Reference Notes
Bibliographical details of each book or article are given at its first point of entry (the place of publication is London unless otherwise stated). Thereafter, only a short entry is given, with a note indicating where the first full reference can be found in brackets, i.e. in Chapter Four, note 6, ‘Tacitus (III–I), p. 265’ refers back to Chapter Three, note 1, Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, translated and with an Introduction by Michael Grant (revised edn 1977 pbk).
Chapter 1: A Singular Exception
‘Flashes afresh …’ is a quotation from Philip Larkin’s poem ‘Aubade’.
1 Research carried out at the Colindale Newspaper Library fully confirms this.
2 Jonson, Ben, The Masque of Queenes, with the designs of Inigo Jones (1930), p. 35.
3 Cit. Dudley, Donald R. and Webster, Graham, The Rebellion of Boudicca (1962), p. 130; Webster, Graham, Boudica: The British Revolt against Rome AD 60 (1978), p. 15.
4 See Courteault, Paul, ‘An Inscription Recently Found at Bordeaux’, Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. XI (1921), pp. 102f. for a votive altar to Tutela Boudiga; Webster (1–3), p. 15.
5 Ubaldini, Petruccio, Le vite delle Donne illustri del regno d’Inghilterra, e del regno di Scotia … (1591); ‘Le Vite e i Fatti de sei Donne Illustri’, British Library MS 14A XIX. Translated by Angus Clarke.
6 Ogilby, John, Africa etc … Collected and translated from the most authentic authors (founded mainly on the work of O. Dapper), 2 vols (1670), Vol. II, pp. 564–5.
7 Joan Kelly’s Cancer Journal, cit. Kelly, Joan, Women, History and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago 1985), p. XV; interview with Graham Turner, ‘Feminists Count the Cost’, Sunday Telegraph, 22 February 1987.
8 Pisan, Christine de, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, or The Book of the Three Virtues, translated and with an Introduction by Sarah Lawson (1985 pbk), p. 51.
9 Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, 2 vols (1875), Vol. II, p. 179; Gibbon, Edward, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by J. B. Bury, 7 vols, Vol. I (1896), p. 27.
10 E.g. Hacker, Barton C., ‘Women and Military Institutions in Early Modern Europe’, Signs, Summer 1981.
11 Cit. Abbott, Nabia, Aishah: The Beloved of Mohammed, Preface by Sarah Graham-Brown (1985), p. 176.
12 Gibbon (1–9), 1, p. 149.
13 De Gaulle, Charles, The Edge of the Sword, translated by Gerard Hopkins (1960), pp. 13–14.
14 Tacitus, Germania, Chs 13–14, cit. Keen, Maurice, Chivalry (1984), p. 55.
15 de Beauvoir, Simone, The Second Sex (1972 pbk); p. 21.
16 Troyat, Henri Catherine the Great, translated by Emily Read (1979), p. 183.
17 A Comment on Boadicia by W. Rider AB, late Scholar of Jesus College, Oxon (1754); Wapshott, Nicholas and Brock, George, Thatcher (1983 pbk), p. 240; Mrs Thatcher, by substituting the word ‘failure’ for ‘defeat’, slightly misquoted Queen Victoria.
18 Young, Hugo and Sloman, Anne, The Thatcher Phenomenon (BBC Publications, 1986), p. 40; Denis Healey returned to the charge in the 1987 election (13 May), calling Mrs Thatcher ‘the Catherine the Great of Finchley’.
19 Boccaccio, Giovanni, Concerning Famous Women, translated with an Introduction by Guido A. Guarmio (1964), p. 5.
20 Campbell, Joseph, The Masks of God: Creative Mythology (1974), p. 519 note; Leigh Fermor, Patrick, A Traveller’s Tree: A Journey through the Caribbean Islands (1950), p. 374.
21 Carras, Mary C., Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership. A Political Biography (Bombay 1980), p. 47; Breisach, Ernst, Caterina Sforza: A Renaissance Virago (Chicago 1967), p. 24; cit. Duff, Nora, Matilda of Tuscany (1909), p. 77.
22 King, Betty, Boadicea (1975), p. 9.
Chapter 2: Antique Glories
1 See Ross, Anne, Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in Iconography and Tradition (1967), Ch. v, pp. 204f.
2 The Mabinogion, translated with an Introduction by Jeffrey Gantz (1976 pbk), p. 52.
3 Ross, Pagan (II–I), pp. 219, 152.
4 The Tain, translated from the Irish epic by Thomas Kinsella (Oxford 1970 pbk), pp. 52f; I have preferred this lively unbowdlerized translation.
5 Spenser, Edmund, The Faerie Queene, Introduction by J. W. Hales, 2 vols (1910), Vol. I, p. 381.
6 Diner, Helen, Mothers and Amazons (New York 1965), p. 27.
7 Lefkowitz, Mary R., Woman in Greek Myth (1986), p. 177 and ‘Influential Women’ in Images of Women in Antiquity, edited by Averil Cameron and Amélie Kuhrt (1983), pp. 49–64; Pomeroy, Sarah B., Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity (1976), p. 13 and ‘A Classical Scholar’s Perspective on Matriarchy’ in Liberating Women’s History: Theoretical and Critical Essays, edited by Berenice A. Carroll (Chicago 1976), pp. 217–24.
8 Todd, Malcolm, Roman Britain 55 BC–AD 400: The Province beyond the Ocean (1981 pbk), p. 36.
9 Sobol, Donald J., The Amazons of Greek Mythology (South Brunswick and New York, 1972), pp. 90ff.; Warner, Marina, Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism (1981), Ch. x, pp. 198f.; see also Briffault, R., The Mothers, 3 vols (1927), Vol. II, p. 457 note 2 for a convenient list of references on this subject.
10 Lefkowitz (II–7), p. 133.
11 The Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus, 2 vols (1956–7), Vol. I, pp. 199–203; Virgil, The Aeneid, translated into English prose by W. F. Jackson Knight (revised edn 1958 pbk), pp. 299, 200.
12 Heywood, Thomas, Gynaekeion or Nine Books of Various History Concerning Women (1624), p. 226.
13 Knox, John, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous regiment of Women, edited by Edward Arber (1880), p. 13; for the mignons see Davis, N. Z., Society and Culture in Early Modern France (1975), p. 133.
14 Correspondence de Napoléon 1er, Vol. XIII (Paris 1863), p. 326.
15 Kelly, Amy, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1950), p. 34.
16 Cit. Kelly, Eleanor (II–15), p. 38.
17 Green, David, Queen Anne (1970), p. 101.
18 Green (II–17), pp. 109, 154.
19 London Independent, 10 December 1986.
20 Duff (I–21), p. 274.
Chapter 3: The Queen of War
1 Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, translated and with an Introduction by Michael Grant (revised edn 1977 pbk), p. 330.
2 Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th edn 1974), Vol. II, p. 983.
3 Herodotus, The Histories, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, revised by A. R. Burn (1972 pbk), p. 115; The Elegies of Propertius in a Reconditioned Text, translated by S. G. Tremenheere (1932), p. 229.
4 The Works of Voltaire, 22 vols (New York 1927), Vol. IX, p. 173; Diodorus Siculus (II–II), p. 153.
5 Herodotus (III–3), pp. 123f.; Dewald, Caroline, ‘Women and Culture in Herodotus’ Histories’, in Foley, Helene B., Reflections of Women in Antiquity (New York 1981), pp. 91–125.
6 Boccaccio (I–19), p. 104.
7 Herodotus (III–3), pp. 8, 14, 475f., 554.
8 Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi (1980), p. 133; George Brown, cit. Observer, 24 April 1988.
9 Aylmer, John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes against the late blown Blast … (1559).
10 Heywood (II–12), p. 204.
11 See Grant, Michael, Cleopatra (revised edn 1974 pbk), passim, which is the basis of these dates and also much of the following passage.
12 Grant (III–11), p. 37.
13 Lefkowitz (II–7), p. 57.
14 Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Empire: Six Lives, translated by Rex Warner (1972 pbk), p. 290.
15 Cicero, Letters to Atticus, translated by E. O. Winstedt, 3 vols, Vol. III (1918), pp. 337–9.
16 Cit. Grant (III–11), pp. 184–5.
17 Cit. Grant (III–11), p. 261.
18 Grant (III–11), p. 208.
19 Horace, Odes, translated by James Michie (1964), 1, 37, p. 87.
20 Nine Lives by Plutarch, Makers of Rome, translated and with an Introduction by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1972 pbk reprint), p. 280.
21 Propertius (III–3), p. 231.
22 Horace (III–19), 1, 37, p. 89; Antony and Cleopatra, Act v, scene ii.
23 Dio’s Roman History, with an English translation by Earnest Cary, 9 vols, Vol. VIII (1925), pp. 83–105; Wright, F. A., Marcus Agrippa (1937), pp. 251–3; Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. X (Cambridge 1934), pp. 266–70; Macurdy, Grace H., Vassal-Queens and Some Contemporary Women in the Roman Empire (Baltimore 1937), p. 2.
24 Virgil (II–11), p. 173.
Chapter 4: Iceni: this Powerful Tribe
The principal sources for the following four chapters are Dudley and Webster, The Rebellion of Boudicca (I–3); Webster, Boudica (I–3); also Frere, Britannia (IV–15); Salway, Roman Britain (IV–7); and Todd, Roman Britain (II–8).
1 Caesar, De Bello Gallico, 5, 21, in ‘War Commentaries of Caesar’, translated by Rex Warner (New York 1960), p. 97; Allen, D. F., ‘The Coins of the Iceni’, Britannia, Vol. I (1970), p. 1 note 4, writes: ‘with little doubt’; but Todd (II–8), p. 24: ‘Cenimagni might later appear as the Iceni’.
2 Ekwall, Eilert, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th edn Oxford 1959), pp. 267, 268; Dudley and Webster (1–3), Appendix II p. 143.
3 The famous judgement of Gibbon on Abyssinia, actually a quotation from Alexander Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, (1717), l, 207.
4 Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 1.
5 Tacitus (III–I), p. 265; Todd (II–8), p. 83 note 8.
6 Tacitus (III–I), p. 265.
7 Salway, Peter, Roman Britain (Oxford 1984 pbk), p. 101; Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 2; Todd (II–8), p. 53.
8 See Ross, Anne, Everyday Life of the Pagan Celts (1970); Ross, Pagan (II–1); Powell, T. G. E., The Celts (1958), passim.
9 Clarke, R. Rainbird, East Anglia (1960), p. 110; Piggott, Stuart, The Druids (1974 pbk), p. 36.
10 The Geography of Strabo, translated by H. L. Jones, 8 vols, Vol. II (1923), pp. 237, 247.
11 Fox, Sir Cyril, Pattern and Purpose: A Survey of Early Celtic Art in Britain (Cardiff 1958), p. 59 and illustration p. 58; Salway (IV–7), p. 76; Powell (IV–8), p. 109: ‘no archaeological evidence’ for scythed chariots.
12 Cit. Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Clarke (IV–9), p. 99.
13 Fox (IV–11), p. 70; Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 14.
14 Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 3 and fig. 1; Tony Gregory, Norfolk Archaeological Unit, to the author, 1985.
15 Frere, Sheppard, Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (revised edn 1978), p. 40; Todd (II–8), p. 53; Webster (I–3), p. 24.
16 Spratling, Dr Mansel, ‘Note on Santon, Norfolk, Hoard’, Britannia, Vol. 6 (1975); Fox (IV–11), p. 84.
17 ‘Very heavy and uncomfortable’ were the terms used to the author by one individual who tried on a torc; see Clarke, R. Rainbird, ‘The Early Iron Age Treasure from Snettisham, Norfolk’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (1954); and Brailsford, John and Stapley, J. E., ‘The Ipswich Torcs’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (1972).
18 Brailsford and Stapley (IV–17), p. 227; alternatively if the Snettisham torcs come from further south, the Ipswich torcs may be local.
19 Reynolds, Peter, ‘Experimental Archaeology and the Butser Ancient Farm Research Project’ in Collis, J., The Iron Age in Britain (1977), p. 37.
20 Thetford, Current Archaeology, no. 81 (1981), pp. 294–7; Gregory (IV–14) to author.
21 Dio (III–23), VII, p. 414–15.
22 Gardner, Jane F., Women in Roman Law and Society (1986), p. 5; and Balsdon, J. P. V. D., Roman Women: Their History and Habits (1962), passim.
23 Wells, Colin, The Roman Empire (1984 pbk), p. 271.
24 Ross, Everyday (IV–8), p. 146.
25 Caesar cit. Ross, Everyday (IV–8), p. 133; Ross, Pagan (II–1), pp. 62f.; Webster (I–3), p. 82.
26 Livy cit. Ross, Everyday (IV–8), p. 154; Strabo (IV–10), 11, p. 247.
27 Tacitus (III–1), p. 266.
28 See Richmond, I. A., ‘Queen Cartimandua’, Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 44 (1954), pp. 43–52.
29 Tacitus (III–1), p. 269.
30 Tacitus, The Histories, translated by Kenneth Wellesley (revised edn, 1986 pbk), p. 172; Webster, Graham, Rome against Caractacus: The Roman Campaigns in Britain AD 48–58 (1981), p. 14.
31 Richmond (IV–28), p. 52.
32 Ubaldini, Donne (I–5); Milton, John, The History of Britain … continu’d to the Normal Conquest (1670), p. 60.
33 Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, translated by H. Mattingly, revised by S. A. Handford (1970 pbk), p. 66.
34 Syme, Sir Ronald, Tacitus, 2 vols (Oxford 1958), Vol. I, p. v.
35 Tacitus (III–I), pp. 327–32; Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), pp. 65–7; Dio (III–23), VIII, pp. 83–105.
36 Syme (IV–34), I, pp. 270f.; II, p. 763.
37 Millar, Fergus, A Study of Cassius Dio (Oxford 1964), pp. 32f.
38 Webster (I–3), p. 105.
39 In 1962 Dudley and Webster (III–1), pp. 144f., wrote of ‘a strong presumption in favour of 60 … with 61 not disposed of completely’; Syme (IV–34), I, p. 20 note 8 chooses 60; but in 1981 Salway (IV–7) referred to ‘more recent opinion’ returning to 61; i.e. Carroll, Kevin, J., ‘The Date of Boudicca’s Revolt’, Britannia, Vol. X (1979), pp. 197–202, who argues for 61; however Webster (III–1) sticks to 60, as do Frere (IV–15) and Clarke (IV–9).
40 Salway (IV–7), p. 90 and note 2.
41 See Braund, David C., Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship (1984), Part III, ‘Royal Wills’, p. 144 where the point is made that ‘we simply do not know how Nero and the King’s daughters were to divide the inheritance, for Tacitus does not tell us’.
Chapter 5: Ruin by a Woman
1 Tacitus trans. Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 137; Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), p. 66; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 85.
2 Bulst, Christoph, ‘The Revolt of Queen Boudicca in AD 60; Roman Politics and the Iceni’, Historia, Vol. 10 (1961), p. 499.
3 Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 85; cit. Powell (IV–8), p. 76; cit. Chadwick, Nora, The Celts (1970), p. 50.
4 Cit. Jardine, Lisa, ‘Isotta Nogarola: Women Humanists, Education for What?’, History of Education, Vol. 12, no. 4 (1983), p. 233.
5 Donizo cit. Huddy, Mary E., Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (1905), p. 76; cit. Hibbert, Christopher, The Great Mutiny, India 1857 (1978), p. 378; The Scriptores Historiae Augustae, with an English translation by David Magie, 3 vols (1922–32), Vol. III, p. 139; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302.
6 Johnsonian Miscellanies, ed. G. B. Hill, 2 vols (Oxford 1897), Vol. I, p. 118; Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 46.
7 Salway (IV–7), p. 113; Braund (IV–41), p. 144.
8 Graham Webster in the London Archaeologist, Vol. 4, no. 15 (1984) p. 411 suggests ‘Boudica and her household’ may have misunderstood what was an accounting process; alternatively Catus saw an opportunity for personal gain; Tacitus (III–1), p. 328.
9 Cit. Salway (IV–7), p. 146; Brownmiller, Susan, Against our will: Men, Women and Rape (1975), p. 14.
10 Breisach (I–21), p. 341.
11 I.e. Salway (IV–7), p. 114.
12 Cit. Balsdon (IV–22), p. 33.
13 Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 83.
14 Salway (IV–7), p. 115.
15 See Richmond, I. A., ‘The Four Coloniae of the Roman Empire’, Archaeological Journal, Vol. 103 (1947), p. 57.
16 Frere (IV–15), pp. 104–5.
17 Fishwick, Duncan, ‘Templum Divo Claudium Constitutum’, Britannia, Vol. 3 (1972), pp. 168f.; Webster (I–3), p. 89.
18 See Wheeler, R. E. M. and Laver, P. G., ‘Roman Colchester’, Journal of Roman Studies, IX (1919), pp. 139–69; Crummy, Philip, ‘Colchester: The Roman Fortress and the Development of the Colonia’, Britannia, Vol. 8 (1977), pp. 65–106.
19 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 49.
20 Ross, Pagan (II–1), p. 53; also Piggott (IV–9), passim for the Druids.
21 Todd (II–8), p. 257; Salway (IV–7), p. 24.
22 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 29.
23 Laing, Lloyd, Celtic Britain (1979), p. 81; Piggott (IV–9), p. 99; Powell (IV–8), p. 153; Ross, Everyday (IV–8), p. 151; Syme, Sir Ronald, Ten Studies in Tacitus (Oxford 1970), p. 25 and note 2.
24 Cit. Holmes, Richard, Footsteps (1984), p. 263.
25 Strongly argued by Webster (I–3), pp. 63f.; Richmond, I. A., Roman Britain (2nd edn 1963 pbk), p. 28, agrees, as does Frere (IV–15), p. 76; but see Todd (II–8), Appendix pp. 255–6 for contrary view and Dyson, Stephen L., ‘Native Revolts in the Roman Empire’, History, Vol. xx (1971), p. 260: the Druids’ role has been ‘exaggerated’.
26 Fox (IV–11), p. 145.
27 Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 6 vols, Vol. I (1807), p. 496; Milton (IV–32), p. 65; Syme (IV–34), I, p. 763 and note 6; Overbeck, John C., ‘Tacitus and Dio on Boudicca’s Rebellion’, American Journal of Philology, Vol. XL (1969), p. 136 note 27.
28 See Layard, John, The Lady and the Hare (1944), passim; Ross, Pagan (II–1), pp. 349–50.
29 Note by Dr Anne Ross, Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 151; Briffault (II–9), II, p. 70 note 12; Ross, Everyday (IV–8), p. 159; cit. Fox (IV–11), p. 139 and plate 80 no. 19.
30 Tacitus, Histories (IV–30), p. 247; Powell (IV–8), p. 195.
31 Dyson (v–25), p. 265.
32 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 57.
33 Crummy (v–18), p. 81.
34 Crummy, Philip, Colchester, Recent Excavations and Research (Colchester 1974).
35 Philip Crummy, Colchester Archaeological Trust, to the author, Colchester, 1985.
36 Dudley and Webster (I–3), pp. 106–7.
37 Webster (I–3), p. 117.
Chapter 6: The Red Layer
1 Todd (II–8), p. 90.
2 Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), p. 63.
3 Webster (I–3), pp. 90–1.
4 See Frere, S. S. and Joseph, J. K. St., ‘The Roman Fortress at Longthorpe’, Britannia, Vol. 5 (1974).
5 Ogilvie, R. M. and Richmond, Sir Ian (eds), Cornelii Taciti De Vita Agricolae (Oxford 1967), p. 198 note to ‘universi’.
6 Webster (I–3), p. 90.
7 Webster (I–3), p. 93; Firth, C. H., Cromwell’s Army, with a new Introduction by P. H. Hardacre (1967 pbk), p. 106.
8 See Merrifield, Ralph, London: City of the Romans (1983), pp. 41–6 and notes 1 and 2 p. 274 for a concise summary.
9 Hall, Jenny and Merrifield, Ralph, Roman London (HMSO 1986), p.6.
10 Merrifield (VI–8), pp. 26–7 suggests a military origin; but see Marsden, Peter, Roman London (1980), pp. 22–4 for a theory of civil trading settlement.
11 Marsden (VI–10), p. 24 for acreage; Frere (IV–15), p. 296 for population, if Tacitus’ figures are accepted, since his language suggests ‘an official souce’.
12 Merrifield (VI–8), p. 42.
13 Marsden (VI–10), p. 26.
14 Marsden (VI–10), p. 25.
15 Webster (I–3), p. 94.
16 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 55.
17 See Lambert, Frank, ‘Some Recent Excavations in London’, Archaeologia, Vol. LXXI (1921), pp. 55–8; Dunning, G. C., ‘Two Fires of Roman London’, Antiquaries Journal, Vol. xxv (1945), pp. 48–50 and fig. 3.
18 Marsden (VI–10), p. 33; Report by the Police President of Hamburg, 1 December 1943, Appendix 30, German Documents, 1943–45, p. 311.
19 Marsden (VI–10), p. 31.
20 Merrifield (VI–8), p. 57.
21 But Marsh, Geoff and West, Barbara, ‘Skulduggery in Roman London?’, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, Transactions, xxxii (1981) reject ‘the events of AD 60’ in connection with the skulls, in favour of ‘Celtic religious practices connected with water’.
22 Fraser, Antonia, Cromwell, Our Chief of Men (1973), p. 338.
23 Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), p. 66; Tacitus (III–1), p. 329; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 95.
24 Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology (1986), pp. 75–6.
25 I.e. Salway (IV–7), pp. 65–7; Wells (IV–23), pp. 276–8.
26 Pete Rowsome, site supervisor for Museum of London, quoted in New Scientist, 29 August 1985.
27 Clive. Thomas, The Complete Works of Lord Macaulay, 12 vols (1898), Vol. VII, p. 362.
Chapter 7: Eighty Thousand Dead
1 See Frere, Sheppard, Verulamium Excavations, Vol. I, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London no. XXVIII (Oxford 1972); Webster (I–3), p. 124.
2 Tacitus (III–1), pp. 328–9; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 95; Webster (I–3), p. 124.
3 Todd (II–8), p. 91 for ten thousand; Webster, Graham, The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries AD (2nd edn reprinted with corrections 1981), p. 229 for 15,000–20,000.
4 See Fuentes, Nicholas, ‘Boudicca re-visited’, London Archaeologist, Vol. 4, no. 12 (1983); Webster, Graham, ‘The Site of Boudica’s Last Battle: A Comment’, and Nicholas Fuentes’ response to Graham Webster, London Archaeologist, Vol. 4, no. 15 (1984).
5 See Webster, ‘The Site’ (VII–4).
6 Spence, Lewis, Boadicea: Warrior Queen of the Britons (1937), p. 248.
7 See Fuentes (VII–4).
8 See Transactions of the Birmingham Archaeological Society (Oxford), Vol. 79 (1964), pp. 117–20 for Adrian Oswald on coins and an earthen-work from Mancetter; Vol. 84 (1971), pp. 18–44 for evidence of a first-century ditch; Vol. 85 (1973), pp. 211–13 for possible importance of the site in association with the great revolt of AD 60; Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 111; Webster (I–3), p. 97 and fig. 5, p. 98. Other sources: Frere (IV–15), p. 107, ‘reasonable guesses’ have placed the site close to Watling Street, north-west of Towcester or near Mancetter; Salway (IV–7), p. 120: ‘somewhere in the Midlands’, Todd (II–8), p. 91: ‘may not have been far to the north-west of Verulamium’.
9 Salway (IV–7), p. 77.
10 See Webster, Army (VII–3), pp. 122–32.
11 The Tragedie of Bonduca in Comedies and Tragedies written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, Gentlemen … (1647), Act v, scene iv.
12 Bolton, Edmund, cit. Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Jones, Inigo, The Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, Vulgarly called Stone-Heng, on Salisbury Plain Restored (2nd edn 1725), pp. 34–5.
13 Scott, J. M., Boadicea (1975), pp. 31f.; Spence (VII–5), p. 260; The Times, 23 February 1988; Nicholas fuentes, letter to The Times, 27 February 1988 thought Platform 8 – ‘who knows’ – not impossible.
14 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 39.
15 Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), p. 67; Tacitus (III–1), p. 331; Bulst (v–2), p. 506; Overbeck (v–27), pp. 141–2.
16 Bulst (v–2), p. 506; Clarke (IV–9), p. 114.
17 Clarke (IV–9), p. 114; Bulst (v–2), p. 506 and note 80; Tacitus, Agricola (IV–33), p. 81.
18 Todd (II–8), p. 91; Salway (IV–7), Appendix IV, p. 751.
19 Cit. Nieng Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai (1986), p. 203.
Chapter 8: O Zenobia!
1 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 247; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 83.
2 See Février, J. G., Essai sur l’histoire politique et économique de Palmyre (Paris 1931); Tlass, Moustapha, Zénobie Reine de Palmyre: Oeuvre adaptée en français par Athanase Vantchev de Thracy (Damascus 1986), passim.
3 I.e. Oliver Cromwell in seventeenth-century England, Fraser (VI–22), p. 564; Février, J. G., La Religion des Palmyréniens (Paris 1931), p. 222.
4 Cameron, Alan, ‘The Date of Porphyry’s KATA KRISTIANON’, Classical Quarterly, XVII (1967), pp. 382–4.
5 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 135.
6 See Abbott, Nabia, ‘Pre-Islamic Arab Queens’, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Vol. LVIII (1941), pp. 1–22.
7 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 150.
8 Abbott, Nabia, ‘Women and the State on the Eve of Islam’, American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Vol. LVIII (1941), pp. 269–78; Abbott, Aishah (I–11), p. x.
9 Abbott, ‘Women’ (VIII–8), p. 262; Beard, Mary R., Women as Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (New York 1946), p. 290; Clayton, Ellen C., Female Warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era, 2 vols (1879), Vol. I, p. 88.
10 Février (VIII–2), pp. 59–62; Fedden, Robin, Syria: An Historical Appreciation (revised edn 1956), p. 87.
11 Février, Religion (VIII–3), p. 235.
12 The History of Count Zosimus, Sometime Advocate and Chancellor of the Roman Empire (1814), pp. 21f.; Février (VIII–2), p. 75.
13 Février (VIII–2), p. 85; Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 104 note I.
14 See Historia Augusta (v–5), III, pp. 135f., but nothing is known of the various authors to whom the biographies are attributed: see Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, compiled by Sir Paul Harvey (Oxford 1984), p. 210.
15 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, pp. 135–43 for ‘Trebellius Pollio’s’ description of Zenobia.
16 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302 and note 62; Boccaccio (I–19), p. 226; Jonson (I–2).
17 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 109, for theory of Zenobia’s conspiracy; Février (VIII–2), p. 90 believes in the possibility of Zenobia’s guilt only because Herodianus’ death helped her; a modern Arab writer, Moustapha Tlass (VIII–2), describes the accusations as ‘gratuitous’, since there is no proof of her complicity; Abbott, ‘Queens’ (VIII–6), p. 13 for Roman guilt.
18 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 135; Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XII (Cambridge 1939), p. 302.
19 Février, Religion (VIII–3), p. 241; Cambridge Ancient History (VIII–18), XII, p. 302.
20 Février (VIII–2), pp. 113–14; Cambridge Ancient History (VIII–18), XII, p. 302.
21 Février (VIII–2), p. 103.
22 Mommsen, Theodor, The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian, Vol. II (1909), pp. 106–7 note 5.
23 Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 29.
24 Zosimus (VIII–12), pp. 25f.
25 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, pp. 243–4; Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 25.
26 Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 27; although the exchanges may well, of course, be fictional.
27 Cambridge Ancient History (VIII–18), XII, p. 306.
28 Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 137.
29 Zosimus (VIII–12), p. 29; Historia Augusta (v–5), III, p. 249.
30 Gibbon (I–9), i, pp. 311–12; Historia Augusta (v–5), III, pp. 141, 259; Cambridge Ancient History (VIII–18), XII, p. 305 note I: ‘Zosimus should be rejected’.
31 Perceval, A. P. Caussin de, Essai sur l’histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme, pendant l’époque de Mahomet …, Vol. II (Paris 1897), pp. 30 note 4, 192–8; Abbott, ‘Queens’ (VIII–6), p. 13.
32 Mommsen (VIII–22), p. 110; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 308.
33 See Tlass (VIII–2), p. 169 note 1 for another Queen Al-Zabba, part of the royal family of Al-Hyra, sometimes confused with Zenobia.
34 Zénobie by Assi and Mansour Al-Rahbani, cit. Tlass (VIII–2), pp.254–60.
35 Zenobia: A Tragedy, ‘As it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. By the Author of the Orphan of China [Arthur Murphy]’ (1768).
Chapter 9: Matilda, Daughter of Peter
1 The ‘Epistolae Vagantes’ of Pope Gregory VII, edited and translated by H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford 1972), p. 13.
2 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 115.
3 Cit. Briey, Comte Renaud de, Mathilde, Duchesse de Toscane, Comtesse de Briey, Fondatrice de l’Abbaye d’Orval (1046–1115): Une Jeanne d’Arc Italienne (Brussels 1934), p. 50.
4 See Overmann, A., Gräfin Mathilde von Tuscien (Innsbruck 1895) for Regesta of her life pp. 123–90; also Tondelli, Leone, Matilda di Canossa – profile storico (3rd edn Reggio 1969); Duff (I–21), for biographical details.
5 Vedriani and Paluda, cit. Duff (I–21), p. 77; Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 30–1.
6 Huddy (v–5), p. 104.
7 See Colucci, G., Un nuovo poema latina dello IX secolo (Rome 1895), pp. 132–3.
8 Villani, Giovanni, Istorie Fiorentine, Vol. I (Milan 1802), pp. 201f.
9 Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 5, 144–5; Schevill, Ferdinand, History of Florence from the Founding of the City through the Renaissance (New York 1961), p. 54.
10 Erra, C. A., Memorie storico-critiche della gran contessa Matilda (Rome 1768), p. xiii.
11 Dante, De Monarchia, translated by P. H. Wicksteed, Book III (1896), pp. 277–8.
12 Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 91.
13 Tondelli (IX–4), pp. 30–1.
14 Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 127.
15 Cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 53.
16 See Gregory VII, Epistolae (IX–1) passim and biographies of Matilda, esp. Briey (IX–3), Duff (I–21) and Tondelli (IX–4).
17 Briey (IX–3), p. 56.
18 Donizo’s Vita Comitissae Mathildis – in two books of Latin verse – is the principal souce for events at Canossa (1734) BL: 12 f.6; see also the latest Italian translation by G. Marzi and V. Bellocchi (Modena 1970).
19 Gregory VII’s letter in Duff (I–21), Appendix D pp. 290–1.
20 Donizo, 1, 2, v. 203 cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 127.
21 Cit. Briey (IX–3), p. 151.
22 Schenetti, Matteo, ‘La vittoria de Matilde di Canossa su Arrigo IV’, Studi Matildici, Reggio 7–9 ottobre 1972 (Modena 1978), pp. 238–9.
23 Cit. Duff (I–21), p. 204.
24 Schevill (IX–9), pp. 58f.
25 See Rough, Robert H., The Reformist Illuminations in the Gospels of Matilda Countess of Tuscany: A Study in the Art of the Age of Gregory VII (The Hague 1973).
26 Inscriptions given in Duff (I–21), pp. 275–6.
27 Cit. Stephan, Rt. Hon. Sir James, Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography, Vol. I (1907), pp. 35f.
28 The Vision of Purgatory and Paradise by Dante Alighieri, translated by Rev. H. F. Cary (1893), Cantos XXVIII, XIX, XXXI and XXXII, and p. 120 note 1. Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered, translated by Edward Fairfax, The Carisbrooke Library, Vol. VII (1890), Book XVII, p. 352.
29 Nencioni, G., Matilde di Canossa (Milan 1937), p. 190.
30 Tondelli (IX–4), Preface.
Chapter 10: England’s Domina
1 For the Empress Maud see Dictionary of National Biography entry by Kate Norgate (1908–9); Onslow, the Earl of, The Empress Maud (1939) and Pain, Nesta, Empress Matilda: Uncrowned Queen of England (1978); for the period generally, Chibnall, Marjorie, Anglo-Norman England, 1066–1166 (Oxford 1986) is the principal source.
2 DNB (x–1).
3 The Works of Gildas, in Six Old English Chronicles, edited by J. A. Giles (1878), p. 301.
4 See Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 114.
5 Ruskin, Mornings in Florence, cit. Purdie, Edna, The Story of Judith in German and English Literature (Paris 1927).
6 William of Malmesbury, The History of the Kings of England …, Vol. III, Part I (The Church Historians of England 1854), p. 109.
7 Judith, edited by B. J. Timmer (1966), p. 7.
8 Anglo-Saxon Poetry, selected and translated by Professor R. K. Gordon (revised edn 1954), pp. 320–6.
9 See Chibnall (X–1), pp. 83–5.
10 Cit. Chibnall (X–1), p. 67 note 33.
11 The Idea of a perfect Princesse, in The Life of St Margaret Queen of Scotland. With Elogiums on her children David and Mathilda Queen of England. Now englished (Paris 1661).
12 Chibnall (X–1), p. 68.
13 The Historia Novella by William of Malmesbury, edited by K. R. Potter (1955), pp. 3–5.
14 See Gillingham, John, The Angevin Empire (1984 pbk), p. 9 for the view that Henry had Geoffrey in mind as his successor at the time of the betrothal; Chibnall (X–1), p. 85; ‘no reliable evidence that he ever changed his mind about his heir’.
15 Cit. Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, Vol. I (reprint 1972), p. 203.
16 Gillingham (X–14), pp. 10–11.
17 Gesta Stephani, edited and translated from the Latin by K. R. Potter, with a new Introduction and Notes by R. H. C. Davis (Oxford 1976), p. 5; William of Malmesbury (X–6), III, Part I, p. 389.
18 Fell, Christine, Clark, Cecily and Williams, Elizabeth, Women in Anglo-Saxon England and the Impact of 1066 (1984), p. 170.
19 Strickland (X–15), p. 1 where the quotations are given in Latin, slightly mixed up.
20 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Histories of the Kings of Britain, translated by Sebastian Evans, introduction by Lucy Anne Paton (1934), p. 34.
21 See Reilly, Bernard F., The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca 1109–1126 (Princeton, New Jersey 1982), especially Ch. 12, pp. 352f.
22 DNB (X–1); Chibnall (X–1), p. 94 note 103.
23 Gesta Stephani (X–17), pp. 179–84.
24 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, edited and translated by D. Whitelock, D. C. Douglas and S. I. Tucker (1961), p. 200.
25 Cit. DNB (X–1).
26 Strickland (X–15), p. 225 gives the various contemporary references; Gesta Stephani (X–17), pp. 94–5; William of Malmesbury (X–6), III, Part I, pp. 421–2.
27 Onslow (X–1), p. 106; Pain (X–1), p. 102.
28 Cit. Pain (X–1), pp. 85, 91.
29 Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, edited by H. R. Luard (part of Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During The Middle Ages), Vol. II (1874), p. 324; DNB (X–1).
Chapter 11: Lion of the Caucasus
The principal sources for this chapter are W. E. D. Allen’s History of the Georgian People (XI–3) and D. M. Lang’s The Georgians (XI–7).
1 Professor Mariam Lordkipanidze, communication to the author; Kelly, Lawrence, Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus (1983 pbk), p. 78.
2 ‘The Demon’ translated by Robert Burness (Edinburgh 1918), cit. Kelly (XI–1), p. 79.
3 Thubron, Colin, Among the Russians (1985 pbk), p. 165; Allen, W. E. D., A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century (1932), pp. 40, 103.
4 Allen (XI–3), p. 2.
5 Shota Rustaveli, The Knight in Panther’s Skin, a free translation in prose by Katharine Vivian, Foreword by David Lang (1977), p. 39.
6 Allen (XI–3), pp. 39–40.
7 Cit. Lang, D. M., The Georgians (1966), pp. 112, 28.
8 Lang (XI–7), pp. 64f. gives a good summary.
9 Cit. Allen (XI–3), p. 107.
10 Cit. Maclean, Sir Fitzroy, To Caucasus (1976), p. 20.
11 Allen (XI–3), p. 102.
12 d’Auriac, Eugène, Thamar Reine de Géorgie (Paris 1892), p. 2.
13 Allen (XI–3), p. 103.
14 Lang (XI–7), p. 225.
15 Allen (XI–3), p. 106.
16 d’Auriac (XI–12), pp. 9, 12.
17 Cit. Katharine Vivian to author.
18 d’Auriac (XI–12), p. 12.
19 Allen (XI–3), p. 103.
20 Titus Andronicus, Act v, scene iii; Georgian Shakespeariana, III, edited and with a Foreword and notes by Nico Kiasashvili (seminar in Georgia to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare’s birth) (Tbilisi 1964), p. 336.
21 Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 9.
22 Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 11.
23 The Georgian Chronicle, cit. David Lang’s Foreword to Rustaveli (XI–5), p. 18.
24 Urushadze, Venera, Shota Rustaveli’s The Knight in Panther’s Skin, translated from the Georgian, Introduction by David M. Lang (Tbilisi 1979), p. 11.
25 Bowra, C. M., Inspiration and Poetry (1955), pp. 45–67.
26 Allen (XI–3), p. 244: his own translation.
Chapter 12: Isabella with her Prayers
The principal modern sources consulted for this chapter are J. H. Elliot’s Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (XII–1), J. N. Hillgarth’s The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516 (XII–4) and F. Fernández-Armesto’s joint biography of Ferdinand and Isabella (XII–2).
1 J. H. Elliott’s Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (1963), p. 65.
2 Cit. Fernández-Armesto, F., Ferdinand and Isabella (1975), p. 96.
3 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 149.
4 Bernáldez cit. Hillgarth, J. N., The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516 (Oxford 1978), p. 451.
5 Hillgarth (XII–4), p. 483.
6 Cit. Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 53.
7 See Elliott (XII–1), p. 11: ‘a consideration lately gives her the benefit of the doubt’.
8 Elliott (XII–1), pp. 10, 66.
9 Walsh, W. T., Isabella of Spain (1931), p. 137.
10 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 83.
11 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 27.
12 Prescott, W. H., History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (new and revised edition 1885), p. 592 note 3.
13 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 64.
14 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 41.
15 Prescott (XII–12), pp. 591f.; Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), pp. 106f.
16 Hillgarth (XII–4), p. 363; and see Walsh (XII–9), p. 616 note 2 writing in 1931: ‘The canonization of Isabel as a saint has been urged strongly in Spain during the past year.’
17 Elliott (XII–1), p. 11.
18 Viaggio cit. Prescott (XII–12), p. 596.
19 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240.
20 Laffin, John, Women in Battle (1967), pp. 20–1.
21 Walsh (XII–9), p. 365.
22 Prescott (XII–12), p. 244.
23 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 90.
24 Elliott (XII–1), p. 20.
25 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240; Walsh (XII–9), p. 325.
26 Nervo, Baron de, Isabella the Catholic: Queen of Spain. Her Life, Reign and Times 1451–1504 (1897), p. 203.
27 Nervo (XII–26), p. 195.
28 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 49; Walsh (XII–9), p. 22.
29 See Colby, Kenneth Mark, ‘Gentlemen, the Queen’, Psychoanalytic Review, Vol. 40 (1953), pp. 144–8.
30 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 136.
31 Ernst Breisach’s biography of Caterina Sforza (I–21) is the basis of the ensuing pages; see also Kelly (I–7), pp. 31f.
32 See Breisach (I–21), p. 296 note 99 for sources of the various versions.
33 Fernández-Armesto (XII–2), p. 55.
34 Elliott (XII–1), p. 42; Walsh (XII–9), p. 605.
Chapter 13: Elizabetha Triumphans
1 Harborowe (III–9).
2 Knox (II–13), p. 12.
3 Knox (II–13), pp. 31f.
4 Knox, John, History of the Church of Scotland, cit. Knox (II–13), Appendix.
5 Abbott, Aishah (I–11), p. 176; see Phillips, James E., Jr, ‘The Background of Spenser’s Attitude Toward Women Rulers’, Huntington Library Quarterly (1941–2), pp. 5f.
6 Knox (II–13), pp. XVII, 31.
7 Knox (II–13), Appendix; Phillips, (XIII–5), passim.
8 Harborowe (III–9), passim.
9 Ridley, Jasper, Elizabeth 1 (1987), pp. 25–6, 85.
10 Prescott, H. F. M., Mary Tudor (1953), p. 164.
11 Erickson, Carolly, Bloody Mary (1978), p. 56.
12 Waldman, Milton, The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor 1516–1558 (1972), p. 204.
13 Neale, J. E., Queen Elizabeth 1 (1960 pbk), p. 69.
14 Williams, Neville, Elizabeth 1:Queen of England (1971 pbk), pp. 48, 70.
15 Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots (1969), p. 163; Jewels and Plate of Queen Elizabeth 1: the Inventory of 1574, edited by A. Jefferies Collins (1955), p. 112; Neale (XIII–13), p. 288.
16 Cit. Erickson (XIII–11), p. 388.
17 The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse, edited by John H. Ellis (Charlestown 1867), p. 361.
18 Heisch, Allison, ‘Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy’, Feminist Review, February 1980, pp. 45–55.
19 Longford, Elizabeth, Victoria RI (1964), p. 395.
20 Cit. Erickson (XIII–11), p. 390.
21 The Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill, edited and with an Introduction by Gordon Donaldson (1969), p. 37.
22 Buchanan cit. Phillips, James E., Jr, ‘The Woman Ruler in Spenser’s Faerie Queene’, Huntington Library Quarterly (1941–2), p. 220.
23 Strong, Roy, The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry (1977), p. 50.
24 Williams (XIII–14), p. 168.
25 Williams (XIII–14), p. 324.
26 Palliser, D. M., The Age of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors 1547–1603 (1983), pp. 12, 107f.; Adams, Simon, ‘The Queen Embattled: Elizabeth I and the Conduct of Foreign Policy’ in Queen Elizabeth I: Most Politick Princess, edited by Simon Adams, History Today special issue (1984).
27 Cit. Fraser, Mary (XIII–15), p. 344; Palliser (XIII–26), p. 108.
28 Creighton, Rev. Mandell, Queen Elizabeth (1896), p. 179.
29 Nichols, John (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, 2 vols (1780–90), Vol. I, Appendix VII pp. 525–6.
30 Williams (XIII–14), p. 290.
31 Williams (XIII–14), pp. 279, 347.
32 See Strong, Cult (XIII–23), passim; most recently Strong, Roy, Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (1987).
33 Strong, Cult (XIII–23), p. 47.
34 Jewels (XIII–15), p. 112; Williams (XIII–14), pp. 350–1.
35 Dunlop, Ian, Palaces and Progresses of Elizabeth 1 (1962), p. 85; Williams (XIII–14), p. 250.
36 Chambers, Anne, Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O’Malley, c. 1530–1603 (Dublin 1983 pbk), Ch. VI, pp. 127f.
37 Dunlop (XIII–35), p. 32; cit. Erickson (XIII–11), p. 276.
38 Henry VI Part III, Act I, scene iv.
39 Savile, Henry, The Ende of Nero and the beginning of Galba. Fower bookes of the histories of Cornelius Tacitus. The life of Agricola (1591), Preface.
40 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 115; Polydore Vergil’s English History, Vol. I, edited by Sir Henry Ellis (1846), pp. 17, 70–2.
41 The Chronicles of Scotland, compiled by Hector Boëce, translated into Scots by John Bellenden 1531, edited by R. W. Chambers and Edith Batho, Vol. I (Edinburgh 1938), pp. 141–5.
42 Holinshed (v–27), I, pp. 43–8.
43 Ubaldini, Donne (I–5).
44 Ubaldini, ‘Fatti’ (I–5).
45 Camden’s Britannia, Introduction by Stuart Piggott (1971 facsimile), pp. 311, 347, 366; Dudley and Webster (I–3), pp. 117, 156 note 10.
46 Spenser (II–5), Vol. I, p. 297.
47 Spenser (II–5), Vol. II, p. 199.
48 Williams (XIII–14), pp. 307, 311; Camden (XIII–45), p. 10.
49 ‘Elizabetha Triumphans’ in Nichols, John, The Progresses, and Public Processions, of Queen Elizabeth …, Vol. II (1788), p. 22.
50 This account is based on Christy, Miller, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Tilbury in 1588’, English Historical Review (1919), pp. 43–61; Mattingly, Garrett, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1959), pp. 290–7; also The Queenes visiting of the Campe at Tilburie with her entertainement there, BL c. 18 l. 2 (64) (1588); ‘Elizabetha Triumphans’ (XIII–49); Ridley (XIII–9), p. 285 and note.
51 Calendar of State Papers Domestic 1581–90, p. 516; Neale (XIII–13), p. 301.
52 See Barker, Felix, ‘If Parma had Landed’, History Today (May 1988), p. 40. Recent research dismisses Arden Hall as the Queen’s residence.
53 Barker (XIII–52), p. 38 questions the text because Aske reports the speech differently; but Sharp would have been closer to the Queen than Aske and, as Leicester’s chaplain, closer to court circles. Letter to The Times, 12 May 1988.
54 CSP Domestic (XIII–51), p. 514.
55 Hacker (I–10), p. 653.
Chapter 14: Jinga at the Gates
1 Oakley, Stewart, The Story of Sweden (1966), p. 82.
2 Kelly (I–7), p. 86.
3 Cit. Green (II–17), p. 187.
4 Swift, Jack Frenchman’s Lamentation, cit. Green (II–17), pp. 191, 360 note 28.
5 Blake, Robert, Disraeli (1966), p. 637.
6 Bonduca (VII–11), Act III, scene i; Fletcher, John, Bonduca (Malone Society reprint Oxford 1951) suggests it is ‘hardly open to doubt’ that the play is ‘substantially Fletcher’s’.
7 Bonduca or, The British Heroine, A Tragedy Acted at the Theatre Royal by his Majesty’s Servants (1696); Price, C. A., Henry Purcell and the London Stage (Cambridge 1984), pp. 97, 117–25.
8 Price (xiv–7), p. 117.
9 Piggott (IV–9), p. 81; Mossiker, Frances, Pocahontas: The Life and the Legend (1977), pp. 43, 157, 166.
10 Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Heywood (II–12), p. 72.
11 Petition of Women, BL E551 (14) (1649); Shepherd, Simon, Amazons and Warrior Women: Varities of Feminism in Seventeenth-Century Drama (Brighton 1981), pp. 87f.
12 Sammes, Aylett, Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, or, The Antiquities of Ancient Britain, Vol. I (1676), pp. 223–9.
13 The British Princes, An Heroick Poem Written by the Honourable Edward Howard Esq. (1669).
14 Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 125.
15 See Piggott, Stuart, William Stukeley: An Eighteenth-Century Antiquary (Oxford 1950), passim, especially pp. 54–5 and note 1: Lincolnshire Notes – Queries, MS in the possession of W. A. Cragg of Threckingham, Vol. 10 (1909), pp. 177–80.
16 Piggott, Stukeley (XIV–15), p. 56.
17 G. E. C. (Cokayne), The Complete Peerage (reprint 1981), XII/I, p. 81; The Complete Poetical Works of James Thomson, edited by J. Logie Robertson (1908), p. 413.
18 The Works of William Cowper, 8 vols (1853–5), Vol. v, pp. 265–6.
19 Information supplied to the author from resident in Angola in 1987.
20 Buttinger, Joseph, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. II: Vietname at War (New York 1970), pp. 54–6. Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (New York 1983), p. 100.
21 Ladner, Joyce A., ‘Racism and Tradition: Black Womanhood in Perspective’ in Carroll (II–7), pp. 179–93; Diner (II–6), pp. 221–7; Laffin (XII–20), pp. 47–51.
22 Diner (II–6), pp. 223; Spectator (London), 29 October 1987.
23 The main sources for the life of Queen Jinga are: Birmingham, David, Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese 1483–1790 (Oxford 1966); Boxer, C. R., Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825 (Oxford 1963) and Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602–1686 (1952); Chilcote, B., Portuguese Africa (1967); Duffy, James, Portuguese Africa (1959).
24 Birmingham (XIV–23), pp. 92–5.
25 Boxer, Salvador (XIV–23), p. 243.
26 Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 25.
27 Ogilby (I–6), II, pp. 563–5.
28 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 29.
29 Cit. Boxer, Race (XIV–23), p. 30.
30 Ogilby (I–6), II, p. 563.
31 Child, Mrs, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans called Africans (Boston 1833), p. 161.
32 Birmingham (XIV–23), p. 125.
33 Child (XIV–31), p. 161.
Chapter 15: Queen versus Monster
1 Napoleon (II–14), p. 488.
2 Napoleon (II–14), p. 326; Gluck’s Armide: libretto by Philippe Quenault, Act v, scene v.
3 Voss, Sophie Marie Countess von, Sixty-Nine Years at the Court of Prussia: From the recollections of the Mistress of the Household, 2 vols (1876), Vol. II, p. 42.
4 Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France …, edited and with an Introduction by Conor Cruise O‘Brien (1969 pbk), p. 170; Life of General Sir Robert Wilson, edited by Rev. Herbert Randolph, Vol. II (1862), p. 53.
5 Wilson (xv–4), p. 53; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302.
6 Biographies consulted for Maria Theresa and Catherine respectively are: Crankshaw, Edward, Maria Theresa (1971 pbk); Cronin, Vincent, Catherine Empress of all the Russias (1978); Gooch, G. P., Catherine the Great and Other Studies (1954); Troyat, Henri, Catherine the Great (I–16).
7 Saint Simon at Versailles, selected and translated by Lucy Norton. With a preface by Nancy Mitford (1985 pbk edn), p. 241.
8 Cit. Crankshaw (xv–6), p. 59, 61; The Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh, edited by Alexander Carlyle, 2 vols (1909), Vol. I, p. 41.
9 Crankshaw (xv–6), p. 78.
10 Crankshaw (xv–6), pp. 308f.; c 1749 cit. Maria Theresia’s Politisches Testament, edited by J. Kalbrunner and C. Biener (Vienna 1959).
11 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 32.
12 Memoirs of Catherine the Great, translated by Katharine Anthony (New York 1927), p. 15.
13 Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw [Dashkova], Lady of Honour to Catherine 11, Empress of all the Russias, Written by Herself, edited by Mrs W. Bradford, 2 vols (1840), Vol. I, pp. 78f.
14 Catherine’s Memoirs (xv–12), p. 266.
15 Troyat (I–16), p. 187; Gooch (xv–6), p. 95.
16 Troyat (I–16), p. 270.
17 Gooch (xv–6), p. 18; Troyat (I–16), p. 166.
18 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.
19 Voltaire (III–4), IX, passim, esp. pp. 51, 68.
20 Voltaire (III–4), IX, p. 84.
21 Cronin (xv–6), p. 183.
22 Wright, Constance, Louise, Queen of Prussia (1970), p. 47.
23 Wright (xv–22), p. 18; Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le Brun, translated by Lionel Strachey, 2 vols (1904), Vol. II, p. 167.
24 The Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, KCH, from the Peace of Amiens to the Battle of Talavera, edited by Lady Jackson, 2 vols (1872), vol. I, p. 126.
25 Voss (xv–3).
26 Taack, Merete von, Königin Luise: Eine Biographie (Tübigen 1978), pp. 226–7; Delbruck, Hans, ‘Von der Königin Luise, dem Minister v. Stein und dem deutschen Nationalgedanken’, Preussische Jahrbücher, Vol. 136 (1909), p. 452; Maass, Joachim, Kleist:A Biographe (1983), pp. 88, 122, 206.
27 Kleist, Henrich von, Penthesilea: A Tragedy, English version by Humphrey Trevelyan (1959), Act I, scene xv.
28 Vigée Le Brun (xv–23), II, pp. 168–9.
29 Jackson (XV–24), I, pp. 153, 241; Klett, Tessa, Königin Luise von Preussen in der Zeit der Napoleonischen Kriege (Berlin 1937), p. 131.
30 Voss (XV–3), II, pp. 29–30.
31 Voss (XV–3), ii, p. 30.
32 Napoleon (II–14), p. 425.
33 Klett (XV–29), p. 72.
34 Wright (XV–22), p. 81.
35 Krieger, Bogdan, ‘Russischer Besuch am preussischen Hof vor 100 Jahren’, Deutsche Revue, Vol. 29 (1904), p. 348.
36 Aretz, Gertrude, Queen Louise of Prussia 1776–1810 (New York 1929), p. 144.
37 Wright (XV–22), p. 141.
38 Napoleon (II–14), p. 324; Delbrück (xv–26), p. 520.
39 Hardy, Thomas, The Dynasts: An Epic Drama (1920), p. 155.
40 Taack (XV–26), p. 371.
41 Mémoires et lettres inédits du Chevalier de Gentz (Stuttgart 1841), p. 296.
42 Napoleon (II–14), p. 363; Princess Louise of Prussia (Princess Anton Radziwill), Forty-five Years of My Life 1770–1815 (1912), p. 228.
43 Taack (xv–26), p. 371; Bailleu, Paul, Königin Luise: Ein Lebensbild (Berlin and Leipzig 1908), p. 199.
44 Klett (XV–29), p. 145; Leveson-Gower, Lord Granville (First Earl Granville), Private Correspondence 1781 to 1821, edited by Castalia Countess Granville, 2 vols (1916), Vol. II, p. 265.
45 Napoleon (II–14), pp. 367–8.
46 Bailleu (XV–43), p. 210.
47 Taack (XV–26), p. 380.
48 Memoirs of Prince Metternich (1773–1815), edited by Prince Richard Metternich, Vol. II (1880), p. 144.
49 Klett (XV–29), p. 154; Bailleu, Paul, ‘Königin Luise in Tilsit’, Hobenzollern Jahrbuch, 3 Jahrgang (1899), p. 224; Aretz (xv–36), p. 214.
50 Aretz (XV–36), p. 216; Granville (xv–44), II, p. 70; Jackson (xv–24), I, p. 163; Wilson (xv–4), p. 298.
51 Granville (xv–44), II, p. 271.
52 The best account in English is in Wright (xv–22), pp. 169–178, and in German in Taack (XV–26), pp. 398f.; see also Bailleu, ‘Tilsit’ (xv–49).
53 I.e. Taack (XV–26), p. 405; Palmer, Alan, Alexander 1: Tsar of War and Peace (1974), p. 141.
54 Jackson (XV–24); Wilson (xv–4), p. 310.
55 Maass (XV–26), p. 111; Richardson, Mrs Charles, Memoirs of the private life and opinions of Louise, Queen of Prussia (1847), p. 193.
56 Richardson (XV–55), p. 263.
57 Moffat, Mary Maxwell, Queen Louise of Prussia (1906), p. 308.
58 Louise of Prussia (XV–42), p. 27; Richardson (XV–55), p. 1.
59 See Bellardi, Paul, Königin Luise, ihr Leben und ihr Andenken in Berlin (Berlin 1893), for a description of the many kinds of memorial to Queen Louise; Treitschke, Heinrich von, ‘Königin Luise’ in Historische und Politische Aufsätze, IV (Berlin 1897), pp. 310f.: Kelly, Rev. John, Louise of Prussia and other sketches (1888), p. 93.
60 Richardson (XV–55), p. 291.
Chapter 16: The Valiant Rani
1 Thornycroft, Elfrida, Bronze and Steel: The Life of Thomas Thornycroft, Sculptor and Engineer (Shipston-on-Stour 1932), pp. 51f.
2 Tennyson, Charles, Alfred Tennyson (1949), p. 323; Tennyson, Alfred, Poetical Works Including the Plays (1953), pp. 224–6.
3 The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series, 1862–1878, edited by G. E. Buckle, 2 vols, Vol. II (1926), p. 119.
4 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.
5 Tahmankar, D. V., The Ranee of Jhansi (1958), p. 19.
6 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 13f.
7 See the most recent biography, Lebra-Chapman, Joyce, The Rani of Jhansi: A Study in Female Heroism in India (Honolulu 1986), pp. 15 and note 11, 168 for a discussion of the date, Indian sources mostly reporting 19 November 1835; also Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 23: ‘about 1827’; Smyth, Brigadier the Rt. Hon. Sir John, Bt. vc MC, The Rebellious Rani (1966), p. 11: ‘about 1828’.
8 Shastiko, Pyotri, Nana Sahib, translated by Savitri Shahani (New Delhi 1980), p. 25.
9 See Agnew, Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics (New Delhi 1976), p. 3; Gaur, Albertine, Women in India (British Library Publications 1980), passim, esp. pp. 2–25; Gupta, A. R., Women in Hindu Society: A Study in Tradition and Transition (New Delhi 2nd edn 1980), pp. 6f.; Jacobson, Doranne and Wadley, Susan S., Women in India: Two Perspectives (New Delhi 1977), pp. 114f.
10 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z 502/49.
11 Allen, Charles, A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Indian Journals of Charlotte Canning (1986), p. 149; Maclagan, Michael, ‘Clemency Canning’: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning. Governor General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 (1962), p. 287.
12 Low, Ursula, Fifty Years with John Company, From the Letters of General Sir John Low of Clatto, Fife: 1822–1858 (1936), p. 176; Russell, W. H., My Diary in India in the year 1858/9, 2 vols (1860), Vol. II, p. 299.
13 Bryce, James, ‘British Opinion and the Indian Revolt’ in Rebellion 1857 (XVI–65), p. 303.
14 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 28.
15 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 32.
16 See Sinha, Shyam Narain, Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, with a Foreword by Bisheshwar Prasad (Allahabad 1980), pp. 13f. for a discussion of Hindu adoption law; Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 33 note A.
17 Kaye, J. W., A History of the Sepoy War in India 1857–1858, 3 vols (9th edn 1880), Vol. III, p. 360.
18 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 316.
19 Private Letters of the Marquess of Dalhousie, edited by J. G. A. Baird (2nd imp. Edinburgh 1911), p. 33; Sen, Surendra Nath, 1857, with a Foreword by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Calcutta 1958), p. xii.
20 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 37–9.
21 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 39.
22 Kaye (XVI–17), III, p. 362.
23 Dalhousie (XVI–19), p. 427; Diver, Maud, Honoria Lawrence: A Fragment of Indian History (Boston and New York 1936), p. 371.
24 Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 21.
25 Surtees, Virginia, Charlotte Canning, Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria and Wife to the First Viceroy of India 1817–1861 (1975), p. 229; See Hibbert (V–5), pp. 59–60 and 404 note 5 for the evidence re the chupatties; The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837–1861, edited by A. C. Benson and Viscount Esher, 3 vols (1907), Vol. II, p. 313.
26 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 54.
27 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 67.
28 See Sen (XVI–19), pp. 273–9 for the evidence and the pros and cons of the Rani’s guilt/complicity; Rice Holmes, T., A History of the Indian Mutiny (5th edn 1898), pp. 491f., for a characteristically British view.
29 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 70f.
30 Sen (XVI–19), pp. 276; Sinha (XVI–16), p. 55.
31 Cit. Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 73–5; Sen (XVI–19), p. 279.
32 Sen (XVI–19), Appendix pp. 297–306 for Erskine and the Rani’s letters.
33 Sen (XVI–19), p. 301.
34 Lang Cit. Hibbert (v–5), p. 378.
35 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z 502/49; Hibbert (v–5), p. 378; Clayton (VIII–9), II, p. 180.
36 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, RA z502/49; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 195 note 2.
37 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 84 note 1, 90f.
38 Gupta, Pratul Chandra. Nana Sahib and the Rising at Cawnpore (Oxford 1963), pp. 7, 71; Trevelyan, G. O., Cawnpore (1865) for details; Fitzmaurice, Lord Edmond, The Life of Granville George Loveson Gower, Second Earl Granville 1815–1891, 2 vols (1905), Vol. I, p. 253.
39 Gupta (XVI–38), p. 116.
40 See Thompson, Edward, The Other Side of the Medal (1925), p. 83, where it is pointed out that Forrest (XVI–49) avoids any reference to British excesses in three volumes of 1,500 pages, while the Oxford History of India (1919) merely writes (p. 719): ‘the justly infuriated troops took a terrible vengeance’; Sen (XVI–19), p. xvi for British atrocities ‘glossed over’; Tahmankar (XVI–5) p. 69 for Prof. R. C. Majumdar’s point: ‘very few’ outside historians have ‘any knowledge’ of the ‘massacre in cold blood’ of the Indians, including women and children.
41 Roberts cit. Smyth (XVI–7), p. 54; Hare, Augustus J. C., The Story of Two Noble Lives, being memorials of Charlotte, Countess Canning and Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford, 3 vols (1893), Vol. II, p. 256 note 1; Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 141; Trevelyan (XVI–38), p. 359.
42 Lowe, Thomas, Central India during the rebellion of 1857 and 1858 (1860), pp. 236–7.
43 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 120.
44 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 250.
45 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 233.
46 Burne, Major-General Sir Owen Tudor KCS, Clyde and Strathnairn, Rulers of India series (Oxford 1895), p. 116.
47 Smyth (XVI–7), p. 11.
48 Kaye (XVI–17), III, p. 362; Ballhatchet, Kenneth, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and their Critics, 1793–1905 (1980), pp. 2–5.
49 Clayton (VIII–9), II, p. 180; Forrest, G. W., Ex-Director of Records, Government of India, A History of the Indian Mutiny, 3 vols (1912), Vol. I, p. 282.
50 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.
51 Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 130; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 135.
52 Savarkar, Barrister, Indian War of Independence (Calcutta 2nd edn 1930), p. 94.
53 Tahmankar (XVI–5), pp. 132, 134; Lowe (XVI–42), p. 259.
54 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 263.
55 Smyth (XVI–7), p. 148.
56 Lowe (XVI–42), p. 301; Tahmankar (XVI–5), p. 140.
57 Savarkar (XVI–52), p. 104; Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1048.
58 Smyth (XVI–7), pp. 193f. summarizes the theories concerning the Rani’s death and the sources.
59 Lord Canning’s Notebook cit. Maclagan (XVI–11), p. 220.
60 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1070.
61 Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Vic. Add. EI/1070; Smyth (XVI–7), p. 11.
62 Malleson, Col. G. B., CSI, History of the Indian Mutiny 1857–1858, 3 vols (1896), Vol. III, p. 221.
63 See Gupta (XVI–38), for the subsequent career of Nana Sahib.
64 Sinha (XVI–16), p. 102 note 11.
65 See Joshi, P. C. (ed.), Rebellion 1857 (New Delhi 1957) for P. C. Gupta, ‘1857 and Hindi Literature’, pp. 225f.; P. C. Joshi, ‘Folk Songs on 1857’ in Rebellion 1857, pp. 271f.
66 Joshi, ‘Folk Songs’ in Rebellion 1857 (XVI–65), p. 277.
Chapter 17: Iron Ladies
1 Colville, John, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955, Vol. I 1939–41 (1986 pbk), p. 447, 20 April 1941.
2 Warner, Marina, The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz’u-Hsi, 1835–1908, Empress Dowager of China (1972), p. 235.
3 Thornycroft (XVI–1), pp. 56–70.
4 Gleichen, Lord Edward, London’s Open-Air Statuary (1928), p. 97.
5 See Warner, Marina, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (1985), pp. 49f.
6 Trevelyan, Marie, Britain’s Greatness Foretold: The Story of Boadicea, the British Warrior-Queen (1900), pp. xi, lv, 369.
7 See Hamilton, Cicely, A Pageant of Great Women (1910); Edy: Recollections of Edith Craig, edited by Eleanor Adlard (1949), pp. 38–44; Holledge, Julie, Innocent Flowers: Women in the Edwardian Theatre (1981), pp. 69–71.
8 The Dinner Party (1979) Catalogue, Diehard Productions and Judy Chicago.
9 Grahn, Judy, ‘The Queen of Bulldikery’, Chrysalis, 1980.
10 Milton (IV–32), p. 60.
11 Piggott (IV–9), p. 136.
12 Cit. Grant (III–11), pp. 184–5.
13 Reynolds, Robert, Boadicea: A Tragedy of War (New York 1941), p. 201; Treece, Henry, Red Queen, White Queen (1958), p. 24; Warner, Marina, Imaginary Women, Channel Four Television, 13 July 1986.
14 De Gaulle (I–13), pp. 13–14; Kleist (xv–27), Act 1, scene xv.
15 Ferraro, Geraldine A. with Francke, Linda Bird, My Story (New York 1986), pp. 261f., 273, 314.
16 Seneviratne, Maureen, Sirimavo Bandaranaike: The World’s First Woman Prime Minister (Colombo Sri Lanka 1975), p. 178.
17 Seneviratne (XVII–16), p. xiv.
18 Carras (I–21), p. 245; Moraes, Dom, Mrs Gandhi (1980), p. 123.
19 Indira Gandhi, Letters to a Friend 1950–1984, Correspondence with Dorothy Norman (1986), p. 12.
20 Shoksi, M., India’s Indira (Bombay 1975), p. 20; Carras (I–21), pp. 47f.
21 Carras (I–21), p. 48; Shoksi (XVII–20), p. 113; Mann, Peggy, Golda: The Life of Israel’s Prime Minister (1972); Raju, R. Sundra, Indira Gandhi: A Short Biography (New Delhi 1980), pp. 5, 96.
22 Moraes (XVII–18), p. 193; Norman (XVII–19), p. 20.
23 Golda Meir Speaks Out, edited by Marie Syrkin (1973), p. 73.
24 Mann (XVII–21), p. 231.
25 Meir, Golda, My Life (1976 pbk), pp. 321, 329.
26 Herzog, Major-General Chaim, The War of Atonement October 1973 (Boston 1975), p. 282.
27 Herzog (XVII–26), p. 282.
28 Mann (XVII–21).
29 Fraser, Cromwell (VI–22), p. 607.
30 Mrs Thatcher’s acute anxiety not to be seen to encroach upon the Queen’s role has been confirmed to the author from a wide variety of sources.
31 International Herald Tribune, 5 November 1987.
32 Observer, 3 January 1988.
33 Sunday Telegraph, 27 July 1986; Young and Sloman (I–18), pp. 95, 52; Jardine (V–4), p. 233.
34 Cosgrave, Patrick, Thatcher: The First Term (1985), pp. 53, 57, 226 note 3; cartoon by Griffin, Daily Express, 24 June 1982.
35 Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 226 note 3; Arnold, Bruce, Margaret Thatcher: A Study in Power (1984), p. 144.
36 Campbell, Beatrix, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (1987), p. 243.
37 Barnett, Anthony, Iron Britannia: Why Parliament Waged its Falklands War (1982 pbk), p. 19.
38 Barnett (XVII–37), p. 19; Cosgrave (XVII–34), pp. 209–10.
39 Wapshott and Brock (I–17), p. 251; Lord Lewis quoted in Young and Sloman (I–18), p. 119; author’s conversation with John Keegan; Sunday Telegraph, 7 June 1987.
40 Daily Mail, 6 October 1987.
41 Comus, ll. 447–50, The Poetical Works of John Milton, edited by H. C. Beeching (new edn 1941), p. 60; Young and Sloman (I–18), p. 142.
42 Janet Watts quoting Julian Critchley, Observer, 24 April 1988; Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 4.
43 Author’s conversation with a former member of Mrs Thatcher’s Cabinet.
44 Castle, Barbara, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (1980), pp. 518, 330; The Times, 27 January 1988; Evening Standard Magazine, 5 February 1988.
45 Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 4; Spare Rib, August 1982.
46 Wapshott and Brock (I–17), illustration.
47 The Times, 12 June 1982.
48 Harris, Kenneth, ‘Margaret Thatcher Talks to the Observer’ (April 1979); Daily Express, 26 July 1982.
49 New Statesman, 28 May 1982; Observer, 23 May 1982; Woman’s Own magazine, 15 June 1985.
Chapter 18: Unbecoming in a Woman?
1 Gildas (X–3), p. 301.
2 Camden (XIII–45), p. 117; Spenser (II–5), I, p. 297.
3 Bonduca (VII–11), Act I, scene I; Howard (XIV–13).
4 Thomson (XIV–17), pp. 375–6; Clark, J. E. D., English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Régime (Cambridge 1985), pp. 179–80.
5 Hall, Mrs Matthew, The Queens Before the Conquest, 2 vols (1854), Vol. I, p. iv.
6 Doughty, Charles M., The Dawn in Britain (1943), pp. 9, 597, 346; Air Commodore Dame Felicity (Hanbury) Peake in conversation with the author, 1986.
7 Cit. Phillips, ‘Woman Ruler’ (XIII–22), p. 220.
8 Huston, Nancy, ‘The Matrix of War: Mothers and Heroes’ in The Female Body in Western Culture: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Susan Rubin Suleiman (1986), pp. 119–38.
9 Mossiker (XIV–9), p. 225; Fuller Ossoli, Margaret, Women in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Arthur B. Fuller (Boston 1874), p. 307.
10 Deutsch, Helene, MD, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, 2 vols (New York 1944), Vol. I, Ch. 8, pp. 279–324; see Foley, Helene B., ‘The conception of women in Athenian drama’ in Foley (III–5), p. 134.
11 Plutarch (III–20), p. 280.
12 Grant (III–11), p. 84.
13 Marshall, Catherine, Ogden, C. K. and Florence, Mary Sargent, Militarism versus Feminism, edited by Margaret Kamester and Jo Vellacott (1987 pbk reprint), pp. 40, 47, 96, 140.
14 Keegan, John, The Mask of Command (New York 1987), pp. 345–6, 351.
15 Segal, Lynne, Is the Future Female? Troubled Thoughts on Contemporary Feminism (1987 pbk), p. 198; Kelly, Petra, Fighting for Hope (1984), p. 104; Herodotus (III–3), p. 123; Boccaccio (I–19), p. 104.
16 Fuller Ossoli (XVIII–9), p. 307; Gloria Steinem quoted in Attallah, Naim, Women (1987), p. 543.
17 Dinnerstein, Dorothy, The Rocking of the Cradle and the Ruling of the World (1987 pbk), p. 214, 191, 28, 164, 177.
18 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240.
19 Février (VIII–2), p. 36.
20 Tacitus (III–1), p. 330.
21 Lebra-Chapman (XVI–7), p. 128; Strickland (X–15), p. 204.
22 Anglo-Saxon Poetry (X–8), p. 326; Abbott, ‘Women’ (VIII–8), p. 262.
23 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302; Breisach (I–21), p. 130.