ersetzt man gewöhnlich kr durch ρ, wobei images ist, sodass Rnl(r) zu Rl(kr) = Rl(ρ) wird. Das bedeutet, dass

images

folgende Form erhält:

images

Sie werden jetzt sicher nicht überrascht sein, wenn Sie erfahren, dass sich auch diese Gleichung im Rahmen der mathematischen Physik elementar lösen lässt. Das bedeutet, dass Sie im folgenden Abschnitt zwei weitere Arten von Funktionen kennen lernen werden, die sphärischen Bessel-Funktionen und die sphärischen Neumann-Funktionen.

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