^[1] Whalen, Bitter Wounds, p. 39. <<

^[2] Millett y Murray, eds., Military Effectiveness, vol. 1, p. 278; Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 96. <<

^[3] Guinard et al., eds., Inventaire, vol. 1, p. 204. <<

^[4] Beckett, First World War, p. 399; Dewey, «Military Recruiting», p. 199. <<

^[5] Jones, «Imperial Russia», p. 278. <<

^[6] Guinard et al., eds., Inventaire, vol. 1, p. 210. <<

^[7] Ibíd., p. 204. <<

^[8] Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience, p. 126. <<

^[9] Guinard et al., eds., Inventaire, vol. 1, p. 213. <<

^[10] Ibíd., p. 206. <<

^[11] Horne, «L’Impôt du sang». <<

^[12] Michel, «Mythes et réalités du concours colonial», pp. 364-365; Michel, L’Appel à l’Afrique, pp. 404-408. <<

^[13] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, pp. 85, 95. <<

^[14] Jones, en Millett y Murray, eds., Military Effectiveness, vol. 1, pp. 279-280. <<

^[15] Ibíd., p. 281; Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 98. <<

^[16] Stone, Eastern Front, p. 217. <<

^[17] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 99. <<

^[18] Stone, Eastern Front, p. 281; Kenez, «Changes in Social Composition», p. 370. <<

^[19] Kenez, «Changes in Social Composition», p. 373. <<

^[20] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 100. <<

^[21] Kenez, «Changes in Social Composition», p. 369. <<

^[22] Robb, British Culture, pp. 16-17, 22-23; Judd, Empire, p. 245; Holland, «British Empire», p. 117. <<

^[23] Bourne, «British Working Men», p. 339. <<

^[24] Spiers, Haldane, p. 186. <<

^[25] Simkins, Kitchener’s Army, pp. 49 y ss. <<

^[26] Beckett, Great War, p. 210. <<

^[27] Jeffery, Ireland, pp. 7, 35. <<

^[28] Dewey, «Military Recruiting». <<

^[29] Simkins, Kitchener’s Army, cap. 6; Winter, Death’s Men, pp. 32 y ss. <<

^[30] Omissi, Sepoy and the Raj, pp. 38-39; cf. Omissi, ed., Indian Voices. <<

^[31] Holland, «British Empire», p. 126. <<

^[32] Ibídem; Andrews, Anzac Illusion, p. 45; Winter, Death’s Men, p. 27. <<

^[33] Adams y Poirier, Conscription Controversy, caps. 5-8; Simkins, Kitchener’s Army, pp. 138 y ss. Para el caso del ejército, véanse los memorandos de Robertson, 12 de enero y 21 de marzo de 1916, AC 19/1/15a y 19/1/30. <<

^[34] Grieves, Politics of Manpower, p. 1. <<

^[35] Winter, Death’s Men, p. 29. <<

^[36] En general, Rae, Conscience and Politics; Kennedy, «Public Opinion and the Conscientious Objector». <<

^[37] Dewey, «Military Recruiting», pp. 214-216. <<

^[38] Grieves, Politics of Manpower, p. 35. <<

^[39] Simpson, «British Soldier», p. 136. <<

^[40] Melograni, Storia politica, p. 238. <<

^[41] Memorando del GQG, 1 de diciembre de 1915, LHCMA Robertson MSS 1/9/41a; Grieves, Politics of Manpower, p. 35. <<

^[42] French, «Meaning of Attrition», p. 397; cf. Mosier, Myth, pp. 181-182. <<

^[43] Zürcher, «Little Mehmet», p. 232. <<

^[44] Stone, Eastern Front, pp. 122-127. <<

^[45] Herwig, First World War, p. 139. <<

^[46] Ibíd., p. 234. <<

^[47] Ibíd., p. 168. <<

^[48] Whelan, Bitter Wounds, pp. 39-41; Bessell, «Mobilization and Demobilization in Germany», p. 218. <<

^[*] Véase el capítulo 9. <<

^[49] Guinard et al., eds., Inventaire, vol. 1, pp. 212-213. <<

^[50] Liulevicius, War Land, p. 22. <<

^[51] Bourke, Intimate History of Killing, p. 6. <<

^[52] Ashworth, Trench Warfare, pp. 56 y ss. <<

^[53] Whelan, Bitter Wounds, p. 61. <<

^[54] Eckart y Gradmann, eds., Die Medizin, p. 355. <<

^[55] N. Bosanquet, «Health Systems», p. 462. <<

^[56] Harrison, «Fight against Disease in the Mesopotamian Campaign», p. 475. <<

^[57] Zürcher, «Little Mehmet». <<

^[58] Major, Fatal Partners, p. 253. <<

^[59] Gabriel y Metz, History of Military Medicine, vol. 2, p. 244. <<

^[60] Eckart y Gradmann, eds., Die Medizin, p. 363. <<

^[61] Ibíd., p. 344. <<

^[62] Gabriel y Metz, History of Military Medicine, vol. 2, p. 243. <<

^[63] Ibíd., p. 243; Bosanquet, «Health Systems», p. 453. <<

^[64] Eckart y Gradmann, eds., Die Medizin, p. 363. <<

^[65] Harrison, «Fight against Disease in the Mesopotamian Campaign», p. 459. <<

^[66] Whelan, Bitter Wounds, p. 40. <<

^[67] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 95. <<

^[68] Omissi, Sepoy and the Raj, p. 118. <<

^[69] Beckett, First World War, p. 228. <<

^[70] Winter, Death’s Men, p. 136. <<

^[71] Sobre la neurosis de guerra en la BEF, véanse en general Showalter, Female Malady, cap. 7; Babington, Shell-Shock; Bourke, Dismembering, cap. 2; Bogacz, «War Neurosis». Para las comparaciones internacionales, véanse Eckart «“Most Extensive Experiment”»; números especiales del Journal of Contemporary History (2000) y 14/18. <<

^[72] Zürcher, «Little Mehmet», p. 234. <<

^[73] Stone, Eastern Front, p. 191. <<

^[74] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 91. <<

^[75] Wawro, «Morale in the Austro-Hungarian Army», p. 402. <<

^[76] Ferguson, Pity of War, p. 369. <<

^[77] Wawro, «Morale in the Austro-Hungarian Army», p. 404. <<

^[78] Ferguson, Pity of War, pp. 368-388. <<

^[79] Ashworth, Trench Warfare, pp. 204 y ss. <<

^[80] Fussell, Great War and Modern Memory, p. 96. <<

^[81] Prost, Anciens Combattants, vol. 3, pp. 20-21. <<

^[82] Fuller, Troop Morale, cap. 8. <<

^[83] Fussell, Great War and Modern Memory, pp. 65-66. <<

^[84] Winter, Death’s Men, pp. 164-165. <<

^[85] Audouin-Rouzeau, Men at War, cap. 5. <<

^[86] Remarque, All Quiet, pp. 113-132. <<

^[87] Englander y Osborne, «Jack, Tommy, and Henry Dubb», p. 600. <<

^[88] Winter, Death’s Men, pp. 102-103, 147-148. <<

^[89] Jünger, Storm of Steel, pp. 2, 3. <<

^[90] Prost, In the Wake of War, pp. 3-9. <<

^[91] Moran, Anatomy of Courage, p. x. <<

^[92] Norton Cru, Du témoignage, pp. 55 y ss. <<

^[93] Wette, ed., Krieg des Kleinen Mannes, p. 130. <<

^[94] Keegan, Face of Battle, p. 277. <<

^[95] Englander y Osborne, «Jack, Tommy, and Henry Dubb», p. 595. <<

^[96] Gooch, «Morale and Discipline», p. 438; cf. Monticone, Gli Italiani in uniforme, cap. 6. <<

^[97] Englander, en Strachan, ed., Oxford Illustrated History, p. 192. <<

^[98] Ullrich y Ziemann, eds., Frontalltag, p. 24. <<

^[99] Hynes, Soldier’s Tale, pp. 81-83. <<

^[100] Omissi, ed., Indian Voices, p. 12. <<

^[101] Prost, Anciens combattants, vol. 3, p. 17. <<

^[102] Englander, «French Soldier», p. 55. <<

^[103] Sheffield, «Officer-Man Relations», p. 417; Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches; Keegan, Face of Battle, p. 272. <<

^[104] Stone, Eastern Front, pp. 125-126. <<

^[105] Kenez, «Changes in Social Composition», p. 369. <<

^[106] Gooch, «Morale and Discipline», pp. 436-437. <<

^[107] Fussell, Great War and Modern Memory, cap. 4; Winter, Sites of Memory, pp. 64-68. <<

^[108] K. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England (Harmondsworth, 1973), cap. 22. <<

^[109] Audouin-Rouzeau, Men at War, pp. 85-90; Fuller, Troop Morale, pp. 156-157. <<

^[110] Wawro, «Morale in the Austro-Hungarian Army», p. 400; Stone, Eastern Front, pp. 126-127. <<

^[111] Rachamimov, POWs, pp. 31-44. <<

^[112] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, p. 104. <<

^[113] Ullrich y Ziemann, eds., Frontalltag, p. 22. <<

^[114] Audouin-Rouzeau, Men at War, caps. 5, 6; Cochet, «Les Soldats français». <<

^[115] Entrevistas con veteranos turcos, LC TU. 01. <<

^[116] Liddle, «British Soldier on the Somme», pp. 9, 17, 21. <<

^[117] Fuller, Troop Morale, cap. 3; Winter, Death’s Men, pp. 209-211, 229-233. <<

^[118] Wette, ed., Krieg des Kleinen Mannes, pp. 110-125; Leed, No Man’s Land, pp. 80 y ss. <<

^[119] Krumeich, «Le Soldat allemand», pp. 368-372. <<

^[120] Ashworth, Trench Warfare, p. 55. <<

^[121] Algunas de estas cuestiones quedan reflejadas en las memorias de L. Kalepky y K. Lubinski, LC GE. 09 y GE. 13. <<

^[122] M. Cornwall, Undermining of Austria-Hungary, cap. 10. <<

^[123] Mackenzie, «Morale and the Cause», p. 219. <<

^[124] Blunden, Undertones of War, caps. 11-13, recoge el estado de ánimo cambiante. <<

^[125] Gooch, «Morale and Discipline», p. 439. <<

^[126] Pedroncini, Mutineries, pp. 38-46. <<

^[127] Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience, p. 172. <<

^[128] I. Davidian, «Russian Soldier’s Morale». <<

^[129] Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, pp. 106-120. <<