2ColloquialRussian

The Colloquial 2 Series

Series Adviser: Gary King

The following languages are available in the Colloquial 2 series: French

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2

e available for the above titles. They can be

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2ColloquialRussianThe next step in language learningSvetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay

First published 2003

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

© 2003 Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Le Fleming, Svetlana.

Colloquial Russian 2: the next step in language learning / Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay.

p. cm. – (The colloquial 2 series)

Includes indexes.

ISBN 0-415-26116-3

1. Russian language – Conversation and phrase books – English.

2. Russian language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English.

3. Russian language – Spoken Russian. I. Title: Colloquial Russian two. II. Kay, Susan E., 1947–

III. Title. IV. Series.

PG2121.L364 2003

491.783′421–dc21

2002152412

ISBN 0-203-38052-5 (Master e-book ISBN)

ISBN 0-203-38670-1 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0–415–26116–3 (book)

ISBN 0–415–26117–1 (cassettes)

ISBN 0–415–30250–1 (audio CD)

ISBN 0–415–26118–X (pack)

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2

Contents

3

4

5

6

7

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9

10

Acknowledgements

vii

1

How to use this book

viii

2

3

Unit 1

4

Rossiq i russkij qzyk

1

5

Russia and the Russian language

6

Unit 2

Transport

39

7

Transport

8

9

Unit 3

Turizm

57

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Tourism

1

2

Unit 4

Migraciq

75

3

Migration

4

Unit 5

Sport

92

5

Sport

6

7

Unit 6

Kul;turnaq 'izn; v Rossii

111

8

Cultural life in Russia

9

30

Unit 7

Sredstva massovoj informacii (CMI)

128

1

The mass media

2

Unit 8

3

Rynok truda

146

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The labour market

5

Unit 9

Demografiq

163

6

Demography

7

8

Unit 10

Obrazovanie

180

9

Education

40

Unit 11

1

Rossijskoe Ob]estvo

198

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Russian society

vi

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Contents

Unit 12

Zdravooxranenie

216

The health service

Unit 13

Vybory v Dumu

234

Elections to the Duma

Unit 14

Internet

250

The Internet

Grammar reference

270

Key to exercises

288

English–Russian vocabulary

308

Russian–English vocabulary

318

Grammar index

342

Russian index

344

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Acknowledgements

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

The Authors and Publishers would like to thank the following for 2

permission to reproduce material in this book:

3

4

Argumenty i fakty, Delovye lyudi, Itogi, Komsomolskaya Pravda, 5

Literaturnaya gazeta, Moskovskie novosti, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 6

Novoe vremya, Priglashaem na rabotu, Salon krasoty, Stolichnoe 7

obrazovanie, Vash dosug, Versiya, Vremya novostei.

8

9

Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of 20111

copyright. The publishers will be glad to hear from any copyright 1

holders whom it has not been possible to contact.

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3

4

5

6

7

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2

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How to use this book

Colloquial Russian 2 is intended for students who, working on their own or with a teacher, have already completed a first-level course in Russian and want to continue their study. The book starts with a revision unit which covers all the basic structures, including cases and aspects, so it is not a problem if you are a bit rusty.

The book is thematically based and draws on sources from newspapers and magazines. The aim is to provide interesting information about Russia at the same time as introducing new vocabulary and language points. It addresses some of the particular problems of learning Russian, such as memorising vocabulary, stressing words correctly and choosing the right preposition. Each unit contains a brief section in English on its theme, a dialogue, a text, usually based on a newspaper article, as well as various other written materials encountered in everyday life: advertisements, tables and graphs, questionnaires and forms to complete. The text is also illustrated by photographs. There are a variety of exercises, designed to test comprehension and practise the new language points. In the sections on word building, guidance is given on how to increase your Russian vocabulary. Key new vocabulary is given in each unit and there is a cumulative Russian–English vocabulary, including all key words, at the end of the book. The English–Russian vocabulary contains all the words needed for the English–Russian translation exercises.

At the end of the book there is also a key to exercises, quick reference grammatical tables and an index of the language points covered in the course.

On the accompanying tapes and CDs you will find not only the dialogues but also comprehension exercises and exercises to practise the new language points in each unit. The exercises on stress are a particular feature. And don’t forget, there’s a website to support the Colloquials course. At <http://www.routledge.com/colloquials/

russian> you will find extra exercises as well as links to sites that build on the material in the units.

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2

1 ROSSIQ I RUSSKIJ

3

4

QZYK

5

6

7

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9

10

1

In this unit you will

2

3

◗ learn some facts about the history of Russia

4

◗ revise the basic structures of Russian grammar including cases 5

and aspects

6

7

8

9

20111

1

When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the

2

Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 he recognised 3

the need for fundamental economic reform. His policy of pere-4

strojka (economic restructuring) had very little impact, but his other 5

famous introduction, glasnost; , an element of freedom of speech 6

and political freedom, ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR.

7

Reformist politicians were successful in the elections of 1989, revo-8

lutions took place in the Soviet Union’s East European satellites 9

during 1989–90, and the republics of the Soviet Union also started 30

to demand independence. The final blow was the unsuccessful coup 1

by conservative elements in August 1991, which eroded Gorbachev’s 2

position and brought Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia, to the fore.

3

The Soviet Union was finally dissolved in December 1991. The 4

collapse of the Soviet Union was also the birth of a new Russia. Since 5

then Russia’s history has not been smooth, characterised by such 6

notable events as Yeltsin’s violent clash with parliament in October 7

1993, ending in the siege of the Russian ‘White House’, and the finan-8

cial collapse of September 1998. Despite its problems, Russia is a 9

country with a rich culture, huge resources, both human and physical, 40

and its capital Moscow is now a vibrant and exciting city.

1

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Russia and the Russian language

Language revision ♦

Rules of spelling

These rules apply throughout Russian and impact on all the other language points described below.

1 After g, k, x, ', h, w, ] replace y by i.

2 After ', h, w, ], c replace unstressed o by e.

3 After g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace q by a.

4 After g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace [ by u.

Cases

Understanding of the case system is fundamental to a grasp of Russian. Cases hardly feature in English: there is only some differentiation in the use of pronouns. Contrast ‘I like her’ with ‘She likes me’. The forms ‘I’ and ‘she’ are used when they are the subject of the verb, or nominative case, and ‘her’ and ‘me’ when they are the object, or accusative case. In Russian, not just pronouns, but nouns and adjectives proclaim their role in the sentence by changing their ending, and the number of cases extends beyond nominative and accusative to six in total.

Comprehensive tables of the endings of nouns, adjectives and pronouns are at the back of the book.

The nominative case

Uses of the nominative case

1 The nominative is the case of the subject of the verb: Moskva´ procvetaét.

Moscow flourishes.

2 It is also used as the complement of (i.e. following) the non-existent present tense of the verb ‘to be’ and after \´to ‘it is’ and vot ‘here is’:

Moskva´ – stolića.

Moscow is the capital.

Vot Moskva´. |to stolića.

Here is Moscow. It is the capital.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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3

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The nominative may also be found after the past tense of byt; , where 2

the permanence of a state is being emphasized:

3

Pu´wkin byl veli´kij po\´t.

4

Pushkin was a great poet.

5

6

Endings in the nominative case

7

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Singular nouns

9

10

1

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

2

3

cns.

prezideńt

-a

gaze´ta

-o

vino´

4

president

newspaper

wine

5

-j

tramva´j

-q

revol[

ćiq

-e

zdańie

6

tram

revolution

building

7

-;

kreml;

-;

vozmo´'nost;

-mq

vre´mq

8

kremlin

opportunity

time

9

20111

1

Note:

2

There are three genders of nouns in Russian and, in most instances, 3

the gender is indicated by the letter a noun ends with in the nomi-4

native singular. When a noun ending in -a or -q clearly refers to 5

someone of male gender, the word is masculine: mu'hińa ‘man’; 6

dq´dq ‘uncle’. In practice, this means that it changes its endings like 7

a feminine noun but adjectives and verbs agreeing with it have mascu-8

line endings.

9

30

Plural nouns

1

2

3

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

4

5

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular Plural

6

prezideńt

prezideńty

gaze´ta

gaze´ty

vino´

vińa

7

tramva´j

tramvaí

revol[

ćiq

revol[

ćii

zdańie

zdańiq

8

9

kreml;

kremli´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´mq

vremena´

40

1

421111

4

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Russia and the Russian language

Notes:

1 The spelling rule may require a change from -y to -i: kni´ga –

kni´gi ‘books’.

2 Some masculine nouns have a nominative plural in -a´: beŕeg –

berega´ ‘banks’; ve´her – vehera´ ‘evenings’; dom – doma´ ‘houses’; goŕod – goroda´ ‘towns’.

3 Nouns in -anin end in -ane: anglihańin – anglihańe

‘Englishmen’ but gospodiń – gospoda´ ‘gentlemen’.

4 Other exceptions: uhi´tel; – uhitelq´ ‘teachers’; brat – bra´t;q

‘brothers’; stul – stuĺ;q ‘chairs’; drug – druz;q´ ‘friends’; syn

– synov;q´ ‘sons’; deŕevo – dere´v;q ‘trees’; rebe¨nok – de´ti ‘children’; helove´k – l[´di ‘people’; mat; – ma´teri ‘mothers’; doh;

– do´heri ‘daughters’. (Note that all forms of mat; and doh; , apart from the nominative and accusative singular, have

-er- before the ending).

5 Some nouns, generally of foreign origin, are indeclinable. They never change their endings and do not even have a plural.

Adjectives describing them will decline in the usual way, however.

Their gender can generally be determined by their ending, as with declinable nouns, but note taksi´ – neuter.

Adjectives

There are two basic sets of adjective endings: hard and soft.

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

Hard

intereśnyj

intereśnaq

intereśnoe

intereśnye

interesting

Soft

dre´vnij

dre´vnqq

dre´vnee

dre´vnie

ancient

Notes:

1 Adjectives with stressed endings have the masculine ending -o´j: kruto´j, kruta´q, krutoé, kruty

é ‘steep’.

2 Endings may be altered by the spelling rules: ruśskij, ruśskaq, ruśskoe,

ruśskie ‘Russian’; xoro´wij,

xoro´waq,

xoro´wee,

xoro´wie ‘good’; bol;wo´j, bol;wa´q, bol;woé, bol;wié ‘big’.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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5

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Pronouns

2

3

Singular

Plural

4

5

q

I

my

we

6

7

ty

you

vy

you

(singular and familiar)

(plural and polite)

8111

9

on

he, it (masculine)

oni´

they (all genders)

10

ona´

she, it (feminine)

1

ono´

it (neuter)

2

3

kto

who

4

hto

what

5

6

7

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

8

9

moj

my

moq´

moe¨

moi´

20111

tvoj

your (singular

tvoq´

tvoe¨

tvoi´

1

and familiar)

2

naw

our

na´wa

na´we

na´wi

3

4

vaw

your (plural

va´wa

va´we

va´wi

and polite)

5

6

ves;

all

vsq

vse¨

vse

7

hej

whose

h;q

h;e¨

h;i

8

\´tot

this/these

\´ta

\´to

\´ti

9

30

tot

that/those

ta

to

te

1

2

Note:

3

4

The third person forms are indeclinable and remain the same what-5

ever the case gender or number of the noun they describe: 6

ego´

his, its (m and n);

7

ee¨

her, its ( f );

8

ix

their

9

40

1

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Russia and the Russian language

Exercise 1

Pick out the nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the nominative case from the following passage.

Moskva´ – Moscow

Peŕvoe letopiśnoe upominańie o Moskveótnośitsq k 1147 godu´.

Osnova´tel; Moskvy´ byl suźdal;skij knqz; {rij Vladi´mirovih Dolgoru´kij. |to on vy´bral meśto dlq stroi´tel;stva goŕoda. Goŕod ros byśtro i u'e´ v 14-om ve´ke stal ceńtrom ruśskix zemeĺ;. Moskvaóstavaĺas; stolićej vplot; do 1713 go´da kogda´ Pe¨tr Peŕvyj perene¨s stoliću v no´vyj goŕod – Peterbuŕg. Toĺ;ko v 1918 goduú'e´ pośle Revol[

ćii Moskvaśno´va staĺa stolićej, snahaĺa Sove´tskogo So[źa, a poto´m Rossií.

For information on dates and other uses of ordinal numerals see Unit 4.

Vocabulary ♦

vy

´ brat;

to choose

knqz; ( m)

prince

letopiśnoe upominańie

chronicle reference

osnova´tel; ( m)

founder

ostava´t;sq

to remain

otnosi´t;sq k

to date from

perenesti´

to transfer

rasti´

to grow

stroi´tel;stvo

construction

Exercise 2

Answer the questions in Russian. One word answers will suffice.

1 Kako´j goŕod stolića Rossií?

2 Kto osnovaĺ Moskvu´?

3 Kako´j goŕod stal stolićej v 1713g?

4 Kto perene¨s stoliću tuda´?

5 Kako´j goŕod stal stolićej v 1918g?

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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7

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

The Moscow Kremlin

8

9

20111

1

Exercise 3

2

3

Put these phrases in the plural.

4

5

intereśnyj mosko´vskij muze´j; dre´vnij ruśskij kreml;;

6

stra´wnoe istori´heskoe soby´tie; slo´'naq \konomi´heskaq 7

proble´ma; naw znameni´tyj istoŕik.

8

9

30

The accusative case

1

2

Uses of the accusative case

3

4

1 The accusative is the case of the direct object of the verb: 5

{rij Dolgoru´kij osnovaĺ Moskvu´.

6

Yuriy Dolgorukiy founded Moscow.

7

8

2 It is also used after certain prepositions: v / vo ‘to, into’ (motion), 9

‘during’ (time); za ‘beyond, behind ‘(motion), for; na ‘to, on to’

40

(motion), ‘for’ (time); o / ob / obo ‘against’; po ‘up to, each’; pod 1

‘under’ (motion); pro ‘about’; spustq´ ‘after, later’; heŕez ‘across, 421111

through, in (after a period of time)’.

8

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Russia and the Russian language

More detailed information is given about most of these prepositions in later units: Unit 2 – na ; Units 4 and 6 – v ; Unit 8 – za ; Unit 6 –

o / ob / obo , pro ; Unit 10 – po .

Stoliću perenesli´ v Moskvu´.

They moved the capital to Moscow.

The accusative is also used without a preposition to denote duration in time or space:

My tam 'iĺi vs[ zi´mu.

We lived there all winter.

Vs[ doro´gu domo´j ona´ molhaĺa.

She was silent the whole way home.

Endings in the accusative case

Singular nouns

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Acc.

Nom.

Acc.

Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

gaze´ta

gaze´tu

all nouns

as nom.

animate

as gen.

revol[

ćiq

revol[

ći[

(see below)

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nost;

Plural nouns

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Acc.

Acc.

Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

inanimate

as nom.

all nouns

as nom.

animate

as gen.

animate

as gen.

(see below)

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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9

1111

Adjectives and pronouns

2

3

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

4

5

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

6

7

inanimate inanimate intereśnu[

inanimate

as nom.

as nom.

8111

as nom.

as nom.

as nom.

9

animate animate dre´vn[[

animate

10

as gen.

as gen.

as gen.

1

2

mo[

´ , tvo[´

3

na´wu, va´wu

4

vs[, h;[

5

\´tu, tu

6

7

8

9

Singular

Plural

20111

q

menq´

my

nas

1

2

ty

tebq´

vy

vas

3

on / onoégoóniíx

4

onaée¨

5

kto

kogo´

6

7

hto

hto

8

9

Note:

30

1

Ego´, ee¨ and ix are preceded by n- after a preposition, as they are in 2

all cases other than the nominative: poxo´' na nego´ ‘like him’.

3

4

5

Exercise 4

6

7

Put the words in brackets into the accusative case.

8

1 Q zna´[ (\´ta moloda´q ruśskaq 'eń]ina). 2 My e´dem v (maĺen;kaq 9

40

primoŕskaq dere´vnq). 3 Vy xoti´te idtińa (sovremeńnaq angli´jskaq 1

p;eśa) iĺi (klassi´heskaq ruśskaq o´pera)? 4 (Vsq nedeĺq) my egońe 421111

vi´deli. 5 My eźdili vo (Frańciq) na (meśqc). 6 My vstre´tili

10

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Russia and the Russian language

The Russian White House, home of the parliament or Duma.

Photo: N. Kay

(va´wa sestra´) u vxo´da v (tea´tr). 7 Leńin perene¨s (ruśskaq stolića) v (Moskva´). 8 (Kto) vy vi´deli? 9 My o´hen; xorowo´ (on) znaém.

The genitive case

Uses of the genitive case

1 The genitive is the only case ending which English retains on nouns. It is the -’s ending used to denote possession. Similarly, in Russian, the genitive indicates possession or translates ‘of ’.

Pu´tin – prezideńt Rossií.

Putin is the President of Russia.

Rol; prezideńta o´hen; slo´'naq.

The President’s role (role of the President) is very complex.

2 The genitive is also used after a very large number of prepositions: bez ‘without’; vdol; ‘along’; vne ‘outside’; vnutri´ ‘inside’; vperedi´ ‘in front of, before’; vmeśto ‘instead of’; vo vre´mq

‘during’ (named events in history); voźle ‘by, near’, vokru´g

‘around’; v teheńie ‘during’ (with words such as nedeĺq ‘week’

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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11

1111

or god ‘year’, indicating periods of time); dlq ‘for (the sake of)’; 2

‘do ‘up to, until’ (time or place); iz ‘from, out of’; iz-za ‘because 3

of, from behind’; iz-pod ‘from under’; kro´me ‘except’; mi´mo ‘past; 4

napro´tiv ‘opposite’; o´kolo ‘around, near’; ot ‘from’; pośle 5

‘after’; pro´tiv ‘against’; ra´di ‘for the sake of’; s / so ‘from’; sredi´

6

‘among; u ‘by, near, chez’:

7

vo vre´mq perevoro´ta

8111

during the coup

9

10

pro´tiv prezideńta

1

against, opposed to the President

2

ra´di Bo´ga

3

for God’s sake

4

5

do raspa´da Sove´tskogo So[

źa

until the collapse of the Soviet Union

6

7

by

ĺi tańki vokru´g Beĺogo do´ma

8

there were tanks round the White House

9

More detailed information is given about iz-za in Unit 7, about 20111

the differences between iz, ot and s in Unit 5 and between s 1

and so in Unit 12.

2

3

The preposition u + genitive ‘in the possession of’ is used to trans-4

late ‘to have’ into Russian:

5

U prezideńta byla´ bol;wa´q vlast;.

6

The President had great power.

7

8

Note that bol;wa´q vlast; is the subject of this sentence; liter-9

ally ‘Great power was in the possession of President’.

30

3 The genitive singular is used after o´ba / o´be ‘both’ and the numerals 1

dva / dve ‘two’; tri ‘three’; hety

ŕe ‘four’ and compounds ending

2

in those numerals. The genitive plural is used after all other 3

numerals, except for odiń / odna´/ odno´/ odni´ ‘one’, which is an 4

adjective agreeing with the noun it describes.

5

6

dva´dcat; tri hleńa Du´my

7

twenty three members of the Duma

8

pqtna´dcat; hleńov Du´my

9

fifteen members of the Duma

40

1

There is much more detailed treatment of cardinal numerals in 421111

Unit 9.

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Russia and the Russian language

4 The genitive is used after expressions of quantity such as mno´go

‘a lot’; maĺo / nemno´go ‘a little, few’; neśkol;ko ‘several’, skoĺ;ko

‘how many’; bol;winstvo´ ‘the majority’, and on its own as a partitive genitive, to indicate part of a substance or ‘some’: Poli´tika vyzyvaét maĺo intereśa v Rossií.

Politics arouses little interest in Russia.

My vy

´ pili vina´

We drank some wine

contrast:

My vy

´ pili vino´

We drank the wine

5 The genitive is found in several negative constructions: after net / ne´ bylo / ne bu´det ‘there is not / was not, will not be’: U Gorbahe¨va ne´ bylo kompeteńtnyx sove´tnikov.

Gorbachev did not have competent advisers.

V tako´j situaćii net drugo´go vy´xoda.

In such a situation there is no other way out.

after ne vi´dno / ne sly´wno / ne zame´tno ‘cannot be seen / heard /

discerned’:

Beĺogo do´ma ne vi´dno ots[

´da.

The White House cannot be seen from here.

as the direct object of negative verbs:

Gorbahe¨v ne imeĺ poddeŕ'ki sredińaro´da.

Gorbachev did not have support among the people.

However, when the object is more concrete, the accusative is preferred:

Q ne vi´'u ego avtomobiĺ;.

I don’t see his car.

There is much more detail about the negative in Unit 13.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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13

1111

6 The genitive is also used as the direct object of certain verbs: 2

'ela´t; (po-) ‘to wish’; dostiga´t; / dosti´gnut; ‘to achieve’.

3

Expressions such as shastli´vogo puti´ ‘bon voyage’ are in the 4

genitive because the verb 'ela´t; is understood. Some other verbs 5

take either the genitive or the accusative: boq´t;sq ‘to fear’; 'dat; 6

‘to wait for’; iska´t; / po- ‘to seek, look for’; o'ida´t; ‘to expect’; 7

prosi´t; (po-) ‘to ask for’; tre´bovat; (po-) ‘to demand’; xote´t; 8111

(za-) ‘to want’. Generally the genitive is used if the object is 9

abstract and the accusative if it is a concrete object or a person: 10

iska´t; po´mo]i ‘to seek for help’; iska´t; dom ‘to look for a 1

house’.

2

There are more examples in Unit 11.

3

4

Endings in the genitive case

5

6

Singular nouns

7

8

9

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

20111

1

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

2

3

prezideńt

prezideńta

gaze´ta

gaze´ty

vino´

vińa

4

tramva´j

tramva´q

revol[

ćiq

revol[

ćii

zdańie

zdańiq

5

kreml;

kremlq´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´mq

vre´meni

6

7

8

Notes:

9

1 Never forget the effect the spelling rules have on endings: kni´ga 30

– kni´gi.

1

2

2 Remember that the accusative of masculine animate nouns is the 3

same as the genitive:

4

My za sy

ńa i pro´tiv otca´.

5

We are for the son and against the father.

6

7

3 Some masculine nouns also have alternative genitive endings in 8

-u or -[. They are most commonly found in the sense of ‘some’: 9

Kupi´

ha´[ ‘Buy some tea’. Note also the expression mno´go 40

naro´du ‘a lot of people’.

1

421111

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Russia and the Russian language

Plural

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

Gen. Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

plural

plural

plural

prezideńt

prezideńtov

gaze´ta

gaze´t

vino´

vin

tramva´j

tramvaév

nedeĺq nedeĺ;

moŕe more´j

week

sea

kreml;

kremle´j

revol[

ćiq

revol[

ćij

zdańie

zdańij

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nostej

vre´mq

vreme¨n

Notes:

1 Masculine nouns:

meśqc – meśqcev ‘months’ (because of the spelling rule); moskvi´h – moskvihe´j ‘Muscovites’ (also nouns ending in -' ,

-w and -]); sloj – sloe¨v ‘layers’ (because of the stressed ending); anglihańin – anglihań; brat – bra´t;ev; stul –

stuĺ;ev; drug – druze´j; syn – synove´j; rebe¨nok – dete´j; helove´k – l[de´j.

2 Feminine nouns:

ide´q – ide´j ‘ideas’; sem;q´ – seme´j ‘families’.

Sometimes a vowel (-o-, -e- or -e¨-) is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -a: studeńtka – studeńtok

‘female students’; de´vuwka – de´vuwek ‘girls’; nouns ending in -

nq generally do not have a -; : peśnq – peśen ‘songs’, but there are exceptions: dere´vnq – dereveń; ‘villages’; ku´xnq – ku´xon;

‘kitchens’.

3 Neuter nouns:

deŕevo – dere´v;ev ‘trees’.

Sometimes a vowel is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -o: okno´ – o´kon ‘windows’; pis;mo´ – piśem

‘letters’; kreślo – kreśel ‘armchairs’.

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Adjectives and pronouns

2

3

Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Neuter

4

5

intereśnogo

intereśnoj

intereśnyx

6

7

dre´vnego

dre´vnej

dre´vnix

8111

moego´

moe´j

moi´x

9

tvoego´

tvoe´j

tvoi´x

10

na´wego

na´wej

na´wix

1

2

va´wego

va´wej

va´wix

3

\´togo

\´toj

\´tix

4

togo´

toj

tex

5

vsego´

vsej

vsex

6

7

h;ego´

h;ej

h;ix

8

9

20111

Notes:

1

1 Remember that the accusative plural of masculine and feminine 2

animate nouns is the same as the genitive and that adjectives or 3

pronouns agreeing with them will also take endings like the 4

genitive:

5

6

Q zna´[ \´tix ruśskix 'eń]in i ix mu'e´j.

7

I know these Russian women and their husbands.

8

2 The genitive of personal pronouns and kto is the same as the 9

accusative. The genitive of hto is hego´.

30

1

2

Exercise 5

3

4

Put the words in brackets into the genitive.

5

6

Perevoro´t 19 a´vgusta 1991 go´da – neśkol;ko (zamehańiq) 7

Peŕvaq popy´tka (perevoro´t) v Rośsii proizowla´ v a´vguste 1991 go´da, 8

kogdańeśkol;ko (hlen) (by´vwee Politb[ro´) organizovaĺi za´govor i 9

40

vyśtupili pro´tiv (no´vaq demokra´tiq i Gorbahe¨v). (Gorbahe¨v) ne´ bylo 1

v Moskve´ vo vre´mq (za´govor), i zagovoŕ]iki byĺi uveŕeny v uspe´xe 421111

(svoi´

de´jstviq). Oniźnaĺi, hto u (Gorbahe¨v) net (bol;wa´q

16

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Russia and the Russian language

politi´heskaq vlast;) i (poddeŕ'ka) (naro´d). Odnoíz (soby´tiq), kotoŕoe stimuliŕovalo popy´tku (gosudaŕstvennyj perevoro´t) bylańacionalizaćiq Rossiéj (gaźovaq i neftqna´q promy´wlennost;) i povyweńie (vnu´trennie ceńy) na neft;. Odna´ko popy´tka (perevoro´t) provaliĺas;. No´voe pravi´tel;stvo (El;cin i egośora´tniki) rewi´tel;no potre´bovali (areśt) (organiza´tory) (puth). Tepeŕ; u'eńi u (kto) net (somneńiq), hto popy´tka (perevoro´t) v a´vguste 1991

go´da – odnaíz (prihińy) (raspa´d) (Sove´tskij So[

ź).

Vocabulary ♦

by

´ vwij

former

vnu´trennij

domestic

vy

śtupit; pro´tiv

to act, come out, against

gaźovaq i nefqna´q

gas and oil industry

promy

´ wlennost;

gosudaŕstvennyj

state

de´jstvie

action

za´govor / zagovoŕ]ik

plot / plotter

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1111

povyweńie

increase

2

poddeŕ'ka

support

3

popy

´ tka

attempt

4

pravi´tel;stvo

government

5

prihińa

reason

6

provali´t;sq

to fail

7

proizojti´

to happen, take place

8111

raspa´d

collapse

9

rewi´tel;no

resolutely

10

soby

´ tie

event

1

somneńie

doubt

2

sora´tnik

comrade-in-arms

3

uveŕeny v uspe´xe

confident of the success

4

hlen Politb[ro´

member of the Politburo

(political bureau of the

5

Central Committee of

6

the Communist Party)

7

8

9

20111

Exercise 6

1

2

Answer the questions in English.

3

4

1 Who were the instigators of the coup?

5

2 Why did they feel that Gorbachev was vulnerable?

6

3 Which economic policy helped provoke the coup?

7

4 What was the Yeltsin government’s response to the failed coup?

8

5 In what significant historical event was the failure of the coup an 9

important factor?

30

1

Dative case

2

3

Uses of the dative case

4

5

1 The dative is the case of the indirect object of the verb: 6

Gorbahe¨v peredaĺ vlast; El;cinu v dekabre´ 1991g.

7

Gorbachev handed over power to Yeltsin in December 1991.

8

9

2 The dative is also used after certain verbs that take a direct object 40

in English: veŕit; (po-) ‘to believe’; pomoga´t; / pomo´h; ‘to help’; 1

sle´dovat; (po) ‘to follow’ (orders etc.); sove´tovat; (po-) ‘to 421111

advise’; ugro'a´t; , grozi´t; ‘to threaten’:

18

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Russia and the Russian language

Rossií grozi´t perevoro´t.

A coup threatens Russia.

There is further information on verbs with the dative in Unit 5.

Note the constructions with uhi´t; ‘to teach / learn’ and uhi´t;sq

‘to learn’:

Q uhuégoŕuśskomu qzyku´.

I teach him Russian.

Q uhuś; ruśskomu qzyku´.

I am learning / studying Russian.

But note:

Q uhuŕuśskij qzy

´ k.

I am learning Russian.

There is more information on verbs of teaching and learning in Unit 10.

3 The dative is used with the prepositions k ‘towards (place), by (time)’ and po ‘according to, along, through, by’: k ve´heru

‘by evening’; k do´mu ‘towards the house’; po po´hte ‘by post’; po uĺice ‘along the street’. There is more information on the use of po in Unit 10.

4 The dative is used with a large number of impersonal expressions: nam

intereśno ‘it is interesting for us’; Prezideńtu na´do

rewi´t; ‘the President has to decide’. These expressions are dealt with in detail in Unit 12. Note also On nam izveśten ‘He is known to us’.

5 Note this use of the dative with the infinitive:

Hto mne deĺat;?

What am I to do?

6 The dative may also be combined with certain reflexive verbs: Li´deru prixo´ditsq rewa´t;.

The leader has to decide.

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1111

Emu´ xoteĺos; uvi´det; prezideńta.

2

He wanted to see the President.

3

These expressions are also covered in Unit 12.

4

5

Note the construction with the reflexive verb nra´vit;sq (po-) 6

‘to like’:

7

Im ne nra´vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨va.

8111

They did not like Gorbachev’s policy – literally Gorbachev’s 9

policy was not pleasing to them.

10

1

7 The dative is also used with the short adjective

2

nu´'en / nu'na´/

3

nu´'no / nu'ny

´ to translate ‘to need’:

4

Emuńu'na´ byla´ po´mo];.

5

He needed help.

6

There are further examples of this construction in Unit 12.

7

8

9

Endings in the dative case

20111

1

Nouns

2

3

4

Masculine

Feminine

5

6

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

7

8

prezideńtu

prezideńtam

gaze´te

gaze´tam

9

tramva´[

tramva´qm

nedeĺe

nedeĺqm

30

kreml[

´

kremlq´m

revol[

ćii

revol[

ćiqm

1

2

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqm

3

Neuter

4

5

Singular

Plural

6

7

vinu´

vińam

8

zdańi[

zdańiqm

9

vre´meni

vremena´m

40

1

421111

20

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Russia and the Russian language

Adjectives and pronouns

Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intereśnomu

intereśnoj

intereśnym

dre´vnemu

dre´vnej

dre´vnim

moemu´

moe´j

moi´m

tvoemu´

tvoe´j

tvoi´m

na´wemu

na´wej

na´wim

va´wemu

va´wej

va´wim

\´tomu

\´toj

\´tim

tomu´

toj

tem

vsemu´

vsej

vsem

h;emu´

h;ej

h;im

Singular

Plural

q

mne

my

nam

ty

tebe´

vy

vam

on / onoémuóniím

onaéj

kto

komu´

hto

hemu´

Exercise 7

Put the words in brackets into the dative.

Iz zapiśok 'urnaliśta

Te¨ploe a´vgustovskoe u´tro 1991 go´da. My e´dem po (Sado´voe kol;co´) k (Beĺyj dom). My u'eśly´wali iz pereda´h po (ra´dio), i po (televi´denie) o popy´tke perevoro´ta. Esli sudi´t; po (posle´dnie soob]eńiq) po (ra´dio), (solda´ty) ni´kto ne prikaźyval strelq´t; po (tolpa´). Voproś v tom, pomo´'et li aŕmiq (puthiśty) ili

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1111

prisoedińitsq k (demokra´ty i El;cin), posle´du[t li solda´ty 2

(prikaźy) iz Kremlq´? V golove´ pronośqtsq raźnye myśli. Pohemu´

3

\´to proizowlo´? Kto vinova´t? Neu'eĺi, Gorbahe¨v? (Puthiśty) ne 4

nra´vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨va? (Gorbahe¨v) na´do byĺo de´jstvovat; 5

rewi´tel;nee? Sejhaś (on) nu'na´ poddeŕ'ka vsex l[de´j. Tepeŕ; (vse 6

demokra´ty i El;cin) ugro'aét areśt? Vokru´g Beĺogo do´ma – toĺpy 7

naro´da. (My) pohtińevozmo´'no projti´ bli´'e k (zdańie) Beĺogo 8111

do´ma, no (my) tak xo´hetsq usly´wat; El;cina. On stoi´t na tańke i 9

obra]aétsq k (naro´d). Vse polny´ \ntuziaźma pomo´h; (on i ego´

10

sora´tniki). K (obe´d) powe¨l do'd;, no niktońe xoteĺ uxodi´t;. (Vse) 1

2

xoteĺos; byt; haśt;[ istoŕii.

3

4

5

Vocabulary ♦

6

7

v golove´ pronośqtsq my

śli

thoughts run through (my) mind

8

vinova´t

guilty, to blame

9

de´jstvovat;

to act

20111

neu'eĺi

really? is it possible?

1

obra]a´t;sq k

to address

2

pereda´ha po televi´deni[

television broadcast

3

posle´dnee soob]eńie

latest report

4

prikaź / prikaźyvat;

order / to order

5

prisoedini´t;sq k

to join

6

strelq´t;

to shoot

7

sudi´t; po

to judge by

8

hast;

part

9

30

1

2

Exercise 8

3

4

Answer the questions in English.

5

6

1 What was the weather like on the nineteenth of August?

7

2 How had the writer heard about the attempted coup?

8

3 What reasons for the coup are suggested?

9

4 Was it clear which side the army was on?

40

5 Where did the crowds congregate?

1

6 Who addressed them and from where?

421111

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Russia and the Russian language

Instrumental case

Uses of the instrumental case

1 The instrumental case is used to translate ‘by’ or ‘with’ referring to the instrument with which an action is performed: pisa´t; karandawo´m ‘to write with a pencil’; okru'a´t; tańkami ‘to encircle with tanks’. Note its use after certain verbs indicating movement of parts of the body: maxa´t; ruko´j ‘to wave (with) one’s hand’; kiva´t; / kivnu´t; golovo´j ‘to shake one’s head’; po'ima´t; pleha´mi ‘to shrug one’s shoulders’. There is further information on how the instrumental is used to translate ‘by’ in Unit 10.

2 It is also used after certain prepositions:

za

behind, beyond, for (to fetch)

me´'du

between

nad

over

peŕed

in front of, before

pod

under (place)

s

with (accompanied by)

There is more information on the uses of za in Unit 8 and on s in Units 5 and 6.

3 The instrumental is frequently used as the complement of byt;

‘to be’ when this verb is in the past or future tense or the infinitive: On xoteĺ byt; prezideńtom ‘He wanted to be president’.

4 The instrumental case is used after several verbs:

zanima´t;sq / zanq´t;sq

to be engaged in, occupied with

interesova´t;sq (za-)

to be interested in

okaźyvat;sq / okaza´t;sq

to turn out to be

ostava´t;sq / osta´t;sq

to remain as

poĺ;zovat;sq (vos-)

to use, enjoy

stanovi´t;sq / stat;

to become

uvleka´t;sq / uvle´h;sq

to be keen on

upravlq´t;

control, manage, govern

qvlq´t;sq

to seem, be

There is information on these and other verbs with the instrumental in Unit 6.

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1111

5 The instrumental occurs in certain adverbial expressions of time: 2

u´trom in the morning

dne¨m in the daytime

3

ve´herom in the evening

no´h;[ at night

4

vesno´j in spring

le´tom in summer

5

ośen;[ in autumn

zimo´j in winter

6

ceĺymi dnq´mi for days on end

7

8111

and in some expressions of manner:

9

we¨potom in a whisper

bego´m at a run

10

1

Note also the phrases taki´m o´brazom ‘in that way, thus’; and 2

drugi´mi slova´mi ‘in other words’.

3

6 The instrumental is also used in defining dimensions:

4

5

vysoto´j in height

dlino´j in length

6

rośtom tall

wirino´j in width

7

reka´ wirino´j v deśqt; me´trov

8

a river ten metres wide

9

20111

1

Endings in the instrumental case

2

3

Nouns

4

5

6

Masculine

Feminine

7

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

8

9

prezideńtom

prezideńtami

gaze´toj

gaze´tami

30

1

tramvaém

tramva´qmi

nedeĺej

nedeĺqmi

2

roqĺem

roqĺqmi

revol[

ćiej

revol[

ćiqmi

3

kremle¨m

kremlq´mi

vozmo´'nost;[

vozmo´'nostqmi

4

Neuter

5

6

Singular

Plural

7

8

vino´m

vińami

9

zdańiem

zdańiqmi

40

1

vre´menem

vremena´mi

421111

24

|

Russia and the Russian language

Notes:

1 Do not forget the possible impact of the spelling rule: vrah –

vraho´m ‘doctor’; tovaŕi] – tovaŕi]em ‘comrade’; gostińica

– gostińicej ‘hotel’.

2 If the ending is stressed, -em and -ej are replaced by -e¨m or

-e¨j: zemlq´ – zemle¨j ‘earth’.

3 The instrumental of masculine surnames ending in -ov, -e¨v, -in,

-yn is ym: El;cin – El;cinym. Otherwise they decline like nouns. For the complete declension, including feminine and plural surnames, see the tables at the back of the book.

Adjectives and pronouns

Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intereśnym

intereśnoj

intereśnymi

dre´vnim

dre´vnej

dre´vnimi

moi´m

moe´j

moi´mi

tvoi´m

tvoe´j

tvoi´mi

na´wim

na´wej

na´wimi

va´wim

va´wej

va´wimi

\´tim

\´toj

\´timi

tem

toj

te´mi

vsem

vsej

vse´mi

h;im

h;ej

h;i´mi

Singular

Plural

q

mnoj

my

na´mi

ty

tobo´j

vy

va´mi

on / onoím

onií´mi

onaéj

kto

kem

hto

hem

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1111

2

Exercise 9

3

Put the words in brackets into the instrumental.

4

5

(Utro) 20 a´vgusta situaćiq staĺa boĺee (qsnaq). V \´tot den; 6

El;cin stal (si´mvol) demokra´tii: pod (egoŕukovo´dstvo) odeŕ'ana 7

pobe´da nad (kommunisti´heskaq nomenklatuŕa). Gorbahe¨v boĺ;we 8111

ne poĺ;zuetsq (populqŕnost;) sredi rossi´jskix demokra´tov.

9

Nerewi´tel;nost; Gorbahe¨va qviĺas; (glavnaq prihińa) kriźisa ego´

10

1

poli´tiki. (Tako´j o´braz) El;cin s (ego´ xarizmati´heskij avtorite´t 2

i tve¨rdaq uveŕennost;) stal (gla´vnaq politi´heskaq sila´) v Rossií.

3

4

Vocabulary ♦

5

6

nerewi´tel;nost;

indecision

7

odeŕ'ana pobe´da

victory was achieved

8

rukovo´dstvo

leadership

9

tve¨rdaq uveŕennost;

unshakeable confidence

20111

1

Prepositional case

2

3

Uses of the prepositional case

4

5

The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions: v ‘in’ (place); 6

na ‘on, at’ (place); o / ob / obo ‘about, concerning’; pri ‘at the time 7

of, in the presence of, adjoining’. More information about v may be 8

found in Units 4 and 12, about na in Unit 2 and about o / ob / obo in 9

Unit 6.

30

1

Endings in the prepositional case

2

3

Nouns

4

5

Masculine

Feminine

6

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

7

8

prezideńte

prezideńtax

gaze´te

gaze´tax

9

tramvaé

tramva´qx

nedeĺe

nedeĺqx

40

kremle´

kremlq´x

revol[

ćii

revol[

ćiqx

1

421111

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqx

26

|

Russia and the Russian language

Neuter

Singular

Plural

vine´

vińax

moŕe

morq´x

zdańii

zdańiqx

vre´meni

vremena´x

Note:

Certain masculine nouns take the ending -u´ after the prepositions v and na, though not after other prepositions taking the prepositional case. These nouns include: les – v lesu´ ‘in the forest’; beŕeg – na beregu´ ‘on the bank’; pol – na polu´ ‘on the floor’; sad – v sadu´

‘in the garden’; ugol – v uglu´ ‘in the corner’; god – v pro´wlom godu´ ‘last year’; wkaf – v wkafu´ ‘in the cupboard’; Krym – v Krymu´ ‘in the Crimea’.

Adjectives and pronouns

Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intereśnom

intereśnoj

intereśnyx

dre´vnem

dre´vnej

dre´vnix

moe¨m

moe´j

moi´x

tvoe¨m

tvoe´j

tvoi´x

na´wem

na´wej

na´wix

va´wem

va´wej

va´wix

\´tom

\´toj

\´tix

tom

toj

tex

vse¨m

vsej

vsex

h;e¨m

h;ej

h;ix

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1111

Singular

Plural

2

3

q

mne

my

nas

4

5

ty

tebe´

vy

vas

6

on / onońe¨m

onińix

7

onańej

8111

kto

kom

9

10

hto

he¨m

1

2

3

Exercise 10

4

5

Put the words in brackets into the prepositional case.

6

7

1 Beĺyj dom naxo´ditsq v (centr) Moskvyńa (Krasnopreśnenskaq 8

na´ber'naq). 2 Vo vre´mq perevoro´ta Gorbahe¨v byl v (Krym) na 9

(beŕeg) moŕq. 3 V (zdańie) Beĺogo do´ma zasedaét parla´ment Rossií.

20111

4 Intereśno sly´wat; ob (\´ti soby´tiq) v (va´wa strana´). 5 Milićiq 1

bylańa (plo´]ad;) o´kolo Beĺogo do´ma. 6 O (kto) ide¨t reh;? O

2

(li´dery) perevoro´ta? Q nihegońe zna´[ o (oni´). 7 El;cin byl v 3

4

(Beĺyj dom) a organiza´tory perevoro´ta byĺi v (Kreml;).

5

6

7

Vocabulary ♦

8

9

zaseda´t;

to sit (of parliament)

30

1

2

Exercise 11

3

4

Answer the questions in Russian.

5

6

1 Gde naxo´ditsq Beĺyj dom?

7

2 Gde byl Gorbahe¨v vo vre´mq perevoro´ta?

8

3 Gde naxo´ditsq Krym?

9

4 Gde zasedaét parla´ment?

40

5 Gde byla´ milićiq?

1

6 Gde byl El;cin?

421111

7 Gde byĺi organiza´tory perevoro´ta?

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Russia and the Russian language

Reflexive pronouns

In addition to the personal pronouns and possessive pronouns referred to above, there is the reflexive pronoun sebq´ and the reflexive possessive pronoun svoj. Sebq´ means myself, yourself, himself etc.

referring back to the subject of the verb. In consequence, it has no nominative. The other forms, common to all genders, singular and plural are: acc. / gen. sebq´; dat. sebe´; instr. sobo´j; prep. sebe´: Ona du´maet toĺ;ko o sebe´.

She thinks only of herself.

The endings of svoj are the same as those of moj and tvoj. It translates any possessive – ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’ etc., provided it refers back to ownership by the subject of the verb.

On l[

´ bit svo[ŕabo´tu.

He loves his work.

To use ego´ in this sentence would mean it was someone else’s work.

In sentences with a first or second person subject svoj may be used as an alternative to the first or second person possessive: My l[

´ bim na´wu / svo[ŕabo´tu.

We love our work.

Sam

Sam is the emphatic pronoun ‘self’:

Onaśamaśdeĺala.

She did it herself.

The full declension is in the grammar summary.

Short form adjectives

The adjectives referred to earlier are all long or attributive adjectives.

There are also short or predicative adjectives. They are used only in the predicate of the sentence, separated from the noun or pronoun they describe by the verb ‘to be’:

Kni´ga bylaíntereśna.

The book was interesting.

To form a short adjective remove the -yj or -ij from the long adjective. This gives you the masculine. For the feminine add -a, for the

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

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29

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neuter -o, and the plural -y: zdoro´vyj ‘healthy’ – zdoro´v, zdoro´va, 2

zdoro´vo, zdoro´vy. If the masculine form ends in two consonants 3

a vowel is sometimes inserted between them; intereśnyj –

4

intereśen.

5

Some adjectives, including those ending in -skij, have no short 6

form.

7

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Adverbs

9

10

Adverbs are formed in the same way as neuter short form adjectives.

1

By

śtryj ‘quick’ – byśtro ‘quickly’: on ide¨t byśtro ‘he is walking 2

quickly’.

3

4

Verbs

5

6

Compared with English, Russian has very few tenses: one present, 7

two future and two past. Verbs fall mostly into two conjugations, or 8

patterns of endings: first and second. First conjugation verbs may 9

often be recognised by their infinitive ending in -at; or -qt; : deĺat; 20111

‘to do, make’; terq´t; ‘to lose’. Second conjugation verbs more often 1

end in -it; or -et; : govori´t; ‘to speak’; smotre´t; ‘to look at’.

2

However, there are a small number of second conjugation verbs 3

ending in -at; and -qt; and irregular first conjugation verbs ending 4

in -it; , -et; , -ti. Note that tables of the endings on verbs are given 5

at the back of the book.

6

7

Formation of the present tense – first conjugation

8

Regular first conjugation verbs ending in -at; or -qt; – remove the 9

-t; from the infinitive and add: -[, -ew; -et, -em -ete, -[t: 30

1

2

deĺat;

3

4

q deĺa[,

my deĺaem

5

ty deĺaew;,

vy deĺaete

6

7

on / ona´ / ono´ deĺaet

oni´ deĺa[t

8

9

40

Remember that, as there is only one present tense in Russian, q deĺa[

1

may translate as either ‘I do’ or ‘I am doing’, dependent on the 421111

context.

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Russia and the Russian language

In addition to regular first conjugation verbs there are also verbs which take regular first conjugation endings, but their present tense stem is different from the infinitive stem, so it has to be learnt.

Where the present tense stem ends in a vowel, the endings are the same as on deĺat; and, where it ends in a consonant, the endings are -u, -ew; , -et, -em, -ete, -ut. If the ending is stressed, e is replaced by e¨:

myt; ‘to wash’

q mo´[

my moém

ty moéw;

vy moéte

on / ona´ / ono´ moét oni´ mo´[t

pisa´t; ‘to write’

q piwu´

my pi´wem

ty pi´wew;

vy pi´wete

on / ona´ / ono´ pi´wet

oni´ pi´wut

idti´ ‘to go’

q idu´

my ide¨m

ty ide¨w;

vy ide¨te

on / ona´ / onoíde¨t

oniídu´t

Much more about the stress of present tense of verbs may be found in Unit 10.

Verbs with infinitives ending in -avat; drop the syllable -av- in the present tense; verbs ending in -ovat; replace the -ov- by -u- and those ending in -evat; replace the -ev- by -[-: dava´t; ‘to give’

q da[

´

my dae¨m

ty dae¨w;

vy dae¨te

on / ona´ / ono´ dae¨t

oni´ da[

´ t

sove´tovat; ‘to advise’

q sove´tu[ my

sove´tuem

ty sove´tuew;

vy sove´tuete

on / ona´ / onośove´tuet

oni sove´tu[t

voeva´t; ‘to wage war’

q vo[

´ [

my vo[

ém

ty vo[

éw;

vy vo[

éte

on / ona´ / ono´ vo[

ét

oni vo[

´ [t

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Watch out for the effect of the spelling rules on such verbs: 2

tanceva´t; ‘to dance’:

3

tancu´[, tancuéw;, tancuét,

4

tancuém, tancuéte, tancu´[t.

5

6

Second conjugation

7

8111

Remove the last three letters from the infinitive and add the endings: 9

-[, -iw; , -it, -im, -ite, -qt. Some second conjugation verbs are 10

also affected by the spelling rules:

1

govori´t; ‘to speak’

2

q govor[

´

my govori´m

3

ty govori´w;

vy govori´te

4

on / ona´ / ono´ govori´t

oni´ govorq´t

5

6

der'a´t; ‘to hold’

7

q der'u´

my deŕ'im

8

ty deŕ'iw;

vy deŕ'ite

9

on / ona´ / ono´ deŕ'it

oni deŕ'at

20111

If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d, 1

-t, -s, -z, -st, that consonant will change in the first person singu-2

lar (q form) only. Other forms are regular. If the stem ends in -b, -v, 3

-p, -f, and -m an -l- is inserted between the stem and the ending in 4

the first person singular only:

5

6

vodi´t; to lead

q vo'u´

ty vo´diw;

7

plati´t; to pay

q plahu´

ty pla´tiw;

8

prosi´t; to ask

q prowu´

ty prośiw;

9

vozi´t; to convey

q vo'u´

ty voźiw;

30

sviste´t; to whistle

q svi]u´

ty svisti´w;

1

l[bi´t; to love

q l[bl[

´

ty l[

´ biw;

2

3

Irregular verbs

4

5

There are a small number of irregular verbs in Russian:

6

moh; ‘to be able’

mogu´

mo´'em

7

mo´'ew;

mo´'ete

8

mo´'et

mo´gut

9

40

be'a´t; ‘to run’

begu´

be'i´m

1

be'i´w;

be'i´te

421111

be'i´t

begu´t

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Russia and the Russian language

xote´t; ‘to want’

xohu´

xoti´m

xo´hew;

xoti´te

xo´het

xotq´t

est; ‘to eat’

em

edi´m

ew;

edi´te

est

edq´t

Reflexive verbs

Add -sq after a consonant or -; and -s; after a vowel: vstreha´t;sq ‘to meet’

vstreha´[s;

vstrehaémsq

vstrehaéw;sq

vstrehaétes;

vstrehaétsq

vstreha´[tsq

There is much more information about reflexive verbs in Unit 4.

The verb ‘to be’

Byt; has no present tense. For alternative ways of translating ‘to be’ see Unit 6.

Use of the present tense

In addition to a straight translation for one of the English present tenses, Russian uses the present tense in some additional circumstances. Actions which started in the past and are continuing in the present are conveyed in Russian by the use of the present tense: Q u' e´ hety

ŕe go´da zanima´[s; ruśskim qzyko´m.

I have been studying Russian for four years already.

In indirect speech or questions Russian uses the tense in which the original statement or question was made. This frequently means that Russian uses the present tense where English uses the past: Q sprosiĺa ego´, zanimaétsq li on ruśskim qzyko´m.

I asked him whether he was studying Russian.

On skazaĺ, hto on zanimaétsq ruśskim qzyko´m.

He said that he was studying Russian.

Verbs of motion have two different present tenses, which have some similarities to the two present tenses in English. This is explained fully in Unit 2.

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2

Exercise 12

3

4

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the 5

present tense.

6

Sove´tskij So[

ź boĺ;we ne (su]estvova´t;). By´vwie respu´bliki

7

8111

tepeŕ; (qvlq´t;sq) nezaviśimymi gosudaŕstvami. Okolo dvadcati´

9

respu´blik (vxodi´t;) v sosta´v Rossi´jskoj Federaćii. Parla´ment RF

10

(nazyva´t;sq) Du´ma. On (sostoq´t;) iz dvux pala´t. @urnaliśty haśto 1

(pisa´t;), hto rossiqńe ne (interesova´t;sq) poli´tikoj. Oni´ boĺ;we 2

ne (doverq´t;) poli´tikam. Q (shita´t;), hto oni´ pravy´. A Vy? Kak 3

Vy (du´mat;)? Net, my ne (moh;) soglasi´t;sq! My (poddeŕ'ivat;) 4

prezideńta i vo vse¨m (soglawa´t;sq) s nim!

5

6

7

Aspects

8

9

There are, in the overwhelming number of cases, two Russian verb 20111

infinitives for every English one. For example ‘to do’ may be deĺat; 1

or sdeĺat;. The first of these is the imperfective infinitive, or infini-2

tive of the imperfective aspect and the second is the perfective 3

infinitive or infinitive of the imperfective aspect. The present tense is 4

formed from the imperfective infinitive. There are both imperfective 5

and perfective past and future tenses formed from the respective 6

infinitives.

7

8

9

Formation of the imperfective future

30

1

The imperfective future is formed from the future tense of byt; 2

‘to be’ + the imperfective infinitive:

3

4

q bu´du deĺat;

my bu´dem deĺat;

5

ty bu´dew; deĺat;

vy bu´dete deĺat;

6

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det deĺat;

oni´ bu´dut deĺat;

7

8

The formation is exactly the same for the second conjugation and 9

for irregular verbs: q bu´du govori´t; , etc; q bu´du est; , etc.

40

1

421111

34

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Russia and the Russian language

Formation of the perfective future

The perfective future is formed in the same way as the present tense, but using the perfective infinitive. Note the irregular perfective dat; : sdeĺat; ‘to do’

sdeĺa[

sdeĺaem

sdeĺaew;

sdeĺaete

sdeĺaet

sdeĺa[t

dat; ‘to give’

dam

dadi´m

daw;

dadi´te

dast

dadu´t

Formation of the imperfective and perfective past

Both the imperfective and perfective past are formed in the same way, but from their respective infinitives. Where the infinitive of a Russian verb ends in -t; the past tense is generally formed by removing the

-t; and replacing it by: -l (masculine singular), -la (feminine singular), -lo (neuter singular), -li (plural all genders): deĺat;

–

deĺal deĺala deĺalo deĺali

sdeĺat;

–

sdeĺal sdeĺala sdeĺalo sdeĺali

Note, however, the following exceptions:

– Verbs ending in -ere´t; :

umere´t; ‘to die’

u´mer

umerla´

u´merlo

u´merli

– Some verbs ending in -nut; drop the -nut; in the masculine: privy

´ knut; ‘to get used to’

privy

´ k

privy

´ kla

privy

´ klo

privy

´ kli

vozni´knut; ‘to arise’

vozni´k

vozni´kla

vozni´klo

vozni´kli

but note

kri´knut; ‘to shout’

kri´knul

kri´knula

kri´knulo

kri´knuli

pry

´ gnut; ‘to jump’

pry

´ gnul

pry

´ gnula

pry

´ gnulo

pry

´ gnuli

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– Verbs ending in -st; remove the -st; before adding the past tense 2

endings:

3

past; ‘to fall’

pal

paĺa

paĺo

paĺi

4

est;

eĺ

eĺa

eĺo

eĺi

5

6

– Verbs ending in -ti:

7

idti´

we¨l, wla, wlo, wli

8111

nesti´ to carry

ne¨s, nesla´, neslo´, nesli´

9

vesti´ to lead

ve¨l, vela´, velo´, veli´

10

rasti´ to grow

ros, rosla´, roslo´, rosli´

1

– Verbs ending in -h;:

2

3

teh; to flow

te¨k, tekla´, teklo´, tekli´

4

leh; to lie down

le¨g, legla´, leglo´, legli´

5

moh; mog,

mogla´, moglo´, mogli´

6

dosti´h; to achieve

dosti´g, dosti´gla, dosti´glo,

7

dosti´gli

8

9

Imperfective and perfective pairs

20111

The perfective is often differentiated from the imperfective by the 1

addition of a prefix. Common prefixes include:

2

3

vy-, za-, na-, o-, ot-, pere-, po-, pod-, pri-, pro-, s-, u-: 4

pit; / vy

´ pit; to drink

5

hita´t; / prohita´t; to read

6

pisa´t; / napisa´t;

7

deĺat; / sdeĺat;

8

Other pairs are differentiated by a suffix:

9

30

rewa´t; / rewi´t; to decide

1

pose]a´t; / poseti´t; to visit

2

vstava´t; / vstat;

3

dava´t; / dat;

4

sobira´t; / sobra´t; to collect

5

nadeva´t; / nade´t; to put on

6

or by the presence of the infix -yv- or -iv- in the imperfective: 7

podpiśyvat; / podpisa´t; ‘to sign’. For more about verbs of this 8

type see Unit 14.

9

Govori´t; has two perfectives: skaza´t; ‘to say, tell’ and pogov-40

ori´t; ‘to talk, speak’. Some other unusual perfective pairs include: 1

brat; / vzqt; ‘to take’; pokupa´t; / kupi´t; ‘to buy’; stanovi´t;sq /

421111

stat; ‘to become’.

36

|

Russia and the Russian language

Difference in usage between the imperfective and

perfective aspects

Imperfective aspect

1 Unfinished or continuous actions:

On ceĺyj den; smotreĺ televiźor.

He was watching / watched television all day.

Za´vtra q bu´du rabo´tat; v sadu´.

Tomorrow I will work in the garden.

2 Habitual or repeated actions:

My haśto igraĺi v teńnis \´tim le´tom.

We often played / used to play tennis that summer.

Oni´ bu´dut pla´vat; v moŕe ka´'dyj den;.

They will be swimming / will swim in the sea every day.

3 Emphasis on the process of the verb:

Q l[bl[

´ kata´t;sq na ly´'ax.

I love skiing.

4 After the verbs nahina´t; / naha´t; and stat; ‘to begin’; konha´t;

/ końhit; ‘to finish’; prodol'a´t; ‘to continue’ and some other verbs with similar meanings, the imperfective infinitive is always used:

Q toĺ;ko hto końhila rabo´tat; nad \´toj kni´goj.

I have only just finished working on this book.

For other verbs meaning ‘to stop’ see Unit 14.

Perfective aspect

1 Emphasis on completion or result. This may be a single action: On końhil rabo´tu.

He finished the work.

Vy dol'ny

´ prohita´t; \´tu kni´gu sego´dnq.

You must read (finish reading) that book today.

or a series of actions, each one completed before the next one starts:

Q vstańu, primu´ duw i odeńus;.

I will get up, take a shower and get dressed.

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2 Some perfectives with the prefix po- imply that the action is 2

performed for a short time only:

3

My posideĺi v saduí powli´ domo´j.

4

We sat in the garden for a while and went home.

5

6

For aspects in relation to verbs of motion see Unit 2.

7

8111

Subjunctive

9

In addition to the five tenses described above Russian also has a 10

subjunctive, formed by using the particle by with the past tense: Q

1

sdeĺala by ‘I would have done it’. Fuller information on the subjunc-2

tive is given in Unit 11.

3

4

Imperative

5

6

The third person imperative may be formed from either the imper-7

fective or perfective verb: deĺaj(te), sdeĺaj(te) ‘do!’. For fuller 8

information on this imperative see Unit 2. Dava´j / dava´jte, impera-9

tive of dava´t; , is used with the first person plural (my form) of the 20111

future perfective to form a first person imperative: Dava´jte sdeĺaem 1

‘Let’s do it’.

2

3

Exercise 13

4

5

Choose the appropriate verb form from the alternatives in brackets.

6

7

Raspa´d SSSR

8

9

Peŕvyj konfli´kt v Sove´tskom So[

źe (sluhi´tsq / sluhiĺsq) e]e¨ v

30

1986g v Alma Ate´. Zate´m v 1989g (nahinaĺsq / nahalsq´) konfli´kt 1

me´'du Armeńiej i Azerbajd'ańom po po´vodu Nagoŕnogo Karaba´xa.

2

A s 1989 konfli´kty staĺi (voznika´t; / vozni´knut;) prakti´heski 3

povs[

´ du: na Ukraińe i Kavkaźe, v Molda´vii i Pribaĺtike.

4

Sove´tskoe rukovo´dstvo snahaĺa ne (ponimaĺo / pońqlo) isto´kov 5

\´tix konfli´ktov. Odna´ko primeneńie siĺy v Ri´ge i Viĺ;n[se 6

v qnvare´

1991g uspe´xa ne (prinosiĺo / prineslo´). (Nahinaĺis; /

7

nahaliś;) peregovoŕy o no´vom so[

źnom dogovoŕe. Konfederati´vnyj

8

xara´kter predlo'eńij (vyzyvaĺ / vyźval) nedovoĺ;stvo so storony´

9

40

konserva´torov i (voznikaĺa / vozni´kla) ide´q perevoro´ta pro´tiv 1

refoŕm voob]e´. Pobe´da nad puthiśtami (privodiĺa / privela´) k 421111

nekontroliŕuemomu raspa´du SSSR. V dekabre´ 1991g prezideńty

38

|

Russia and the Russian language

Rossií, Ukraińy i Beloruśsii (podpiśyvali / podpisaĺi)

soglaweńie o likvidaćii SSSR i sozdańii Sodru´'estva

Nezaviśimyx Gosudaŕstv.

Vocabulary ♦

voznika´t; / vozni´knut;

to arise

dogovoŕ

treaty

isto´k

source

nedovoĺ;stvo

dissatisfaction

peregovoŕy

negotiations

po po´vodu

on the subject of

povs[

´ du

everywhere

podpiśyvat; / podpisa´t;

soglaweńie

to sign an agreement

predlo'eńie

proposal

primeneńie siĺy

use of force

prinosi´t; / prinestiúspe´x

to bring success

sluhi´t;sq

to happen

sozdańie

creation

Sodru´'estvo Nezaviśimyx

Commonwealth of

Gosudaŕstv

Independent States

Exercise 14

Answer the questions in English.

1 Where did the first conflict break out in the Soviet Union?

2 What did Armenia and Azerbaidjan fall out about?

3 Where did conflicts break out in 1989?

4 How did the leadership try to subdue the Baltic States in 1991?

5 What was it about the proposals for a new Union treaty which upset the conservative faction in government?

6 Who signed the agreement to abolish the Soviet Union?

7 What was its substance?

1111

2

2 TRANSPORT

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

In this unit you will learn:

3

◗ about the transport system in Russia

4

◗ to use the imperative

5

6

◗ how to form the comparative

7

◗ more about the preposition na

8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

Because of Russia’s immense size, rail and air are the most important 5

modes of transport. Travel by rail is still reliable and cheap, as it was 6

in Soviet times. Although more investment is needed for construction 7

and track maintenance, especially in the remote regions where 8

climatic conditions are very difficult, there have been considerable 9

recent improvements. Compared with Soviet times domestic air travel 30

is expensive and the number of internal flights has been reduced.

1

Although dozens of private airlines were set up after the break-up of 2

the Soviet state airline, Aeroflot, they do not offer the same compre-3

hensive service to provincial towns. Road transport is slow as there 4

is no motorway system and roads are not well-maintained outside 5

major cities.

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

40

|

Transport

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a passenger and a booking clerk at Moscow’s International Airport Sheremet'evo 2

PASSA@IŔ

Ska'i´te, po'aĺujsta, zdes; proda[

´ tsq bile´ty na

samole¨t? Q toĺ;ko hto prileteĺ iz Lońdona. Mne nu´'no

lete´t; v Irku´tsk.

KASSIŔ

Da, kone´hno. A kako´j kompańiej Vy xoti´te lete´t;? U

nas sejhaś mno´go aviakompańij.

PASSA@IŔ

A kaka´q kompańiq dewe´vle?

KASSIŔ

Dewe´vle lete´t; Transa\ŕo, A\roflo´tom nemno´go doro´'e.

No vam udo´bnee lete´t; A\roflo´tom. Samole¨ty

A\roflo´ta otpravlq´[tsq s terminaĺa Wereme´t;evo odiń,

|to nedalekoóts[

´ da.

PASSA@IŔ

Xorowo´, polehuÁ\roflo´tom. Kogda´ vyletaét samole¨t?

KASSIŔ

Est; dva re´jsa. Odiń – heŕez 2 hasa´, a drugo´j – nohno´j rejs.

PASSA@IŔ

Po'aĺuj, polehu´ peŕvym re´jsom. A skoĺ;ko stoít bile´t?

KASSIŔ

Stoímost; bile´ta tudaí obra´tno vmeste s nalo´gom – 250

doĺlarov. |to eśli Vy leti´te \konomi´heskim klaśsom.

Kak Vy bu´dete plati´t;? Nali´hnymi iĺi kredi´tnoj

kaŕtoj?

PASSA@IŔ

Kredi´tnoj kaŕtoj. A kak dobra´t;sq do Wereme´t;evo

odiń?

KASSIŔ

Mo´'no dobra´t;sq re´jsovym avto´busom iĺi marwru´tnym

taksi´. Lu´hwe poez'a´jte marwru´tnym taksi´. Tak bystreé.

PASSA@IŔ

A gde ostana´vlivaetsq taksi´?

KASSIŔ

Stoqńka tut rq´dom. Idi´te prq´mo po koridoŕu, poverni´te napra´vo, i prq´mo u vy´xoda iz a\ropoŕta Vy uvi´dite

marwru´tnye taksi´.

PASSA@IŔ

A q ne opozda´[ na registraći[?

KASSIŔ

Kone´hno, ne opozdaéte. Heŕez 10 minu´t Vy bu´dete v

Wereme´t;evo odiń. Toĺ;ko prigoto´v;te zarańee bile´t,

paśport, vse Va´wi dokumeńty. Ne zabu´d;te baga´'! I vse¨

bu´det v porq´dke!

Vocabulary ♦

dobra´t;sq do

to get to

zarańee

in advance

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marwru´tnoe taksi´

minibus

2

me'dunaro´dnyj

international

3

nalo´g

tax

4

nohno´j rejs

night flight

5

opozda´t; na (+ acc)

to be late for

6

otpravlq´t;sq

to set off, depart

7

povernu´t;

to turn

8111

po'aĺuj

perhaps

9

re´jsovyj avto´bus

regular bus

10

stoímost; ( f )

cost

1

stoqńka

(taxi) rank, stop

2

toĺ;ko hto

just

3

4

N.B. bile´t tudaí obra´tno – return ticket; plati´t; nali´hnymi – to pay 5

cash; vse¨ bu´det v porq´dke – everything will be OK

6

7

8

Exercise 1

9

20111

Answer the following questions in English.

1

2

1 What airlines operate within Russia?

3

2 What are the methods of payment for an air ticket?

4

3 What does a ticket to Irkutsk cost?

5

4 How do you get to Sheremet'evo Terminal 1 from Terminal 2?

6

5 What do you need to check-in?

7

8

Language points ♦

9

30

Imperatives

1

2

In the above dialogue there are several examples of the second person 3

imperative:

4

Ska'i´te po'aĺujsta

tell (me ) please

5

Idi´te prq´mo

go straight on

6

7

Imperatives can be formed from either imperfective or perfective 8

verbs. Remove the last two letters from the third person plural (oni´

9

form) of the present or future perfective to find the stem of the verb.

40

Add -i if the stem ends in a consonant or -j if it ends in a vowel: 1

idti´ – idu´t – id – idi´ ‘go!’; hita´t; – hita´[t – hita –

421111

hita´j ‘read!’.

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Verbs with their stem ending in a single consonant that are stressed on the stem throughout their conjugation take the imperative ending

-;: zaby´t; – zabu´dut – zabud – zabu´d; ‘forget’.

For the plural or polite form add -te: idi´te, hita´jte, zabu´d;te.

The reflexive ending is -sq after -j or -; and -s; after -i or -te: odeva´jsq, odeva´jtes;; odeń;sq, odeń;tes; ‘dress’.

Verbs ending in -avat; form their imperative irregularly: dava´t;

– da[´t – dava´j(te) ‘give’; vstava´t; – vsta[´t – vstava´j(te) ‘stand’.

Note also est; – ew;(te) ‘eat’ and pit; – pej(te) ‘drink’.

Stress is on the same syllable in the imperative as in the first person singular (q form): pisa´t; – piwu´ – piwi´(te) ‘write’. The imperative of poe´xat; is poez'a´j(te).

Generally the imperfective imperative is used to express general injunctions to perform or refrain from actions. It is often found in negative sentences:

Ne terq´jte bilet!

Do not lose your ticket!

A perfective imperative relates to one particular occasion: Poverni´te napra´vo!

Turn right!

Exercise 2

Put the verb in brackets into the imperative to complete the sentence.

Example: (Brośit;) muśor v korzińu. – Broś;te muśor v korzińu!

1 (Ostanovi´t;) mawińu. 2 (Zakaza´t;) gostińicu.

3 (Porekomendova´t;) xoro´wij bank. 4 (Kupi´t;) aviabile´t.

5 (Zakry´t;) dver;. 6 (Postroít;) no´vu[ doro´gu. 7 (Poe´xat;) do Peterbuŕga. 8 (Oplati´t;) poeźdku. 9 (Provodi´t;) passa'iŕa k poézdu. 10 (Prigoto´vit;sq) k pole¨tu.

Exercise 3

Examine the special offer from Transaero Airline (shown on p. 43).

Answer the questions in English.

1 What flights does Transaero have?

2 What planes does the company use?

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2

TRANSA|RO

3

4

aviakompaniq

5

SPECIAL:NOE PREDLO@ENIE:

6

7

XITROU – MOSKVA ot £199 (+nalog £26.10)

8111

Rossijskaq aviakompaniq TRANSA|RO su]estvuet na rynke

9

bolee 8 let i vypolnqet regulqrnye rejsy iz Moskvy

10

(Domodedovo) v Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Omsk,

1

Noril;sk, Krasnoqrsk, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, 2

Orel, Ni'nevartovsk, Almaty, Astanu, Karagandu, Tawkent, 3

Kiev, Odessu, London, Frankfurt, Tel;-Aviv, |jlat

4

(Izrail;), Pafos (Kipr).

5

6

● Rejsy me'du Londonom i Moskvoj vypolnq[tsq na novyx

7

sovremennyx samoletax Boing 737–700.

8

● Dlq passa'irov, pribyva[]ix v Moskvu rejsom

9

<Transa\ro> iz Londona, predostavlqetsq besplatnyj 20111

transport ot a\roporta do centra Moskvy.

1

● Na bortu samoleta passa'iram predlagaetsq novoe

2

uluhwennoe men[.

3

● K uslugam passa'irov biznesklassa – komfortabel;nye

4

biznes-zaly v a\roportax Xitrou i Domodedovo.

5

XITROU (Terminal-2) – MOSKVA (Domodedovo) e'ednevno

6

7

Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

8

UN

9

344

22.05

05.10

Boing 737–700

30

1

MOSKVA (Domodedovo) – XITROU (Terminal-2) e'ednevno

2

3

Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

4

UN 344

13.20

14.25

Boing 737–700

5

6

Zabronirovat; i priobresti bilety mo'no v ofise <Transa\ro Turs> 7

v Londone

8

9

40

N.B. su]estvova´t; – to exist; predlaga´t;sq – to be offered; predostavlq´t;sq 1

– to be offered; vypolnq´t; rejs – to fly; ulu´hwennoe men[´ – improved 421111

menu; e'edne´vno – daily; zabroniŕovat; – to book; priobresti´ – to acquire

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3 From which airports does the company fly?

4 What additional services does the company offer?

5 What is the cost of a flight from London to Moscow?

6 What time does the flight arrive in London?

Text 1

@eleźnye doro´gi Rossií

@eleźnye doro´gi – nade¨'nyj i dewe¨vyj vid rossi´jskogo trańsporta. V evrope´jskoj haśti Rossií ix struktuŕa napominaét gigańtskoe koleso´. Egoćentr – Moskva´. Ot nee¨ v raźnye stoŕony idu´t ra´diusy – magistraĺi. No hem vosto´hnee, tem magistraĺej meń;we. Po\´tomu stroi´tel;stvo no´vyx 'eleźnyx doro´g ostae¨tsq va´'noj zada´hej. No stroít; doro´gi v Rossií s ka´'dym go´dom stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e i trudneé. Ved; stroi´tel;stvo ide¨t v boĺee tq'e¨lyx klimati´heskix uslo´viqx. Stoímost; materiaĺov, oboru´dovaniq, trudaŕabo´hix tepeŕ; vy

´ we.

No´voe napravleńie v stroi´tel;stve 'eleźnyx doro´g – sozdańie vysokoskorostny

´ x magistraĺej, kotoŕye u'eíme´[tsq vo mno´gix

strańax miŕa. Peŕvu[ taku´[ doro´gu v Rossií planiŕu[t

postroít; me´'du Moskvo´j i Sankt-Peterbuŕgom. Poezdaśmo´gut dvi´gat;sq po nej goraźdo bystreé. Odna´ko \koĺogi vse¨ ha´]e

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pro´tiv stroi´tel;stva taki´x magistraĺej. Ix argumeńty: v

2

rezul;ta´te stroi´tel;stva unihto'aétsq mno´go zemeĺ;, vyruba´[tsq 3

lesa´. No s drugo´j storony

´ , 'eleznodoro´'nyj trańsport

4

\kologi´heski vseë]e¨ hi´]e drugi´x. On vybraśyvaet v voźdux v 5

20 raz meń;we vre´dnyx ve]eśtv, hem avtomobiĺ;nyj.

6

7

Sredi´

'eleznodoro´'nyx magistraĺej Mosko´vskaq 'eleźnaq

8111

doro´ga zanimaét oso´boe meśto. Bu´duhi stoli´hnoj magistraĺ;[

9

ona´ menqétsq bystreé drugi´x. De´vqt; mosko´vskix vokzaĺov –

10

vizi´tnaq kaŕtohka stolićy. Za posle´dnie go´dy uŕoven;

1

obslu´'ivaniq na vokzaĺax stal namno´go vy

´ we, uslu´g dlq

2

passa'iŕov staĺo boĺ;we. Organizuétsq dvi'eńie skorostny

´ x

3

\lektropoezdo´v <|kspreśs> s boĺee vyso´kim komfoŕtom. Oni´

4

sego´dnq kursiŕu[t do Tuĺy, Rqzańi, Vladi´mira, Orla´, Kalu´gi, 5

6

Qrosla´vlq.

7

V taki´x poezda´x v peŕvom i vtoro´m klaśse dvuxmeśtnye mq´gkie 8

kreśla, rabo´taet bufe´t, vi´deo. Ka´'dyj vagoń obslu´'ivaetsq 9

provodniko´m. I, kone´hno, sa´moe gla´vnoe – skoŕost; \lektri´hki.

20111

Vre´mq v putiśtaĺo namno´go koro´he. Naprimeŕ, do Tuĺy oby

´ hnaq

1

\lektri´hka ide¨t 3 hasa´ 44 minu´ty, a <|kspreśs> na has meń;we 2

–

3

2 hasa´ 33 minu´ty.

4

5

6

Po materiaĺam Nezaviśimoj gaze´ty, 2000

7

8

Vocabulary

9

♦

30

1

bu´duhi

being

2

ved; (emphatic particle)

you see; after all

3

vizi´tnaq kaŕtohka

visiting card

4

vre´dnoe ve]estvo´

harmful substance

5

vybraśyvat;

to emit

6

vyruba´t;sq

to be cut down

7

vysokoskorostna´q magistraĺ;

high-speed railway

8

dvi´gat;sq

to move

9

dvi'eńie poezdo´v

rail traffic

40

dvuxmeśtnye kreśla

double seats

1

'eleźnaq doro´ga

railway

421111

zemlq´

land

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Transport

koleso´

wheel

koro´he

shorter

kursiŕovat;

to run

mq´gkij

soft

nade¨'nyj

reliable

napomina´t;

to resemble

napravleńie

trend

oboru´dovanie

equipment

obslu´'ivat;sq

to be served

ostava´t;sq zada´hej

to remain the task

provodni´k

train attendant

skoŕost; ( f )

speed

skorostno´j \lektropoézd

express train

sozdańie

creation

stoímost; ( f ) proeźda

cost of the journey

stoli´hnyj

capital

stroi´tel;stvo

construction

trud rabo´hix

labour

unihto'a´t;sq

to be destroyed

uŕoven; ( m) obslu´'ivaniq

standard of service

uslu´ga

service

hi´]e

cleaner

\lektri´hka

local (electric) train

N.B. s drugo´j storony´ – on the other hand; vseë]e¨ – still; vre´mq v puti´ –

travel time; sa´moe gla´vnoe – the most important thing Exercise 4

Answer the following questions in English.

1 What does the layout of the railways in European Russia resemble?

2 Why is it ever more difficult to build railways in Russia?

3 What is the new trend in railway construction?

4 Where will the first high-speed rail link run?

5 Why are ecologists opposed to the construction of high-speed railways?

6 What type of transport is ecologically cleanest?

7 What changes are taking place in the Moscow rail network?

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2

Exercise 5

3

4

True or false?

5

6

1 Lete´t; A\roflo´tom (doro´'e, dewe´vle, udo´bnee)?

7

2 Samole¨t v Irku´tsk vyletaét iz a\ropoŕta (Wereme´t;evo odiń, 8111

Wereme´t;evo dva, Domode´dovo)?

9

3 Puteweśtvovat; na samole¨te (doro´'e, dewe´vle, nade¨'nee), hem 10

na poézde?

1

4 Vysokoskorostnyé magistraĺi u'e ime´[tsq (v Rossií, v

2

za´padnyx strańax, v Ukraińe)?

3

5 @eleznodoro´'nyj trańsport (grqzneé, hi´]e, opaśnee)

4

avtomobiĺ;nogo trańsporta?

5

6 Uroven; obslu´'ivaniq na vokzaĺax stal (lu´hwe, xu´'e, 6

bystreé)?

7

7 Ka´'dyj vagoń obslu´'ivaetsq (provodniko´m, oficiańtom, 8

nosiĺ;]ikom)?

9

20111

Language points

1

♦

2

3

Comparatives

4

5

Long (attributive) comparatives

6

Almost all Russian adjectives can be turned into comparatives by 7

putting the words boĺee ‘more’ or meńee ‘less’ before the long form.

8

Boĺee and meńee never alter, whatever the case or number of the 9

adjective:

30

1

boĺee by

śtrye poezda´

faster trains

2

na meńee by

śtryx poezda´x

on less fast trains

3

‘Than’ is translated by hem, preceded by a comma: 4

5

Lu´hwe eźdit; na boĺee by

śtryx no´vyx poezda´x, hem na

6

staŕyx.

7

It is better to travel on faster new trains than on old.

8

Four adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative, used instead 9

of adjective + boĺee:

40

1

bol;wo´j

boĺ;wij

bigger, greater

421111

maĺen;kij

meń;wij

smaller, lesser

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ploxo´j

xu´dwij

worse

2

xoro´wij

lu´hwij

better

3

lu´hwie poezda ‘better trains’; boĺ;wij vy

´ bor ‘greater choice’.

4

5

Four more adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative in addi-6

tion to the boĺee form. The form used depends on the context: 7

8111

molodo´j

boĺee molodo´j

younger (things)

9

mla´dwij

younger, junior (people)

10

staŕyj

boĺee staŕyj

older (things)

1

staŕwij

elder, senior (people)

2

vyso´kij

boĺee vyso´kij

higher, taller (literal)

3

vy

świj

higher, superior (figurative)

4

niźkij

boĺee niźkij

lower (literal)

5

niźwij

lower, inferior (figurative)

6

boĺee staŕye poezda´ ‘older trains’; staŕwie bra´t;q ‘elder 7

brothers’; boĺee vyso´kie goŕy ‘higher mountains’; vyśwee obra-8

zovańie ‘higher education’.

9

20111

1

Exercise 6

2

3

Put the adjective in brackets into the appropriate form of the long 4

comparative.

5

6

1 Turisti´heskoe ageństvo predlagaét (intereśnyj) poeźdki v 7

Rossi´[. 2 @eleźnye doro´gi staĺi (nade¨'nyj) vi´dom trańsporta.

8

3 Ezdit; na (byśtryj) skorostny´x poezda´x – odnoúdovoĺ;stvie.

9

4 Priq´tno 'it; v (staŕyj) goŕode. 5 Dlq poeźdki v Rossi´[

30

nu'na´ (bol;wo´j) su´mma deńeg. 6 Bile´ty v tea´tr proda[

´ tsq po

1

2

(niźkij) ceńam. 7 (Vyso´kij) obrazovańie ispy´tyvaet kriźis.

3

8 Legkoŕabo´tat; s (maĺen;kij) hislo´m studeńtov. 9 (Boga´tye) 4

predpohita´[t eźdit; (udo´bnyj) peŕvym klaśsom. 10 U menqódiń 5

(molodo´j) brat i dve (staŕye) sestry´.

6

7

Short (predicative) comparatives

8

9

The short comparative is formed by adding -ee (alternative ending 40

-ej) to the stem of the adjective. The ending is the same for all genders 1

and for the plural. It is better to use the short form to translate sen-421111

tences where the verb ‘to be’ comes between noun / pronoun and the

50

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Transport

comparative. Otherwise, use the long, boĺee form. The short comparative also renders sentences beginning ‘It is / was / will be . . . er’: No´vye poezda´ bystreé

New trains are faster.

Skorostny

é poezda´ bu´dut udo´bnee

Express trains will be more convenient.

Lu´hwe lete´t; A\roflo´tom

It is better to fly by Aeroflot.

Contrast:

My e´dem na boĺee no´vom poézde

‘We are going on a newer train’.

Short comparatives of some adjectives end in -e:

bliźkij

bli´'e

closer

boga´tyj

boga´he

richer

vyso´kij

vy

´ we

higher

glubo´kij

glu´b'e

deeper

gro´mkij

gro´mhe

louder

dale¨kij

daĺ;we

further

dewe¨vyj

dewe´vle

cheaper

dorogo´j

doro´'e

dearer

'aŕkij

'aŕhe

hotter

koro´tkij

koro´he

shorter

kre´pkij

kre´phe

stronger

molodo´j

molo´'e

younger

mq´gkij

mq´ghe

softer

niźkij

ni´'e

lower

ploxo´j

xu´'e

worse

prosto´j

pro´]e

simpler

rańnij

rań;we

earlier

re´dkij

re´'e

rarer

sla´dkij

sla´]e

sweeter

staŕyj

staŕwe

older

stro´gij

stro´'e

stricter

ti´xij

ti´we

quieter

uźkij

u´'e

narrower

xoro´wij

lu´hwe

better

haśtyj

ha´]e

more often

hiśtyj

hi´]e

cleaner

wiro´kij

wiŕe

wider

bol;wo´j

boĺ;we

bigger

maĺen;kij

meń;we

smaller

N.B. boĺ;we also means ‘more’ and meń;we ‘less’. Poźdnij has two alternative forms – pozdneé / poź'e ‘later’. Some adjectives do not have a short comparative, e.g. adjectives ending in -skij. When a comparative is required, use the boĺee form.

Exercise 7

Complete the following sentences using a word meaning the opposite of the first comparative.

Transport

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1111

1 Q staŕwe bra´ta, brat . . . menqńa 5 let. 2 Rasstoqńie do Lońdona 2

koro´he, do Moskvy´ . . . 3 Lete´t; samole¨tom bystreé, e´xat; poézdom 3

. . . 4 V Moskveóbslu´'ivanie lu´hwe, v provińcii . . . 5 Ruśskij 4

qzy´k trudneé, francuźskij

. . . 6 Aviaciońnyj trańsport

5

grqzneé, 'eleznodoro´'nyj . . . 7 Stoímost; proeźda v peŕvom 6

klaśse vy´we, vo vtoro´m . . . 8 Ha´]e l[

´ di smo´trqt vi´deo, . . . xo´dqt

7

v kino´. 9 Rań;we vse eźdili na poézde, . . . staĺi leta´t; na 8111

samole¨te. 10 Sejhaś boĺ;we smo´trqt televiźor, . . . slu´wa[t 9

ra´dio. 11 Exat; na avto´buse dewe´vle, na poézde . . .

10

1

2

After a short comparative, ‘than’ is usually rendered by putting the 3

object of comparison into the genitive:

4

5

Avto´bus udo´bnee poézda.

The bus is more convenient than the train.

6

7

The genitive cannot be used to translate ‘than’ if the object of compar-8

ison is not in the nominative:

9

20111

Bystreé e´xat; na poézde, hem na avto´buse.

1

It is faster to go by train than bus.

2

or not a noun or pronoun:

3

4

Lu´hwe v Rossií, hem zdes;.

5

It is better in Russia than here.

6

7

or ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘its’ or ‘theirs’:

8

Naw tur intereśnee, hem ix.

9

Our tour is more interesting than theirs.

30

1

2

Exercise 8

3

4

5

Change the adjectives to short comparatives and put the words in 6

brackets into the genitive.

7

1 Hemodań tq'e¨lyj (su´mka). 2 Moskvaśtaŕaq (Peterbuŕg).

8

3 Oteć staŕyj (mat;). 4 Sestra´ moloda´q (brat). 5 Voĺga wiro´kaq 9

40

(Te´mza). 6 Meśqc fevraĺ; koro´tkij (mart). 7 Poézd dewe¨vyj 1

(samole¨t). 8 Ozero Bajkaĺ glubo´koe (oźero Ness). 9 Mosko´vskoe 421111

metro´ hiśtoe (lońdonskoe metro´).

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Constructions with the comparative

Kak mo´'no

as . . . as possible

Kak mo´'no dewe´vle

as cheap as possible

Hem . . . tem

the . . . er, the . . . er

Hem dewe´vle, tem lu´hwe

the cheaper the better

Note: Tem lu´hwe ‘So much the better’.

Goraźdo / namno´go / kuda´

much . . . er

Poézd goraźdo / namno´go dewe´vle samole¨ta

the train is much cheaper than the plane

Vse¨

ever . . . er

Stroít; doro´gi stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e (i doro´'e).

Building roads is becoming ever more expensive / more and more expensive.

Note also the use of v and na in measuring difference: na has meń;we

an hour less

v dva raźa boĺ;we

twice as big

Exercise 9

Use the construction hem . . . tem to form sentences.

Example: Prosta´q zada´ha – onaĺe¨gkaq. – Hem pro´]e zada´ha, tem onaĺe´ghe.

1 Avto´bus me´dlennyj – on dewe¨vyj. 2 Soboŕ staŕyj – on intereśnyj. 3 Ozero glubo´koe – onoópaśnoe. 4 Helove´k staŕyj –

on u´mnyj. 5 Doro´ga daleko´ – ee¨ tru´dno stroít;. 6 Voźdux hiśtyj

– \´to xorowo´ dlq zdoro´v;q. 7 Marwru´t prosto´j – on le¨gkij.

8 Poézd byśtryj – puteweśtvie koro´tkoe. 9 Kreślo mq´gkoe – onoúdo´bnoe. 10 Helove´k boga´tyj, on – ploxo´j.

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Comparative of adverbs

2

The comparative of the adverb takes the same form as the short 3

comparative of the adjective:

4

5

Poezda´ xo´dqt bystreé.

6

Trains travel more quickly.

7

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9

Preposition corner ♦

10

Prepositions are among the most difficult words to translate. A prepo-1

sition rarely, if ever, has a direct equivalent in another language which 2

covers all its uses. This regular section will help your knowledge of 3

how Russian prepositions are used.

4

5

6

Na + accusative

7

8

Note the variety of uses of na + accusative and the different ways in 9

which it may be translated into English.

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1

Expressions of place – ‘to, onto’ denoting motion towards 2

3

Points of the compass:

4

5

na se´ver, [g, vosto´k, za´pad

to the north, south, east, west

6

7

places which, in origin, were not single buildings:

8

9

na vokzaĺ, stadioń, stańci[, po´htu

30

to the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office

1

Open spaces:

2

3

na uĺicu, plo´wad;, dvor

4

onto the street, square, yard

5

rivers, islands and some mountain ranges:

6

7

na Voĺgu, Kipr, Uraĺ, Kavkaź

8

to the Volga, to Cyprus, to the Urals, to the Caucasus

9

activities or places which denote activity:

40

1

na konceŕt, le´kci[, uro´k, rabo´tu, fakul;te´t

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to the concert, lecture, lesson, to work, to the faculty

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Transport

Expressions of time

na Ro'destvo´

at / for Christmas

na drugo´j den;

on the next day

tur na 5 dnej

5-day tour

noh; na 20-oe ma´q

night of the 19th to 20th May

On poe´xal tudańa dva go´da

He has gone there for two years

Other useful expressions using na + accusative

bile´t na poézd

train ticket

vid na re´ku

view over the river

na vid

in appearance

na dvoi´x

for two

spros na

demand for

poxo´'ij na

like

After verbs:

vliq´t; na

to influence

'aĺovat;sq / po- na

to complain

nade´qt;sq na

to hope for, rely on

naznaha´t; / nazna´hit; na

to appoint to

opaźdyvat; / opozda´t; na

to be late for

otveha´t; / otve´tit; na

to reply to

polaga´t;sq / polo'i´t;sq na

to rely on

poxodi´t; na

to resemble

soglawa´t;sq / soglasi´t;sq na

to agree to

tra´tit; / po- na

to spend on

Na + prepositional

Expressions of place – ‘on, at’ indicating location

Used with all the same nouns as na + accusative meaning ‘to’: na se´vere, [

´ ge, vosto´ke, za´pade

in the north, south, east, west

na vokzaĺe, stadiońe, stańcii, po´hte

at the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office

Transport

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na uĺice, plo´wadi, dvore´

2

on the street (outside), square, in the yard (outside)

3

na Voĺge, Ki´pre, Uraĺe, Kavkaźe

4

on the Volga, in Cyprus, in the Urals, in the Caucasus

5

6

na konceŕte, le´kcii, uro´ke, rabo´te, fakul;te´te

7

at the concert, lecture, lesson, at work, in the faculty 8111

9

Means of transport:

10

1

na metro´, na avto´buse, na taksi´, poézde, teploxo´de, 2

velosipe´de

by metro, bus, taxi, train, boat, bicycle

3

4

na noga´x

on one’s feet

5

na svoe´j so´vesti

on one’s conscience

6

7

8

Expressions of time

9

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na \´toj, pro´wloj, bu´du]ej nedeĺe

1

this, last, next week

2

na dnqx

the other day

3

na protq'eńii

over the course of

4

na moe¨m veku´

in my lifetime

5

6

Note also:

7

na ruśskom qzyke´

8

in Russian

9

30

but

1

perevodi´t; / perevestińa ruśskij qzy

´ k

2

to translate into Russian

3

4

After verbs:

5

6

igra´t; na (musical instruments) gitaŕe

7

to play the guitar

8

'eni´t;sq na

9

to marry (for a man)

40

1

nastaívat; / nastoq´t; na

421111

to insist on

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Transport

skaźyvat;sq / skaza´t;sq na

to tell on, have an effect on

sosredoto´hivat;sq / sosredoto´hit;sq na

to concentrate on

Exercise 10

Put the words in brackets into the appropriate case, accusative or prepositional.

1 My vy´wli na (uĺica). 2 Ne vse studeńty regulqŕno xo´dqt na (le´kcii). 3 Menqńe bu´det na (bu´du]aq nedeĺq). 4 My e´dem tudańa (poézd). 5 Na (drugo´j den;) powe¨l do'd;. 6 Xolodneé na (se´ver). 7 Kni´gi na (ruśskij qzy´k) ohen; dorogié. 8 On xorowoígraét na (roqĺ;). 9 On pereve¨l vse p;eśy Wekspiŕa na (francuźskij qzy´k). 10 Moj drug 'eniĺsq na (ruśskaq). 11 On otve´til na (vse voprośy) pra´vil;no. 12 Ona poxo´dit na (mat;), a on na (oteć). 13 Ne opozda´j na (poézd)!

Exercise 11

Translate into Russian.

1 You can pay for your ticket either by cash or credit card. I prefer to pay by cash.

2 Help me please to find the taxi rank. I have a lot of luggage.

3 A rail ticket is three times cheaper than an air ticket.

4 The most important thing is speed. Express trains are much faster now, and travel time is shorter.

5 Ecologically rail transport is still cleaner than other kinds of transport.

6 The faster the trains, the better it will be for all travellers.

7 Travelling by a faster and more comfortable train is a pleasure.

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2

3 TURIZM

3

4

5

6

7

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9

10

1

2

In this unit you will learn:

3

◗ about tourism in Russia

4

◗ how to use verbs of motion

5

6

◗ about prefixes on verbs of motion

7

◗ how to differentiate between tak'e / to'e

8

◗ words with the root -xod-

9

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1

2

3

4

5

In Soviet times the State Tourist company, ‘Intourist’, had a 6

monopoly. Its chief activity was organising travel for foreign tourists 7

within the USSR. Although many tourists travelling to Russia still 8

prefer to go on organised tours, there is now a much greater variety 9

of holidays on offer and much more scope for arranging travel your-30

self. Travel agencies proliferate on the streets of major Russian towns, 1

offering everything from cruises on the Volga to fishing trips to the 2

Kola peninsula. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, foreign travel 3

opportunities for Soviet citizens were very limited, generally restricted 4

to countries within the Soviet sphere of influence. Most Russians holi-5

dayed in their own country. Trade Unions issued pute¨vki ‘holiday 6

vouchers’, which entitled their members to holidays in Soviet resorts, 7

such as those on the Black Sea. But now Russians themselves have 8

become enthusiastic travellers, at home and abroad, fuelling the boom 9

in tourism.

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Tourism

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a traveller and a travel agent PUTEWESTVENNIK Menqínteresuét poeźdka po <Zoloto´mu kol;cu´>.

Hto Vy mo´'ete predlo'i´t;?

TURAGENT

A skoĺ;ko u Vas vre´meni?

PUTEWESTVENNIK Vre´meni u menq´ toĺ;ko 2 nedeĺi.

TURAGENT

V nastoq´]ij momeńt u nas bol;wo´j vy´bor. Est;

avto´busnye, a ta´k'e teploxo´dnye tuŕy.

PUTEWESTVENNIK Mo´'et byt;, lu´hwe poe´xat; na poézde? Q sly´wal, hto v Rossií est; skorostnyé poezda´, boĺee byśtrye,

hem staŕye?

TURAGENT

Oby´hno po <Zoloto´mu kol;cu´> turiśty eźdqt na

avto´buse iĺi na teploxo´de. |to pro´]e, udo´bnee i

dewe´vle. Na poézde slo'neé.

PUTEWESTVENNIK A skoĺ;ko vre´meni zajme¨t taka´q poeźdka?

TURAGENT

Vse¨ zaviśit ot togo´, skoĺ;ko gorodo´v Vy xoti´te

poseti´t;. Vot, naprimeŕ, est; xoro´wij avto´busnyj

tur na vse goroda´

<Zoloto´go kol;ca´>. |to

semidne´vnyj tur. Est; teploxo´dnyj tur, to´'e na

7 dnej. K so'aleńi[, ne na vse goroda´. Vy uvi´dite

Uglih, Kostromu´, Qrosla´vl;.

PUTEWESTVENNIK A na kakié tuŕy u Vas est; svobo´dnye mesta´?

TURAGENT

Pokaést; mestańa vse tuŕy. Ka´'dyj hetveŕg v 10

haso´v utraíde¨t avto´bus, a ka´'du[ pq´tnicu v 5

hasov ve´hera s rehno´go vokzaĺa otpravlqétsq

teploxo´d.

PUTEWESTVENNIK Po'aĺuj, poe´du na teploxo´de. Govorq´t, pejza´'i na Voĺge potrqsa´[]ie, sve´'ij voźdux! Mo´'no xorowoótdoxnu´t;!

TURAGENT

Da, v \´to vre´mq go´da puteweśtvovat; na teploxo´de

– odnoúdovoĺ;stvie! Shastli´vogo puti´!

PUTEWESTVENNIK Bol;woé spasi´bo!

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Vocabulary ♦

2

3

predlo'i´t;

to offer

4

poka´

for a while

5

potrqsa´[]ij

stunning, fantastic

6

semidne´vnyj tur

seven-day tour

7

teploxo´d

boat

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9

N.B. <Zolotoé kol;co´> – Golden Ring (the route on which many ancient 10

Russian towns are situated); poeźdka zajme¨t – the trip will take; v nastoq´]ij 1

momeńt – at the present moment; odnoúdovoĺ;stvie – pure pleasure; 2

shastli´vogo puti´! – have a good trip!

3

4

5

Exercise 1

6

7

Answer the following questions in English.

8

9

1 What trip does the traveller want to go on?

20111

2 What does the agent recommend?

1

3 What is the ‘Golden Ring’?

2

4 Why is it better to travel round the ‘Golden Ring’ by bus?

3

5 What tours can the agency offer?

4

6 How long does a bus tour round the ‘Golden Ring’ take?

5

7 Why does the traveller decide to go by boat?

6

7

8

Exercise 2

9

30

1

Select holidays which answer the following criteria.

2

3

1 Must have high quality accommodation.

4

2 Of award-winning quality.

5

3 Include a boat trip.

6

4 Seaside and city combination.

7

5 Opportunity to see as many of the Golden Ring towns as 8

possible.

9

6 Includes a visit to an outdoor museum.

40

1

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Tourism

Belye nohi Sankt -Peterburga

Serdce Rusi severnoj

(3 i 5 dnej: klassiheskie

(6 dnej: Velikij Ust[g-

letnie tury, vkl[ha[]ie

Vologda-Kirillov-

|rmita', nohnu[ \kskursi[

Ferapontovo, s pose]eniem

<Mosty zagovorili>,

velikix severnyx

<Fontany Petergofa>,

monastyrej: Kirillo-

Carskoe selo, Pavlovsk i

Belozerskogo, Ferapontova,

mnogoe drugoe)

Spas-Priluckogo, a tak'e

<muzeq pod otkrytym

nebom> znamenitogo

Velikogo Ust[ga)

Belye nohi Sankt -Peterburga

Soloveckie ostrova!

(3 i 5 dnej) + otdyx na

(7 dnej: legendarnye

Finskom zalive (7 dnej:

Solovki na Belom more po

pansionaty v kurortnom poselke pravu nazyva[t <vos;mym Repino v 40 km ot S-Peterburga hudom

sveta>)

na beregu Baltijskogo morq)

Sem; gorodov Zolotogo kol;ca

Ki'i + Valaam + Solovki!

(5 dnej: Sergiev Posad–

(9 dnej: legendarnaq

Aleksandrov–Suzdal;–

programma, s 1999 g, vpervye

Vladimir–Gus;-Xrustal;nyj–

v odnom kombinirovannom

{r;ev-Pol;skij–Pereslavl;-

ture pose]enie trex

Zalesskij)

'emhu'in Rossii. Diplom

1 stepeni v konkurse

<Marwrut–2000–Rossiq>.

11 \kskursij)

Zolotoe kol;co + otdyx na

Kareliq! (9 dnej: otdyx v

Volge (11 dnej: Rostov Velikij– presti'nom otele Qroslavl;–Kostroma–Ples

<Kalevala> + \kskursii po

+ otdyx v pansionate

One'skomu ozeru na ostrov

<Vol'skij priboj>)

Ki'i i na znamenityj

vodopad Kivah)

N.B. 'emhu´'ina – pearl; vodopa´d – waterfall; hu´do sve´ta – wonder of the world

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Text 1

2

3

4

5

Na bortu´ teploxo´da <Grigoŕij Pirogo´v>

6

7

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9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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1

Za svo[

´ 'izn; q mno´go puteweśtvovala i po voźduxu, i po su´we, 2

no nikogdańe pla´vala na teploxo´de. I vot v \´tom godu´ q 3

rewiĺas;. Q nawla´ podxodq´]ij tur na teploxo´de i rewiĺa e´xat;.

4

Pra´vda, ne odna´, a so svoe´j dru´'noj kompańiej. My vy

´ brali

5

6

< Grigoŕij Pirogo´v> – nebol;wo´j teploxo´d, kotoŕyj soverwaét 7

re´jsy v vyxodny

é dni do Tverií Ugliha. My rewiĺi plyt;

8

do Tveri´.

9

V pq´tnicu my priwlińa Rehno´j vokzaĺ v 17 haso´v, za has do 30

otply

´ tiq teploxo´da, byśtro prowliŕegistraći[ i poluhiĺi

1

kl[hiót svoi´x ka[

´ t. Na teploxo´de dve passa'iŕskie paĺuby

2

3

i tre´t;q

–

otkry

´ taq, gde mo'no pozagora´t;. Sa´mye

4

komforta´bel;nye ka[

´ ty razme]a´[tsq na vtoro´j paĺube. Hem

5

bli´'e k nośu teploxo´da ka[

´ ta, tem doro´'e onaśtoít. Na \´toj

6

'e paĺube naxo´ditsq i kapitańskaq ka[

´ ta.

7

Kak toĺ;ko teploxo´d na´hal otplyva´t;, vse vy

´ wli na paĺuby.

8

Sve´'ij voźdux, potrqsa´[]ie pejza´'i, klaśsnaq kompańiq, 9

40

muźyka i pi´vo – vseöbe]aĺo hudeśnyj o´tdyx. Q mno´go raz 1

eźdila na mawińe po doro´ge Moskva´ – Tver;. Mne kazaĺos;, hto 421111

q zna´[ ee¨ vs[ <ot> i <do>. No vi´dy iz oknaávtomobiĺq

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Tourism

soverweńno ne poxodiĺi na to, hto my uvi´deli s teploxo´da:

'ivopiśnaq priro´da, plq´'i, domaó´tdyxa, prive´tlivye rybakińa bereguŕeki´. Q byla´ v vostoŕge.

V 12 haso´v v subbo´tu my priply

ĺi v Tver;. Zdes; u nas byla´

pewexo´dnaq \kskuŕsiq. Ona vxo´dit v stoímost; tuŕa.

|kskursovo´d provelańas po na´bere'noj do pa´mqtnika Afanaśi[

Niki´tinu, zate´m my prowli´ heŕez most v centr goŕoda, v kartińnu[ galere´[. Iz galereí my vy

´ wli hasa´ v hetyŕe i do

u´'ina rewiĺi poxodi´t; po goŕodu, zajti´ v kafe´, zakusi´t; i vy

´ pit; ha´wku ko´fe. My toĺ;ko prowli´ metro´v 20, kak uvi´deli maĺen;kij restorańhik. Ceńy nas priq´tno udiviĺi, vse¨ by ĺo

vkuśno, miĺo i namno´go dewe´vle, hem v Moskve´.

Iz Tveri´ my otply

ĺi v 6 haso´v ve´hera. A v voskreseń;e v 11

haso´v utra´ teploxo´d prihaĺil na zele¨nu[ stoqńku <Xvo´jnyj bor>. Zdes; v lesuńa bereguŕeki´ my kupaĺis; i zagoraĺi, eĺi wawlyki´, piĺi pi´vo. V 5 haso´v ve´hera my othaĺili ot

gosteprii´mnogo Boŕa i heŕez 3 hasa´ pri´byli na Se´vernyj rehno´j vokzaĺ stolićy. Kruiź na teploxo´de – prekraśnyj o´tdyx v vyxodny

é dni.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Vaw dosu´g>, 2001

Vocabulary ♦

vyxodny

é dni

weekend

zakusi´t;

to have a bite to eat

kl[h ot ka[

´ ty

cabin key

na´bere'naq

embankment

nos teploxo´da

bow of the ship

otply

´ tie

departure (by boat)

othaĺit;

to set sail

paĺuba

deck

pa´mqtnik

monument

pewexo´dnaq \kskuŕsiq

walking tour

pozagora´t;

to sunbathe

prihaĺit;

to moor

podxodq´]ij

suitable

poxodi´t; na (+ acc)

to look like

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razme]a´t;sq

to be accommodated

2

rewi´t;sq

to make up one’s mind

3

soverwa´t; rejs

to sail

4

stoqńka

stop

5

udivi´t;

to surprise

6

xvo´jnyj bor

coniferous forest

7

wawly

´ k

kebab

8111

N.B. na bortu´ teploxo´da – on board ship; po voźduxu i po su´we – by air 9

and land; <OT> I <DO> – inside out; na´hal otplyva´t; – set sail; byt; v 10

vostoŕge – to be delighted; Afanaśij Niki´tin – fifteenth-century Russian 1

merchant adventurer; 'e (emphatic particle) – exactly 2

3

4

Exercise 3

5

6

Answer the following questions in English.

7

8

1 What kind of cruises does the Grigoriy Pirogov offer?

9

2 How many decks are there on the ship?

20111

3 Where is the captain’s cabin?

1

4 What can you see from the ship?

2

5 What did the walking tour of Tver’ include?

3

6 Why did the friends like the little restaurant in Tver’?

4

7 How did the cruise end?

5

6

Exercise 4

7

8

True or false?

9

30

1 Lu´hwij spośob puteweśtvovat; po <Zoloto´mu kol;cu´> (na 1

poézde, pewko´m, na teploxo´de)?

2

2 Teploxo´dy otpravlq´[tsq (s 'eleznodoro´'nogo vokzaĺa, s 3

rehno´go vokzaĺa, iz ceńtra goŕoda)?

4

3 Grigoŕij Pirogo´v soverwaét re´jsy (v vyxodnyé dni, vokru´g 5

sve´ta, ka´'dyj den;)?

6

4 Hem bli´'e k nośu teploxo´da ka[´ta, tem ona´ (dewe´vle, doro´'e, 7

xu´'e)?

8

5 Pejza´'i za borto´m byĺi (sku´hnye, potrqsa´[]ie, neoby´hnye)?

9

6 V Tveri´ passa'iŕy posetiĺi (istori´heskij muze´j, kreml;, 40

kartińnu[ galere´[)?

1

7 Na stoqńke <Xvo´jnyj bor> passa'iŕy (sobiraĺi griby´, 421111

kupaĺis;, peĺi peśni)?

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Tourism

Language points ♦

Verbs of motion

Verbs of motion are essential to any discussion of tourism. The ones we are going to look at first are: eźdit; / e´xat; / poe´xat; ‘to go (by vehicle), travel, ride’; xodi´t; / idti´/ pojti´ ‘to go (on foot), walk’.

Ezdit; / e´xat; and xodi´t; / idti´ are all imperfective verbs. Ezdit; and xodi´t; are ‘multidirectional’ verbs, used for repeated journeys, particularly round trips, such as to work and back:

Udo´bnee eźdit; na rabo´tu na poézde.

It is more convenient to travel to work (and back) by train.

Moj syn xo´dit v wkoĺu.

My son goes to school (i.e. there and back every day).

They are also used for generalisations, where the occasion and direction of the journey is imprecise:

Oby

´ hno turiśty eźdqt na avto´buse.

Usually tourists go by bus.

Or simply the direction is non-specific:

On ceĺu[ noh; xodiĺ po uĺicam.

He walked the streets all night.

Exat; and i´dti are ‘unidirectional’ verbs, used for single journeys in a particular direction:

Sego´dnq q iduńa rabo´tu pewko´m, a domo´j e´du na

avto´buse.

Today I am walking to work but coming home by bus.

Even where a journey is repeated, if a single direction is stressed, e´xat; / idti´ are used:

Ka´'dyj hetveŕg v 10 haso´v ide¨t avto´bus.

The bus goes every Thursday at 10.

Q vsegdaé´du domo´j na taksi´.

I always come home by taxi.

Note that xodi´t; / idti´ are used when trains, buses, boats, trains and other forms of public transport are the subject. Ezdit; / e´xat;

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are used for cars and other smaller vehicles, as well as for the action 2

of passengers on any form of transport.

3

Poe´xat; / pojti´ are perfective verbs. They convey the idea of 4

setting off on a journey:

5

Q poe´du v 5 haso´v utra´.

6

I will go / set off at 5 a.m.

7

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Lu´hwe poe´xat; rańo.

9

It is better to go / set off early.

10

They are also used if a completed journey was in one direction only: 1

2

Poe´xala tudańa teploxo´de.

3

I went there by boat.

4

Where a round trip has been made eźdit; / xodi´t; are used: 5

6

Q eźdila v Rossi´[ le´tom.

7

I went to (and returned from) Russia in the summer.

8

Note the use of the perfective past tense in the phrases: 9

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q powe¨l

I’m off

1

poe´xali

let’s go

2

3

Figurative use of verbs of motion

4

5

Where verbs of motion are used figuratively, only one of the imper-6

fectives is ever used: do'd; ide¨t ‘it is raining’; delaídu´t xorowo´

7

‘things are going well’; ide¨t le´kciq ‘a lecture is taking place’; ide¨t 8

fil;m ‘a film is on’.

9

30

1

Exercise 5

2

3

Use the appropriate form of eźdit; / e´xat; / poe´xat; or xodi´t; /

4

idti´ / pojti´ to complete the sentence.

5

1 Poezdaśmo´gut . . . goraźdo bystreé po vysokoskorostny´m 6

magistraĺqm. 2 Ot Moskvy´ 'eleźnye doro´gi . . . v raźnye koncy´

7

strany´. 3 Amerikańskaq turgru´ppa . . . v Sankt Peterbuŕg. Ona´

8

9

bu´det tam tri dnq. 4 Angli´jskaq gru´ppa u'e . . . v Sankt 40

Peterbuŕg. Ona´ vernuĺas; v Moskvu´ vhera´. 5 V kotoŕom hasu´ ty 1

. . . za´vtra u´trom? Q zaka'u´ taksi. 6 V subbo´tu sneg . . . ves; den;.

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Yaroslavl

Words including the root xod

The word xod means ‘movement’: na xodu´ ‘on the move’; v xo´de

‘in the course of’. By spotting it as the root of other words you may be able to work out their meaning, or, at least, remember them more easily.

Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the root. In several of these examples it indicates the direction of the movement: vxod ‘entrance’; vy ´xod ‘exit’; doxo´d ‘income’; rasxo´dy

‘expenses’; perexo´d ‘crossing’; poxo´d ‘hike’.

Suffixes indicate the part of speech:

xodi ´t; ‘to go / walk’; vxodno ´j ‘entrance’ (adj.); poxo´dka ‘gait’; xod;ba ´ ‘walking’ – 10 minu´t xod;by

´

‘a ten minute walk’; vyxodno´j den; ‘day off ‘; vyxodnyé dni

‘weekend’.

Xod combined with another root

paroxo´d ‘steamship’ (par ‘steam’); teploxo´d ‘motor ship’

(teplo´ ‘warm’); pewexo´d(nyj) ‘pedestrian’ (pe´wij ‘foot’); sudoxo´dnyj ‘navigable’ (su´dno ‘vessel’).

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2

Exercise 6

3

4

Complete the following phrases using an appropriate form of a word 5

with the root xod.

6

. . .

7

v metro´; . . . heŕez uĺicu; v . . . peregovoŕov; doro´'nye . . .

8111

sli´wkom vyso´kie; . . . zońa; . . . bile´t; tur na . . . ; v . . . dni.

9

10

Language points

1

♦

2

3

Prefixed verbs of motion

4

5

Key verbs in any discussion of travel are: priez'a´t; / prie´xat; ‘to 6

arrive’ and uez'a´t; / ue´xat; ‘to leave’. The perfective of each pair 7

is a prefixed form of the verb e´xat; ‘to travel, go by vehicle’, which 8

was discussed earlier in the unit. A whole series of verbs exists to 9

describe travel in different directions, formed by adding prefixes to -

20111

ez'at; / -exat;. Unlike the unprefixed eźdit; / e´xat; / poe´xat;, these 1

prefixed verbs of motion only have one imperfective. They are 2

normally followed by a preposition which reinforces the meaning.

3

Note the hard sign -#- between prefixes ending in a consonant and 4

-ez'at; / -exat;.

5

Some common examples:

6

7

Imperfective

Perfective

Preposition

8

9

v#ez'a´t;

v#e´xat;

v + acc

30

to drive in

1

2

vyez'a´t;

vy

éxat;

iz + gen

to drive out

3

4

doez'a´t;

doe´xat;

do + gen

5

to drive as far as

6

zaez'a´t;

zae´xat;

7

to call (on a person)

k + dat

8

to call (at a place)

v or na + acc

9

to call for

za + instr

40

1

ob#ez'a´t;

ob#e´xat;

vokru´g + gen or

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to drive round

without a preposition

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ot#ez'a´t;

ot#e´xat;

ot + gen

to drive away from

pereez'a´t;

peree´xat;

herez + acc or without

to cross

a preposition

to move from

iz or s + gen

to move to

v or na + acc

pod#ez'a´t;

pod#e´xat;

k + dat

to drive up

priez'a´t;

prie´xat;

v or na + acc

to arrive, come

proez'a´t;

proe´xat;

to drive past

mimo + gen

to travel a given distance

without a preposition

raz#ez'a´t;sq

raz#e´xat;sq

po + dat

to disperse

uez'a´t;

ue´xat;

to leave (a place)

iz or s + gen

to leave (a person)

ot + gen

Examples:

Oni´ doe´dut do Bajkaĺa sego´dnq.

They will travel as far as Lake Baikal today.

My prie´xali v Moskvu´ poźdno ve´herom.

We arrived in Moscow late in the evening.

All the same prefixes can be added to the stems -xodit; / -jti to create verbs which describe motion on foot in a variety of directions.

Note the -o- between prefixes ending in a consonant and -jti: vxodi´t;

vojti´

v + acc

to walk in, enter

Exercise 7

Replace verbs of motion describing travel in a vehicle by those describing travel on foot.

Example: Ve´herom my poe´xali v kino´. – Ve´herom my powli´ v kino´.

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1 Ka´'dyj god tyśqhi studeńtov priez'a´[t v MGU. 2 Vy 2

dol'ny´ vyéxat; iz do´ma za 2 hasa´ do otxo´da poézda. 3 Poe´dem 3

na konceŕt sego´dnq ve´herom! 4 Mne obqza´tel;no na´do zae´xat; v 4

bibliote´ku. 5 Q doĺ'en ue´xat; ot vas heŕez has. 6 Ne na´do 5

zaez'a´t; za mnoj, q poe´du odna´. 7 Q zae´xal k dru´gu, no egońe´

6

bylo do´ma, on u'eúe´xal. 8 On pod#e´xal k kaśse i zaplatiĺ za 7

benziń. 9 My doe´xali do leśa i ostanoviĺis;. 10 Oni´ proe´xali 8111

mi´mo i ne zame´tili nas. 11 Kogda´ Vy bu´dete pereez'a´t; heŕez 9

re´ku, bu´d;te ostoro´'nee. 12 On neśkol;ko raz ob#e´xal vokru´g 10

do´ma. 13 Moj drug prive¨z mne slovaŕ;.

1

2

3

Other verbs of motion

4

5

In addition to eźdit; / e´xat; / poe´xat; and xodi´t; / idti´/ pojti´, 6

described above, there are other verbs of motion with two imper-7

fectives. These include:

8

Imperfectives

Perfective

Meaning

9

20111

nosi´t; / nesti´

ponesti´

to carry (on foot)

1

vozi´t; / vezti´

povezti´

to convey, carry (by vehicle)

2

vodi´t; / vesti´

povesti´

to lead (on foot)

3

be´gat; / be'a´t;

pobe'a´t;

to run

4

leta´t; / lete´t;

polete´t;

to fly

5

pla´vat; / plyt;

poply

´ t;

to swim, sail

6

laźit; / lezt;

poleźt;

to climb

7

poĺzat; / polzti´

popolzti´

to crawl

8

brodi´t; / bresti´

pobresti´

to wander

9

taska´t; / ta]i´t;

pota]i´t;

to drag

30

gonq´t; / gnat;

pogna´t;

to chase, drive

1

kata´t; / kati´t;

pokati´t;

to roll

2

3

In deciding which verb to chose, follow the guidelines set out for 4

eźdit; / e´xat; / poe´xat; :

5

6

My neslińaw baga´' na ostano´vku avto´busa.

7

We were carrying our luggage to the bus stop.

8

9

Poveze¨m komp;[

´ ter domo´j na mawińe.

40

We will take the computer home in the car.

1

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Prefixes may be added to the imperfective verbs above to form new imperfective / perfective pairs which indicate the direction of movement. There are some changes to the stems: -plyva´t; instead of pla´vat; ; -leza´t; instead of laźit; ; -taśkivat; instead of taska´t; ; -breda´t; instead of brodi´t; ; -ka´tyvat; instead of kata´t; and a change of stress in -bega´t; and -polza´t; . Otherwise the prefix is added straight to the stem, without any addition or alteration:

Imperfective

Perfective

Preposition

vvozi´t;

vvezti´

v + acc

to bring in, import

vnosi´t;

vnesti´

v + acc

to carry in

vvodi´t;

vvesti´

v + acc

to lead in

vbega´t;

vbe'a´t;

v + acc

to run in

vleta´t;

vlete´t;

v + acc

to fly in

vleza´t;

vlezt;

v + acc

to climb in

vpolza´t;

vpolzti´

v + acc

to crawl in

Rejs priletaét v Lońdon v 18.00.

The flight arrives in London at 18.00.

Rossi´q vyvoźit les na Za´pad.

Russia exports timber to the West.

Maĺ;hiki ube'aĺi ot milicioneŕa.

The boys ran away from the policeman.

Exercise 8

Insert prefixed forms of -bega´t; / -be'a´t;, -leta´t; / -lete´t;.

(-bega´t; / -be'a´t;)

On byśtro . . . iz ko´mnaty. Kogdaón . . . na ostano´vku, avto´bus u'eúwe¨l. Rań;we on ka´'dyj den; . . . 5 kilome´trov. On . . . do

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universite´ta za 10 minu´t. Po doro´ge na rabo´tu on . . . v 2

bibliote´ku. Q xoteĺ s nim pogovori´t;, no on u'e´ . . . On . . . ko 3

mne i stal byśtro govori´t; hto-to. Ne na´do . . . doro´gu v \´tom 4

meśte. On . . . v zal soverweńno rasteŕqnnyj.

5

6

(-leta´t; / -lete´t;)

7

Po pq´tnicam samole¨t . . . iz Lońdona v 10 haso´v ve´hera i . . . v 8111

Moskvu´ v 5 utra´. Benziń końhilsq i samole¨t s trudo´m . . . do 9

a\ropoŕta. On peŕvyj . . . vokru´g sve´ta. My priwli´ v a\ropoŕt 10

poźdno, samole¨t u'e´ . . . Ego´ mehta´ – . . . heŕez Atlanti´heskij 1

okeań.

2

3

4

5

Exercise 9

6

7

Choose the correct verb from the brackets and use it with the appro-8

priate preposition.

9

20111

(priply

´ t; v, otply´t; s, doply´t; do, pereply´t; heŕez,

1

uply

´ t;, podply´t; k, proply´t;)

2

My opozdaĺi na 5 minu´t, i teploxo´d u'e´ . . . rehno´go vokzaĺa.

3

My . . . Tver; rańo u´trom. On s trudo´m . . . beŕega. On peŕvyj 4

. . . Gol;fstri´m. On . . . neśkol;ko kilome´trov i vdrug 5

6

pohu´vstvoval sebq´ plo´xo. Lo´dka me´dlenno . . . beŕegu. On . . .

7

daleko´ v moŕe.

8

9

Figurative use of verbs of motion

30

1

Not all verbs of motion are used literally. Note the following exam-2

ples of figurative usage:

3

4

provodi´t; / provesti´ vre´mq

to pass time

5

vre´mq proletaét

time flies

6

vyxodi´t; / vy

´ jti iz kriźisa

to get out of a crisis

7

sxodi´t; / sojtiś uma´

to go mad

8

prixodi´t; / prijti´ v goĺovu

to come to mind

9

proxodi´t; / projti´

to register

40

registraći[

1

vvodi´t; / vvestiźakoń

to introduce a law

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zavodi´t; / zavesti´ hasy

´

to wind up a watch

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nanosi´t; / nanestiú]eŕb

cause damage

perevodi´t; / perevesti´

translate

rasxodi´t;sq / razojtiś;

to split up

razvodi´t;sq / razvestiś;

get a divorce

Some verbs have meanings which are not directly related to movement at all:

proisxodi´t; / proizojti´

to happen

prixodi´t;sq / prijtiś;

to have to

naxodi´t;sq

to be situated

Exercise 10

Insert a suitable prefixed verb of motion used figuratively to complete the sentences.

1 Tru´dno bu´det . . . iz \´togo kriźisa. 2 On tak . . . na svoegoótca´.

3 V pro´wlom godu´ parla´ment . . . no´vyj zakoń. 4 |migraćiq specialiśtov . . . Rossií ogro´mnyj u]eŕb. 5 My tak veśelo proveli´ den;, hto vre´mq byśtro . . . 6 Moi´ hasyóstanoviĺis;.

Na´do ix . . . 7 Kogda´ mu' u´mer, ona´ . . . s umaót goŕq. 8 |tot tur nam o´hen; . . . 9 Naw dom . . . na bereguŕeki´. 10 On . . . vsego´

Di´kkensa na ruśskij qzy´k.

Language points ♦

To'e / Tak'e

Both to´'e and ta´k'e mean ‘also’.

To´'e is more often used when it repeats an existing circumstance: On ustaĺ, i q to´'e.

He is tired and so am I.

Moj brat vrah. Ego´ 'ena´ to´'e.

My brother is a doctor. His wife too.

Ta´k'e should be used in the sense of ‘in addition’, particularly after a, no

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Moj brat biznesmeń, no on ta´k'e muzykańt.

2

My brother is a buisnessman but he is also a musician.

3

Est; avto´busnye, a ta´k'e teploxo´dnye tuŕy.

4

There are bus, and also boat trips.

5

6

Q izuha´[ ruśskij qzy

´ k, a ta´k'e poĺ;skij.

7

I am studying Russian and, in addition, Polish.

8111

9

V le´tnie kani´kuly my mno´go pla´vali, a ta´k'e kataĺis; 10

na lo´dke.

1

During the summer holiday we swam a lot and also went

2

on a boat.

3

To´'e can usually be replaced by ta´k'e, but not the other way round.

4

5

V \´tom godu´ my e´dem v Rossi´[. Moqśestra´ to´'e

6

(ta´k'e) e´det tuda´.

7

This year we are going to Russia. My sister is also going there.

8

9

20111

Exercise 11

1

2

Decide whether to use to´'e or ta´k'e.

3

4

1 Moq´ mat; xorowo´ govori´t po-francuźski, q . . . govor[ńeplo´xo.

5

2 Ne toĺ;ko muze´j, a . . . park byĺi zakry´ty. 3 My . . . soglasiĺis; 6

s nim. 4 Pohemuón . . . ne prixodiĺ? 5 My rewiĺi, hto fil;m 7

byl ne toĺ;ko glu´pyj, no . . . o´hen; strańnyj.

8

9

30

Exercise 12

1

2

According to a survey by sociologists, only 2% of Russians can afford 3

a super-expensive holiday, anywhere on the planet. So where do those 4

with hardly any money spend their holidays? This is how 1,600

5

Russians answered the question.

6

7

8

9

40

1

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ГДE BЫ COБИPAETECЬ ПPOBECTИ

OTПУCK?

Hа даче 25%

4%

Hа Черном море –

1%

о мнения

За границей –

B другом городе,

селе России

– 4%

2%

B CHГ –

45%

Oстанемся дома –

Oгдыхать не поедем, – 23%

а изучения общественног

нет денег

Пока не 6%

о центр

решили –

ог

по дaнным Всероссийск

Полухина.

Дм.

Pис.

Gaze´ta <Komsomoĺ;skaq pra´vda>, maj, 2001

Exercise 13

Translate into Russian.

1 Last year I went on a cruise round the world and visited many interesting countries.

2 Our cabin was on the upper deck of the boat, and the view was stunning.

3 You have to arrive at the river station one hour before the boat departs.

4 I think the best way to travel around the Golden Ring is by bus or by boat. You will not see much if you go by train.

5 Everything in Russia interests me, but especially ancient historic towns like Novgorod and Pskov.

6 As the ship was setting sail we all went out on deck.

1111

2

4 MIGRACIQ

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

In this unit you will learn:

3

◗ about migration to and from Russia

4

◗ how to ask questions using li

5

6

◗ about reflexive verbs

7

◗ how to use ordinal numbers and form dates

8

◗ more about the preposition v

9

20111

1

2

3

4

5

Legal emigration from the Soviet Union was mostly confined to Jews 6

heading for Israel, or Germans from the Volga region going to West 7

Germany. It was considered unthinkable and unpatriotic for Russians 8

to leave their Motherland and it was made very difficult for them to 9

do so. After the collapse of the USSR the situation changed: mass 30

emigration became a threat to the economic well-being of the country 1

as the best qualified and educated left in their thousands. The situa-2

tion has now stabilised, though many are still leaving in search of a 3

better life and greater opportunities. A far more serious problem 4

nowadays is immigration: Russia is being flooded by refugees. Among 5

them are ethnic minorities trying to escape discrimination or Russians 6

who suddenly find themselves unwelcome and without a job in the 7

new independent republics.

8

9

40

1

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Dialogue 1

A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist

@URNALIŚT

20 ma´q 1991 go´da Rossi´q prinqlaźakoń o svobo´dnom

v#eźde i vyézde. Mno´gie boqĺis;, hto nahne¨tsq

maśsovaq \migraćiq iz SSSR. Opravdaĺis; li \´ti

prognoźy?

SOCIOĹOG

Tepeŕ;, kogda´ prowlo´ 10 let, mo´'no skaza´t;, hto net.

Boĺee ser;e¨znoj proble´moj staĺa ne \migraćiq, a

immigraćiq. Ved; prie´xat; v Rossi´[ o´hen; prośto.

@URNALIŚT

Za´pad bespokoítsq, hto rossi´jskie granićy o´hen;

legko´ perejti´. Onióxranq´[tsq plo´xo.

SOCIOĹOG

Rossi´q poka´ tranzi´tnaq zońa dlq immigrańtov. No q

ne du´ma[, hto tak bu´det doĺgo prodol'a´t;sq. Granićy

bu´dut ukreplq´t;sq, i v Rossií bu´det ostava´t;sq vse¨

boĺ;we immigrańtov.

@URNALIŚT

A ne lu´hwe li zakry´t; granićy?

SOCIOĹOG

Net, \´togo deĺat; nel;zq´! Rost hislaímmigrańtov –

\´to bla´go dlq Rossií. Hisloŕossiqń umen;waétsq, i

eśli my zakroém granićy, to k seredińe ve´ka

naseleńie Rossií reźko sokrati´tsq. Kto bu´det rabo´tat; u nas? Odnańade´'da na immigraći[.

@URNALIŚT

Po-moému, boĺ;we vsegoímmigrańtov v Rossi´[ bu´det

priez'a´t; iz Kita´q. U'eśejhaś kita´jcev v Rossií

pohti´ millioń. |kspeŕty shita´[t, hto k seredińe

ve´ka kita´jcy bu´dut vtory´m naro´dom pośle ruśskix.

Ne ka´'etsq li Vam \´to opaśnym?

SOCIOĹOG

Immigraćiq iz Kita´q – na´we bu´du]ee. Po\´tomu na´do

du´mat; o tom, kak sotru´dnihat; s immigrańtami, kak

inkorporiŕovat; ix v na´we o´b]estvo.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Ito´gi> 2001

Vocabulary ♦

bespokoít;sq

to be worried

bla´go

good

boq´t;sq (+ gen)

to be afraid

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1111

granića

border

2

kitaéc, Kita´j

Chinese, China

3

nade´'da

hope

4

naseleńie

population

5

o´b]estvo

society

6

opaśnyj

dangerous

7

opravda´t;sq

to be justified

ostava´t;sq

to remain, stay

8111

oxranq´t;sq

to be guarded

9

prinq´t; zakoń

to pass a law

10

seredińa ve´ka

the middle of the century

1

sokrati´t;sq

to decrease, reduce, be reduced

2

sotru´dnihat; s (+ inst)

to cooperate with

3

ukreplq´t;sq

to become stronger

4

umen;wa´t;sq

to decrease

5

hislo´

number

6

7

N.B. zakoń o svobo´dnom v#eźde i vyézde – law on free passage 8

9

20111

Exercise 1

1

Answer the following questions in English.

2

3

1 What law was passed on 20th May 1991?

4

2 What did people fear might be the consequences of that law?

5

3 Why does Russia need immigration?

6

4 Which immigrant group will predominate in the future?

7

8

9

Language points ♦

30

1

Use of li

2

Note the use of the particle li to frame questions in the dialogue: 3

4

Opravdaĺis; li \´ti prognoźy?

5

Have these forecasts proved to be correct?

6

The key word, usually the verb, is moved to the beginning of the 7

sentence, followed by li. Contrast the affirmative statement: |ti 8

prognoźy opravdaĺis;. Frequently such questions are asked in the 9

negative:

40

1

Ne ka´'etsq li vam \´to opaśnym?

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Doesn’t that seem dangerous to you?

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Contrast:

|to ka´'etsq opaśnym.

That seems dangerous.

The key word in a sentence is not always a verb:

Ne lu´hwe li zakry

´ t; granićy?

Would it not be better to close the borders?

Exercise 2

Convert the following statements into questions using the particle li.

1 Proble´ma \migrańtov ne kasaétsq Rossií. 2 Q ne du´ma[, hto on prav. 3 L[

´ di ne uez'a´[t po \konomi´heskim moti´vam. 4 Ona ne e´det so mnoj. 5 Su]estvuét proble´ma trudoustro´jstva be´'encev. 6 On rasskazaĺ mne o poeźdke v Rossi´[. 7 Vse studeńty e´dut v Rossi´[.

Text 1

|migraćiq iĺi immigraćiq?

E]e¨ neda´vno proble´ma \migrańtov byla´ proble´moj za´padnyx stran. Ona´ pohtińe kasaĺas; Rossií. No u'eśo vtoro´j polovińy 1980-x godo´v migraćiq me´'du Rossiéj i strańami daĺ;nego zarube´';q usiĺivaetsq. Reźko uveli´hivaetsq vy

ézd naseleńiq na

postoqńnoe meśto 'i´tel;stva v drugié strańy. Napravleńiq

\migraćii snahaĺa zaviśeli ot nacionaĺ;nosti. Uez'aĺi te, u kogo´ by

ĺi ro´dstvenniki v SWA, Izraíle, Germańii. Pozdneé, v

90-e go´dy poqviĺas; no´vaq tendeńciq: boĺ;we staĺi uez'a´t; ruśskie. Kak pra´vilo, l[

´ di uez'a´[t po \konomi´heskim moti´vam.

Mno´gie u'e´ poluhiĺi iĺi nade´[tsq najtiŕabo´tu na no´vom meśte.

Boĺ;wu[ hast; \migrańtov sostavlq´[t specialiśty. A srediśpecialiśtov l[

´ di s vyświm texni´heskim obrazovańiem. |ta

<ute´hka mozgo´v> volnuét stranu´. Ved; taka´q \migraćiq nośit bezvozvra´tnyj xara´kter i nanośit straneógro´mnyj u]eŕb. Iz-za

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ot#eźda specialiśtov Rossií vse¨ trudneé stano´vitsq vy

´ jti iz

2

\konomi´heskogo kriźisa.

3

4

Raspa´d SSSR vy

źval drugo´j vid migraćii: immigraći[

5

naseleńiq. Vozni´klo no´voe qvleńie – be´'enstvo. Mno´go be´'encev 6

prie´xalo v Rossi´[ iz by

´ vwix respu´blik SSSR. Mno´gie begu´t

7

ot vojny

í nacionaĺ;nyx konfli´ktov. Poqviĺas; proble´ma ix

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'il;qí trudoustro´jstva. Osnovnu´[ hast; be´'encev (dve tre´ti 9

o´b]ego hislaímmigrańtov) sostavlq´[t ruśskie.

10

1

S ka´'dym go´dom vse¨ raste¨t immigraćiq inostrańnyx gra´'dan 2

iz bli´'nego zarube´';q. Oso´benno \´to zame´tno na vosto´hnyx 3

granićax Rossií. Naprimeŕ, v oblastq´x na granićax s

4

Kazaxstańom by

śtro raste¨t hislo´ kaza´xov. A hislo´ kita´jcev

5

vdol; granićy s Kitaém na Daĺ;nem Vosto´ke bliźko k hiślen-6

7

nosti rossi´jskix gra´'dan.

8

V evrope´jskoj haśti strany

´ doĺq migrańtov pokańe tak zame´tna,

9

no ona´ by

śtro uveli´hivaetsq. Na dnqx m\r Moskvyźaqviĺ, hto

20111

v stoliće 'ivu´t 400 tys. nelegaĺ;nyx immigrańtov iz daĺ;nego 1

2

zarube´';q! V osnovno´m, \´to vy

´ xodcy iz Kita´q, V;etna´ma,

3

Mongoĺii, Afganistańa, Ira´ka. Bol;winstvo´ \´tix l[de´j xotq´t 4

ue´xat; na Za´pad, v evrope´jskie strańy i rassma´triva[t Moskvu´

5

toĺ;ko kak vre´mennyj <tranzi´tnyj punkt>. No on haśto 6

prevra]aétsq dlq nix v postoqńnyj, tak kak za´padnye strańy 7

otkaźyva[tsq prinima´t; ix i posyla´[t obra´tno v Rossi´[.

8

9

30

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Ito´gi>, 2001

1

2

Vocabulary

3

♦

4

5

bezvozvra´tnyj xara´kter

of a permanent character

6

be´'enec, be´'enstvo

refugee, refugee problem

7

volnova´t;

to disturb

8

vre´mennyj

temporary

9

vy

źvat;

to cause

40

vy

´ xodec iz (+ gen)

of . . . origin

1

doĺq

share

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'il;e¨

accommodation

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Migration

zaviśet; ot (+ gen)

to depend on

zame´tnyj

noticeable

zaqvi´t;

to declare

inostrańnyj gra'daniń

foreign citizen

kaza´x

Kazakh

kasa´t;sq (+ gen)

to concern

nade´qt;sq na (+ acc)

to hope for

o´blast; ( f )

province, oblast

o´b]ee hislo´

total number

otkaźyvat;sq prinima´t;

to refuse to accept / take

postoqńnoe meśto 'i´tel;stva

permanent residence

prevra]a´t;sq v (+ acc)

to turn into

rassma´trivat;

to regard as

reźko

sharply

sostavlq´t;

to constitute

trudoustro´jstvo

placement in work

uveli´hivat;sq

to increase

usiĺivat;sq

to intensify

ute´hka mozgo´v

brain drain

hiślennost; ( f )

numbers

N.B. kak pra´vilo – as a rule; v osnovno´m – mainly; rossiqńin citizen of Russia, referring to any person living in Russia, not necessarily someone of Russian ethnic origin; bli´'nee zarube´';e – ‘the near abroad’: former republics of the USSR, now the independent states of Ukraińa, Beloruśsiq, Molda´viq, Kazaxstań, Uzbekistań, Tad'ikistań, Kirgizistań, Turkmenistań, Gruźiq, Armeńiq, Azerbajd'ań, La´tviq, |stońiq, Li´tva; daĺ;nee zarube´';e –

‘the far abroad’ all other foreign countries; SNG (Sodru´'estvo Nezaviśimyx Gosudaŕstv) – CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) consisting of all former republics except the Baltic Republics of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Exercise 3

Answer the following questions in English.

1 When did the problem of migration arise in Russia?

2 Why do the majority of emigrants go to the USA, Israel or Germany?

3 Why is emigration damaging the Russian economy?

4 Who are the Russian refugees referred to in the passage?

5 What is the particular problem of illegal immigration in Russia?

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2

Exercise 4

3

4

True or false?

5

6

1 Rossi´jskie granićy (nevozmo´'no, legko´, tru´dno) perejti´?

7

2 Rossi´q dlq immigrańtov (tranzi´tnyj punkt, kone´hnyj punkt, 8111

turisti´heskaq strana´)?

9

3 Rost hislaímmigrańtov dlq Rossií (be´dstvie, bla´go, spaseńie)?

10

4 Naseleńie Rossií (umen;waétsq, uveli´hivaetsq, ne izmenqétsq)?

1

5 Bol;winstvoímmigrańtov v Rossií iz (bli´'nego zarube´';q, 2

daĺ;nego zarube´';q, za´padnyx stran)?

3

6 Bol;winstvoŕossiqń \migriŕu[t po (nacionaĺ;nym,

4

\konomi´heskim, politi´heskim) moti´vam?

5

6

7

Language points ♦

8

9

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Reflexive verbs

1

Reflexive verbs are easily recognised by -

2

sq which is added after the

verb ending. This ending changes to -

3

s; after a vowel, although not

after

4

; or j. In the strictest sense, a verb is only reflexive if the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb on itself: 5

6

Mat; odevaét rebe¨nka.

7

The mother dresses the child.

8

9

Rebe¨nok odevaétsq.

30

The child gets dressed (dresses self).

1

2

Many intransitive verbs ( not taking a direct object) end in -sq in 3

contrast to transitive ( taking a direct object) verbs of the same 4

meaning without -sq:

5

Dver; zakry

ĺas;.

6

The door closed.

7

8

On zakry

ĺ dver;.

9

He closed the door.

40

1

Although in English the transitive and intransitive verbs are often 421111

the same, in Russian they are always differentiated, commonly by the

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reflexive ending. There are a large number of examples of reflexive verbs used intransitively in the dialogue and text about migration: Maśsovaq \migraćiq nahne¨tsq.

Mass emigration will begin.

Situaćiq bu´det prodol'a´t;sq.

The situation will continue.

Hisloúmen;waétsq.

The number is falling.

Contrast the transitive use of these verbs when they are without the reflexive ending:

On nahne¨t rabo´tu.

He will begin work.

Ne'ela´tel;no prodol'a´t; \´tu situaći[.

It is undesirable to continue this situation.

umeń;wit; hisloímmigrańtov.

to reduce the number of immigrants

Only the transitive verb may be followed by the infinitive: prodol'a´t; rabo´tat;

to continue working

nahina´t; hita´t;

to start reading

Other common transitive / intransitive pairs are:

konha´t; / konha´t;sq

to finish

prevra]a´t; / prevra]a´t;sq

to turn

rasprostranq´t; / rasprostranq´t;sq

to spread

sobira´t; / sobira´t;sq

to gather

uveli´hivat; / uveli´hivat;sq

to increase

sokra]a´t; / sokra]a´t;sq

to reduce

Sometimes the transitive and intransitive verbs are differentiated in English as well: povywa´t; ‘to raise’; povywa´t;sq ‘to rise’.

Intransitive verbs may be used with a passive meaning:

Granićy plo´xo oxranq´[tsq.

Borders are badly protected.

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Granićy bu´dut ukreplq´t;sq.

2

The borders will be strengthened.

3

Contrast:

4

5

Rossi´q plo´xo oxranqét granićy.

6

Russia protects her borders badly.

7

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Rossi´q bu´det ukreplq´t; granićy.

9

Russia will strengthen her borders.

10

The reflexive is an alternative to the third person plural as a way of 1

2

expressing the passive:

3

Plo´xo oxranq´[t granićy.

4

Borders are badly protected.

5

6

Bu´dut ukreplq´t; granićy.

7

Borders will be strengthened.

8

9

Some reflexive verbs indicate reciprocal actions:

20111

Oni´ pocelovaĺis;.

1

They kissed (one another).

2

3

Not all verbs ending in -sq have an obvious reflexive or passive 4

meaning: stanovi´t;sq ‘to become’; stara´t;sq ‘to try’.

5

6

7

Exercise 5

8

9

Select the appropriate verb.

30

1

1 Be´'ency (na´hali / nahaliś;) pribyva´t; v Rossi´[ v 90-e go´dy.

2

2 Dver; (otkryĺa / otkryĺas;). 3 Moj prognoź (opravdaĺ /

3

opravdaĺsq). 4 Le´kciq (konhaét / konhaétsq) v 4 hasa´. 5 Za 4

posle´dnie dni prezideńt Buw (ulu´hwil / ulu´hwilsq) svoj 5

re´jting. 6

Hisloímmigrańtov vse¨

vre´mq (uveli´hivaet /

6

uveli´hivaetsq). 7

Vlast; prezideńta (ukrepiĺa / ukrepiĺas;).

7

8 Pravi´tel;stvo (sokratiĺo / sokratiĺos;) rasxo´dy na obrazovańie.

8

9

Uroven; 'iźni (povyśil / povyśilsq). 10

Diskuśsiq

9

40

(prodol'aét / prodol'aétsq). 11

Ka´'dyj ve´her studeńty

1

(sobira´[t / sobira´[tsq) v klu´be. 12

On (końhil / końhilsq)

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govori´t;.

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Migration

Exercise 6

Read the following report from the ‘Moscow News’, July 2001.

Posle raspada Sovetskogo so[za v Rossi[ iz stran SNG i Baltii pribylo 8 millionov migrantov. Liw; desqtu[ hast; iz nix –

800 tysqh – gosudarstvo kak-to obnade'ilo, prisvoiv status. Za vse gody tol;ko 22 tysqhi <statusnyx> semej poluhili 'il;e i 98 tysqh migrantov poluhili mizernye vozvratnye ssudy. V qnvare 2001 goda v oheredi na 'il;e ostavalis; 69 tysqh semej (iz nix 17 tysqh – slaboza]i]ennye) i 32 tysqhi helovek 'dali ssudy.

N.B. vozvra´tnaq ssu´da – loan; slaboza]i]e¨nnyj – vulnerable; kak-to –

somehow, somewhat; obnade¨'it; – to reassure; prisvoít; status – to confer status

From the information in the report above answer the following questions in English.

1 How many migrants arrived in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

2 What is their situation in Russia?

3 How many families were housed?

4 How many families were given loans?

5 What was the waiting list for housing in January 2001?

Language points ♦

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are adjectives which agree with the noun they describe. Only the last element of a compound ordinal numeral is an adjective and it is the only element which changes its ending. Earlier elements are cardinal numbers: na dva´dcat; hetve¨rtom meśte ‘ in twenty-fourth place’. All ordinal numerals decline as regular hard adjectives, with the exception of tre´tij, whose declension is in the grammar summary.

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Dates

2

The following examples show how ordinal numbers are used to 3

express dates in Russian:

4

5

peŕvoe ma´q

the 1st of May

6

peŕvogo ma´q

on the 1st of May

7

dvuxty

śqhnyj god

the year 2000

8111

v dve ty

śqhi peŕvom godu´

in 2001

9

k dve ty

śqhi hetve¨rtomu go´du

by 2004

10

peŕvogo ma´q dvuxty

śqhnogo go´da

on the 1st of May 2000

1

zakoń ot dvadca´togo ma´q

law of the 20th May

2

v dvadca´tom ve´ke / stole´tii

in the twentieth century

3

4

v devqnośtye go´dy

in the 1990s

5

It is also possible to use v + prepositional with years in the plural: 6

7

v devqnośtyx goda´x

8

in the 1990s

9

20111

v seredińe devqnośtyx godo´v

1

in the mid-1990s

2

3

Note this use of godo´v as the genitive plural of god. In other contexts 4

let is always used.

5

6

Other useful phrases relating to dates:

7

8

v kako´m godu´?

in what year?

9

kako´go hisla´?

on what date?

30

1

2

3

4

Exercise 7

5

6

Answer the following questions.

7

8

1 Kakoé sego´dnq hislo´?

9

Sego´dnq (1st May, 7th November, 25th December, 23rd February, 40

30th October, 4th August)

1

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Migration

2 V kako´m godu´?

Revol[

ćiq v Rossií proizowlaín 1917. Perestro´jka v SSSR

nahalaś; in 1985. SSSR raspaĺsq in 1991. In 2000 praźdnovali nahaĺo no´vogo tysqhele´tiq. Kto znaét, hto sluhi´tsq in 2010.

Staĺin u´mer in 1953.

3 Kako´go hislaí kako´go go´da?

Veli´kaq ote´hestvennaq vojnańahalaś; on 22nd June 1941. On 19th of August 1991 v Rossií proizowe¨l puth. Pu´wkin rodiĺsq on 1st June 1799. Peŕvyj spu´tnik byl zapu´]en on 12th April 1961.

Exercise 8

The following advertisements all offer help with immigration. List the different countries and services offered.

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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N.B. VN@ – vid na 'i´tel;stvo – registration permit; PM@ – postoqńnoe 1

meśto 'i´tel;stva – permanent residence; brak – marriage; nedvi´'imost; –

property; gra'daństvo – citizenship; propiśka – registration 2

3

4

Language points ♦

5

6

Preposition corner

7

8

The preposition v

9

30

Expressions of place

1

We have seen how frequently v + accusative is used after verbs of 2

motion indicating arrival or entry. It translates ‘to, into’ when 3

followed by most countries, towns, geographical regions, buildings, 4

receptacles.

5

6

v Ameŕiku, Moskvu´, pusty

ń[, wkoĺu

7

to America, Moscow, the desert, school

8

v buty

ĺku, q´]ik

9

into the bottle, the drawer

40

1

The exceptions are those nouns normally preceded by na, which were 421111

listed in Unit 2.

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Migration

V + prepositional is used with the same nouns as take v + accusative, but to indicate ‘in, inside’:

v Ameŕike, Moskve´, pusty

ńe, wkoĺe

in America, Moscow, the desert, at school

v buty

ĺke, q´]ike

inside a bottle, drawer

Expressions of time

V + accusative is also used in many expressions of time: v kako´j den;?

on what day?

v ponedeĺ;nik, vo vtoŕnik etc.

on Monday, Tuesday etc.

v peŕvyj den;

on the first day (but remember na drugo´j den; ‘the next day’) v peŕvyj raz

for the first time

dva raźa v den;

twice a day

On prohitaĺ gaze´tu v dva´dcat; minu´t.

He read the newspaper in 20 minutes.

(Za + accusative may, alternatively, be used in this way to express the time taken to complete an action. It must be used with the noun has to avoid confusion with telling the time: v dva hasa´ ‘at 2 o’clock’; za dva hasa´ ‘in two hours’).

v No´vyj God

at New Year

v xoro´wu[ pogo´du

in good weather

v sove´tskie vremena´

in Soviet times

v starinu´

in olden times

v peŕvu[, posle´dn[[ nedeĺ[

in the first, last week (but remember na \´toj, pro´wloj, bu´du]ej nedeĺe)

v peŕvu[ o´hered;

in the first place (but na oheredi ‘in turn’)

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Note also:

2

dlino´j v hety

ŕe me´tra

four metres long

3

wirino´j v pqt; me´trov

five metres wide

4

v dva raźa boĺ;we

twice as big

5

6

Verbs followed by v + accusative:

7

brosa´t; / brośit; v

8111

to throw at

9

10

veŕit; / po- v

1

to believe in

2

3

vstupa´t; / vstupi´t; v paŕti[

to join (the party)

4

5

igra´t; / sygra´t; v teńnis, futboĺ

6

to play tennis, football

7

8

postupa´t; / postupi´t; v universite´t

9

to enter (university)

20111

prevra]a´t;sq / prevrati´t;sq v

1

to turn into

2

3

smotre´t; / po- v okno´ / zeŕkalo

4

to look out of the window, in the mirror

5

strelq´t; / vy

śtrelit; v

to shoot at

6

stuha´t; / po- v dver;

to knock at the door

7

8

V + prepositional is also used in certain expressions of time: 9

v kako´m meśqce?

30

in what month?

1

2

v qnvare´, fevrale´ etc.

3

in January, February etc.

4

v \´tom, pro´wlom, bu´du]em godu´

5

during this, the past, the next year

6

7

Note that when god is preceded by other adjectives v + accusative is 8

used: v peŕvyj / posle´dnij god ‘in the first / last year’.

9

40

v \´tom, dvadca´tom ve´ke

1

in this, the 20th century (but note v sre´dnie veka´ ‘in the 421111

middle ages’)

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Migration

v pro´wlom, nastoq´]em, bu´du]em

in the past, present, future

v de´tstve, moĺodosti, staŕosti

in childhood, youth, old age

v voźraste desqtiĺet

at the age of ten

v nahaĺe, v seredińe, v konce´

at the beginning, in the middle, at the end

Note also:

v xoro´wem nastroeńii

in a good mood

v pqti´ de´jstviqx

in five acts

v tom hisle´

including

Verbs followed by v + prepositional:

nu'da´t;sq v

to need

obvinq´t; / obvini´t; v

to accuse of

owiba´t;sq / owibi´t;sq v

to be mistaken in

priznava´t;sq / prizna´t;sq v

to admit, confess to

somneva´t;sq v

to doubt

ube'da´t;sq / ubedi´t;sq v

to be convinced of

uhaśtvovat; v

to participate in

Exercise 9

Put the words in brackets into the accusative or prepositional, as appropriate.

1 On prie´det v (sreda´). 2 V (noq´br;) powe¨l sneg. 3 V (ploxa´q pogo´da) ne stoít vyxodi´t;. 4 V (nahaĺo) vojny´ my 'iĺi v Moskve´. 5 Byĺi li immigrańty v Rossií v (devqtna´dcatyj vek)?

6 V (posle´dnij god) vojny´ my 'iĺi v Sara´tove. 7 V (pro´wlyj god) my peree´xali v Sankt Peterbuŕg. 8 V (peŕvaq nedeĺq) maŕta oni ue´xali v Lońdon. 9 Tri raźa v (den;). 10 V (sre´dnie veka´) ne´ bylo immigrańtov. 11 V (dvadca´tye go´dy) sem;q´ \migriŕovala v Ameŕiku.

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2

Exercise 10

3

4

Complete the following sentences by using v or na, as appropriate.

5

1 Oni´ poe´xali (v / na) vosto´k. 2 Nam nu'na´ ko´mnata (v / na) dvoi´x.

6

3 (V / Na) peŕvyj den; poeźdki onaźaboleĺa. 4 (V / Na) drugo´j den; 7

8111

on pohu´vstvoval sebq´ plo´xo. 5 Oni´ vy´wli (v / na) uĺicu. 6 My 9

zakazaĺi tur (v / na) 10 dnej. 7 My doĺgo 'daĺi (v / na) vokzaĺe. 8

10

On polo'iĺ hek (v / na) q´]ik. 9 Oni´ 'ivu´t (v / na) ośtrove Maĺ;ta.

1

2

3

Exercise 11

4

5

Decide which case to use, accusative or prepositional.

6

1 Mno´gie studeńty igra´[t v (volejboĺ). 2 Sportsmeńy uhaśtvu[t 7

v (sorevnovańie). 3 Q postuhaĺ v (dver;), no niktońe otve´til.

8

4

9

Q somneva´[s; v (eeïśkrennost;). 5 Moj syn postupiĺ v 20111

(universite´t). 6 Q boĺ;we ne veŕ[ v (kommuniźm). 7 My tak 1

nu'daémsq v (deń;gi). 8 Egoóbviniĺi v (korru´pciq). 9 Ves; den; 2

ona smo´trit v (zeŕkalo). 10 On vstupiĺ v (paŕtiq) e]e¨ molody´m.

3

4

5

Exercise 12

6

7

Translate into Russian.

8

9

1 The Soviet Union ceased to exist on 25 December 1991.

30

2 Thousands of refugees from the former republics of the USSR

1

continue to cross the border into Russia. Many are fleeing 2

ethnic conflicts.

3

3 In the 1990s illegal immigration to Russia, especially from 4

China, increased almost twofold.

5

4 Emigration does a lot of harm to the Russian economy since it 6

is mostly highly trained specialists who leave the country.

7

5 How many migrants came to Russia after the collapse of the 8

USSR?

9

6 Would it not be better to close all Russian borders?

40

1

421111

5 SPORT

In this unit you will learn:

◗ how sport has changed in Russia

◗ about the sports facilities available

◗ how to use kotoryj to introduce clauses

◗ about superlatives

◗ more about the prepositions s, ot and iz

◗ about verbs with the dative

◗ about stress on masculine nouns

Sport in the USSR was always very important as its sporting achieve-ments boosted national prestige. Sports facilities were free and those with talent could take up any kind of sport regardless of its cost, if it was approved by the state. Things have changed since then. Russia now follows international trends and has adopted a commercial approach. On the one hand, as in most Western countries, people take up sport to improve their health and appearance, and the number of sports clubs and fitness centres is growing fast. They are quite expensive and not everybody can afford to join them. On the other hand, new extreme and dangerous sports are becoming popular, especially among the young, who seem to like living on the edge and experiencing the surge of adrenaline.

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Dialogue 1

2

3

From an interview with the fitness director of the Greenway Club, 4

5

Leli Savosina

6

7

@URNALIŚT

Sego´dnq vse xotq´t stat; hleńami sporti´vnogo klu´ba.

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Govorq´t, hto \´to neobxodi´mo dlq zdoro´v;q.

9

SAVOŚINA

Q soveŕwenno soglaśna! V na´wem streśsovom o´b]estve

10

sport – \´to spośob snqt; stress.

1

@URNALIŚT

Kak 'e mo´'no snqt; stress v Va´wem ceńtre?

2

SAVOŚINA

Spośoby raźnye. Naprimeŕ, mo´'no zanima´t;sq

3

fi´tnesom. U nas v klu´be est; trena'e¨rnye zaĺy s

4

nove´jwej sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj. Zanq´tiq na trena-

5

6

'e¨rax o´hen; populqŕny. Est; zaĺy dlq a\ro´biki, zaĺy

7

dlq igry´ v teńnis, skvow.

8

@URNALIŚT

Q sly´wal, hto u Vas zameha´tel;nyj basse´jn dlq

9

pla´vaniq?

20111

SAVOŚINA

Da, basse´jn u nas otli´hnyj. My ispoĺ;zuem egońe

1

toĺ;ko dlq zanq´tij pla´vaniem. Zdes; provo´dqtsq

2

zanq´tiq po akvaa\ro´bike.

3

@URNALIŚT

A hto takoé akvaa\ro´bika?

4

SAVOŚINA

Akvaa\ro´bika – \´to no´vyj vid sporti´vnyx treniro´vok.

5

Ona´ podxo´dit dlq l[dej l[bo´go voźrasta. Pla´vat;

6

vsegda´ priq´tno, a dvi´gat;sq v vode´ pod muźyku voob]e´

7

o´hen; veśelo i legko´.

8

9

@URNALIŚT

Zna´hit, v Va´wem klu´be mo´'et zanima´t;sq spoŕtom

30

l[bo´j helove´k. Ne obqza´tel;no byt; professio-

1

naĺ;nym sportsmeńom.

2

SAVOŚINA

Kone´hno 'e, net. U nas rabo´ta[t o´pytnye

3

instru´ktory, kotoŕye razrabo´ta[t dlq vas progra´mmu

4

zanq´tij.

5

@URNALIŚT

A kak mo´'no stat; hleńom klu´ba?

6

SAVOŚINA

Dlq \´togo lu´hwe vsegoí dewe´vle vsego´ priobresti´

7

klu´bnu[ kaŕtu. Ona´ dae¨t pra´vo svobo´dnogo pose]eńiq

8

klaśsov a\ro´biki, basse´jna, trena'e¨rnogo zaĺa.

9

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Saloń krasoty´>, 2001

40

1

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Vocabulary ♦

zanq´tie pla´vaniem

swimming lesson

ispoĺ;zovat;

to use

klu´bnaq kaŕta

membership card

obqza´tel;no

necessary, obligatory

o´pytnyj

experienced

priobresti´

to acquire

provodi´t; zanq´tiq

to conduct lessons

razrabo´tat; progra´mmu

to work out a programme

spośob snqt; stress

means to relieve stress

trena'e¨r

training equipment

N.B. pra´vo svobo´dnogo pose]eńiq – right of free attendance; soverweńno soglaśna – fully agree; 'e – (particle) adds emphasis to what is being said – then Exercise 1

Answer the following questions in English.

1 What role does sport play in modern society?

2 What activities does the fitness club offer?

3 What is the club’s pool used for?

4 Why is aqua-aerobics suitable for all age groups?

5 What is the role of the club instructors?

6 How do you become a member of the club?

Exercise 2

Look at this advertisement for the Greenway Club and answer the questions in English.

1 What does the advertisement say about the club pool?

2 What types of training are on offer?

3 What are the different kinds of aerobics offered?

4 What is the Mama + programme?

5 What is the Healthy parents programme?

6 What discounts does the club offer?

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2

ГРИНBEЙ KЛУБ

3

ВОДНО-CПОРТИBHЫЙ KOMПЛEKC

4

МИРОBОГО KЛACCA

5

6

Бассейн олимпийского стандарта (50 м)

Aква-аэробика

7

• обучение плаванио детей и взрослых

• силовые уроки в H2O

• подводное плавание

• кик-боксинг в H2O

8111

• танцевальные уроки

Tренажерный Зал

9

• индивидуальные и групповые тренировки

«Далматин» – детский фитнес центр

10

• тренировочные программы лобой сложности

• TT-(Teen Team) – программа для подростков

1

• наличие тренажеров на все группы мышц,

• «Mама +» – программа для беременных,

изобилие свободного веса

для мам и их новорожденных детей

2

• «Здоровые родители» – программа для

Aэробика

3

оздоровления пожилых людей

• силовые уроки, групповые и индивидуальные

• кабинет специалиста по физической

4

• велоаэробика (сайклинг, спининг)

реабилитации

5

• стрейчинг (гибкость и сила, развитие гибкости)

• NEW Йога (йогафит, Kундалини, хатха)

а также CAУHЫ с оригинальным дизайном

6

• танцевальные уроки (танец «живота»,

COЛЯРИЙ

7

школа «Break dance»)

МАCCAЖ

• NEW Боевые искусства Tай-бо, Кибо

8

• NEW Пилатес

БAР

9

C 1 ИЮHЯ CKИДKA 30% HA BCE BИДЫ KAPT

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MOCKBA, 124321, ЛEHИHГРAДCKИЙ ПPOCП., 39, TEЛ.: 967–68–15, 967–68–13, 967–68–12

1

2

3

N.B. silovyé uro´ki – weight training lessons; gi´bkost; – flexibility; my´wca –

4

muscle; tańec <'ivota´> – belly dancing; boevyé iskuśstva – martial arts; 5

progra´mma dlq bere´mennyx – programme for pregnant women; 6

novoro´'dennyj – new born; ski´dka – discount; podvo´dnoe pla´vanie –

7

underwater swimming

8

9

30

1

Text 1

2

3

4

|kstremaĺ;nyj sport v Moskve´.

5

6

7

Moskva´ <zaboleĺa> \kstri´mom. Xotq´, na peŕvyj vzglqd, goŕod ne 8

podxo´dit dlq \kstremaĺ;nyx razvleheńij. Pobliźosti net okeańa 9

s gigańtskimi voĺnami, na kotoŕyx mo´'no zanima´t;sq seŕfingom, 40

net gor, s kotoŕyx mo´'no pry

´ gat; na ly´'ax, snouboŕdax iĺi

1

goŕnyx velosipe´dax. No stoli´hnyx \kstremaĺ;]ikov \´to ne pugaét.

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Sport

Potomu´ hto \kstri´m dlq nix – stil; 'iźni. Mo´dnye v goŕode

\kstremaĺ;nye tuso´vki, kotoŕye haśto proisxo´dqt na kra[

ópaśnosti, stano´vqtsq vse¨ populqŕnee. Prito´k adrenalińa, kotoŕyj ispy

´ tyvaew; pri \´tom, prinośit kolossaĺ;nejwee udovoĺ;stvie, sro´dni narko´tiku: \´to xo´hetsq pere'i´t; sno´va. I hem boĺ;we adrenalińa, tem boĺ;we kajf, i tem le´ghe zabyvaéw; obo vse¨m na sve´te.

Ba´jkery (goŕnye velosipediśty) – sa´maq mnogohiślennaq tuso´vka, kotoŕaq ob#edinqét do tridcati´ ty

śqh helove´k. V osnovno´m, \´to

mo´dnye rebq´ta dvadcati´-tridcatiĺet, sredi´

kotoŕyx est;

studeńty, komp;[

´ ter]iki, bańkovskie slu´'a]ie. V goŕode davnoú'eést; neśkol;ko bajk-regiońov, ceńtry kotoŕyx ha´]e vsegoŕaspolo´'eny v paŕkax, taki´x, kak Izma´jlovskij, File¨vskij, Nesku´hnyj sad i, kone´hno, Vorob;e¨vy goŕy s ix iskuśstvennym gornoly

´ 'nym sklońom (ba´jkery i ly´'niki nazyva´[t \´to meśto

<Mosko´vskimi Al;pami>). V <vyso´kij sezoń>, kotoŕyj prodol'aétsq s apreĺq po oktq´br;, maśsovye <s#eźdy> proisxo´dqt ka´'dye vyxodny

é. Sobiraétsq, kak pra´vilo, do pqti´desqti helove´k,

I tuso´vka pomi´mo gońok predstavlqét e]eï intereśnejwee wou, vo vre´mq kotoŕogo, ba´jkery p;[t pi´vo i demonstriŕu[t drug dru´gu nove´jwie velosipe´dnye tr[

´ ki. Mno´gie stoli´hnye ba´jkery ne

sleza´[t s velosipe´dov kru´glyj god. Ne´kotorye utver'da´[t, hto sa´myj bol;wo´j kajf dlq velosipediśta – lete´t; po kruto´mu ly

´ 'nomu sklońu.

|kstremaĺ;]iki veŕqt, hto bu´du]ee spoŕta prinadle'i´t im i nere´dko 'aĺu[tsq na gorodski´x vlaste´j, kotoŕye, po ix mneńi[, ne vosprinima´[t ix vser;e¨z. Ba´jkeram, naprimeŕ, ne razrewa´[t ustraívat; sorevnovańiq v paŕkax, shitaétsq, hto velosipe´dy poŕtqt grunt. <A ved; \´to sa´myj zdoro´vyj spośob snqt; stress, – govori´t ba´jker Geoŕgij Il;iń, lu´hwe hem xodi´t; po baŕam i pit; vo´dku iĺi potreblq´t; narko´tiki. Moskva´

– ideaĺ;nyj goŕod dlq

\kstremaĺ;nyx vi´dov spoŕta. Zdes; est; prakti´heski vsq infra-struktuŕa.>

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2000

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Vocabulary ♦

2

3

bańkovskij slu´'a]ij

bank employee

4

volna´

wave

5

vosprinima´t; vser;e¨z

to take seriously

6

gońki ( pl)

race

7

gornoly

´ 'nyj sklon

ski slope

8111

goŕnyj velosipe´d

mountain bike

9

grunt

soil, ground

10

'aĺovat;sq na (+ acc)

to complain about

1

iskuśstvennyj

artificial

2

ispy

´ tyvat; prito´k adrenalińa

to experience an adrenaline surge

3

kajf

kicks, high

4

kru´glyj god

all-year-round

5

kruto´j sklon

steep slope

6

ly

´ 'a, ly´'nik

ski, skier

7

mnogohiślennyj

numerous

8

ob#edinq´t;

to unite

9

pere'i´t;

to experience

20111

pobliźosti

nearby

1

pomi´mo (+ gen)

apart from

2

poŕtit;

to damage

3

potreblq´t; narko´tiki

to use drugs

4

predstavlq´t;

to represent

5

pry

´ gat;

to jump

6

puga´t;

to frighten

7

razvleheńie

entertainment

8

razrewa´t; (+ dat)

to allow

9

raspolo´'en

situated

30

sleza´t; s (+ gen)

to get (climb) down from

1

sro´dni (+ dat)

akin to

2

s#ezd

congress; convention

3

tr[k

stunt

4

tuso´vka

get-together

5

ustraívat; sorevnovańiq

to hold competitions

6

utver'da´t;

to claim

7

8

N.B. na peŕvyj vzglqd – at first glance; na sve´te – in the world; na kra[´

9

opaśnosti – on the brink of danger, on the edge; v <vyso´kij> sezoń – during 40

the high season; shitaétsq – it is considered

1

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Exercise 3

Answer the following questions in English.

1 Why have extreme sports become popular?

2 Is Moscow a suitable venue for extreme sports?

3 What kind of people go mountain biking?

4 When is the ‘high season’ and what takes place?

5 Why do the local authorities not like bikers?

6 What do bikers say in their own defence?

Exercise 4

True or false?

1 Sredi´ ba´jkerov mno´go (po'ily´x l[de´j, mo´dnyx rebq´t, podrośtkov)?

2 Na Vorob;e¨vyx gora´x est; (gornoly´'nyj sklon, bol;woé oźero, sporti´vnyj klub)?

3 <Vyso´kij sezoń> prodol'aétsq (s noqbrq´ po mart, s apreĺq po oktq´br;, kru´glyj god)?

4 |kstremaĺ;]iki 'aĺu[tsq, hto gorodskié vlaśti (ne

prinima´[t ix vser;e¨z, udelq´[t im mno´go vnimańiq, ne

puska´[t ix v paŕki)?

5 Akvaa\ro´bika podxo´dit dlq (professionaĺ;nyx sportsmeńov, l[de´j l[bo´go voźrasta, molode¨'i)?

Language points ♦

Genitive of cardinal numbers

There are some examples in the text of numerals in the genitive, either after prepositions or to translate ‘of’: do tridcati´ tyśqh helove´k

‘up to 30 thousand people’; rebq´ta dvadcati´-tridcatiĺet ‘guys of 20 to 30’; do pqti´desqti helove´k ‘up to fifty people’.

Note the change of ending on the numeral and the fact that the noun following is in the genitive plural. Cardinal numerals will be dealt with in greater detail in Unit 9.

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Kotoryj

2

3

There are a large number of examples in the text, |kstrema ´l;nyj 4

sport, of the way in which kotoŕyj is used. Meaning ‘which, that, 5

who / whom’, kotoŕyj is a relative pronoun used to introduce adjec-6

tival clauses. It declines like a hard adjective. The number and gender 7

of kotoŕyj are determined by the noun to which it refers and the 8111

case by its role in the adjectival clause:

9

10

V vyso´kij sezoń, kotoŕyj prodol'aétsq s apreĺq . . .

In the high season, which lasts from April . . .

1

2

In this example kotoŕyj is masculine singular to agree with sezoń 3

and nominative because it is the subject of prodol'aétsq.

4

5

Net gor, s kotoŕyx mo´'no pry

´ gat;.

6

There are no mountains from which to jump.

7

Here kotoŕyx is feminine plural to agree with goŕy and genitive 8

after s.

9

Note that adjectival clauses are introduced by kto ‘who / whom’

20111

or hto ‘which, that’, not kotoŕyj, if they refer back to a pronoun: 1

2

te, o kom ide¨t reh;

those of whom we speak

3

vse¨, hto zna´[

everything that I know

4

5

6

Exercise 5

7

8

Insert the relative pronoun kotoŕyj in the correct form.

9

30

1 V Moskve´ mno´go l[de´j, . . . zanima´[tsq pla´vaniem. 2 On 'ive¨t 1

v maĺen;kom goŕode, . . . net da´'e na kaŕte. 3 Pośle ma´tha my 2

powli´ k druz;q´m, . . . ne´ bylo sego´dnq na stadiońe. 4 Mno´gie 3

tuso´vki, . . . q posetiĺa, proisxodiĺi na Arba´te. 5 Vorob;e¨vy 4

gory, na . . . est; ly´'nyj sklon, populqŕny sredi´ ba´jkerov. 6 V

5

Moskveést; mno´go sporti´vnyx klubov, v . . . mo´'no zanima´t;sq 6

spoŕtom. 7 Sego´dnq na festivaĺe vystupa´[t sportsmeńy, s . . .

7

my xoti´m poznako´mit;sq. 8 Sport – luhwee sre´dstvo pro´tiv 8

9

streśsa, o . . . mno´go govorq´t v o´b]estve. 9 Grinvej-klub, . . .

40

toĺ;ko 3 go´da, o´hen; populqŕen sredi´ molode¨'i.

1

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Language points ♦

Superlatives

Extreme sport lends itself to description as the fastest, most dangerous, newest, etc. The most straightforward way of expressing such superlatives in Russian is by putting sa´myj before the adjective. Sa´myj, which is a hard adjective, is in exactly the same number, gender and case as the adjective it describes: zanima´t;sq sa´mymi opaśnymi vi´dami spoŕta ‘to engage in the most dangerous sports’.

The eight adjectives with one-word comparatives, referred to in unit 2, form their superlatives variously:

Comparative

Superlative

bol;wo´j

boĺ;wij

sa´myj bol;woj

maĺen;kij

meń;wij

sa´myj maĺen;kij

ploxo´j

xu´dwij

sa´myj xu´dwij or

xu´dwij

xoro´wij

lu´hwij

sa´myj lu´hwij or

lu´hwij

vyso´kij

boĺee vyso´kij

sa´myj vyso´kij

vy

świj

vy

świj (figurative use)

niźkij

boĺee niźkij

sa´myj niźkij

niźwij

niźwij (figurative use)

molodo´j

boĺee molodo´j

sa´myj molodo´j (things)

mla´dwij

sa´myj mla´dwij or

mla´dwij (people only)

staŕyj

boĺee staŕyj

sa´myj staŕyj (things)

staŕwij

sa´myj staŕwij or

staŕwij (people only)

Exercise 6

Put the adjectives in brackets into the superlative in the appropriate case.

1 V klu´be est; zal s (no´vaq) sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj. 2 Tam mo´'no pla´vat; v (zameha´tel;nyj) basse´jne. 3 Klub ne toĺ;ko prinimaét (sporti´vnyj) l[de´j. 4 Zanima´t;sq spoŕtom (xoro´wij) spośob snqt; stress. 5 (Bol;wo´j) kajf dlq \kstremaĺ;]ikov 'it; na kra[

ópaśnosti.

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The dialogue and the text contain examples of an alternative type of 2

superlative:

3

trena'e¨rnye zaĺy s nove´jwej sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj

4

gyms with the latest sports technology

5

6

predstavlqét intereśnejwee wou

puts on a most interesting show

7

8111

These superlatives are formed by replacing the adjective ending with 9

-ejwij, and decline like xoro´wij: staryj – stare´jwij. Their 10

meaning is less literally superlative than the variant with samyj, more 1

a way of giving added emphasis. Adjectives with stems ending in g, 2

k, x change those consonants to ', h, w and take the ending 3

-ajwij:

4

veli´kij – veliha´jwij

5

vyso´kij – vysoha´jwij

6

glubo´kij – gluboha´jwij

7

koro´tkij / kra´tkij – kratha´jwij

8

le¨gkij – legha´jwij

9

stro´gij – stro'a´jwij

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ti´xij – tiwa´jwij

1

wiro´kij – wiroha´jwij

2

3

Note also bliźkij – bli'a´jwij.

4

5

Exercise 7

6

7

Rewrite the following phrases using the construction odiń / odna´/

8

odnoíz followed by the ejwij / ajwij superlative.

9

30

Example: do´bryj helove´k – odiń iz dobre´jwix l[de´j 1

Staŕoe zdańie; no´vaq texnolo´giq; glubo´koe oźero; prosto´j voproś; 2

wiro´kaq reka´;

krasi´voe i´mq;

va´'naq zada´ha;

hiśtyj vid

3

trańsporta;

ser;e¨znyj slu´haj;

slo´'naq proble´ma;

opaśnaq

4

5

boleźn;; veli´kij pisa´tel;.

6

7

Superlative of adverbs and short superlative

8

The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding vsego´ ‘of anything/

9

everything’ or vsex ‘of anyone / everyone / all’ after the comparative: 40

1

On pry

´ gaet vy´we vsex.

421111

He jumps highest (higher than anyone).

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Sport

Mne nra´vitsq \´ta rabo´ta boĺ;we vsego´.

I like this work best (better than anything).

This same construction may also be used as the superlative of the short form adjective:

|ta kni´ga intereśnee vsex.

This book is the most interesting.

Exercise 8

Examine the advertisement (shown on page 103) for the stuntsmen’s festival and answer the questions in English.

1 Where does the stuntmen’s festival take place?

2 Which teams are taking part in the show?

3 Why are Russian stuntmen the strongest in the world?

4 Who will appear as well as the stuntmen?

5 How will the show end?

Language points ♦

Preposition corner

S, ot and iz ‘from’

S + genitive

In expressions of place s is the opposite of na and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use na to mean ‘to’ or ‘at, on’:

s se´vera

from the north

s vokzaĺa

from the station

s uĺicy

from the street

s Uraĺa

from the Urals

s konceŕta

from the concert

s rabo´ty

from work

s poézda

from the train

s velosipe´da

off a bike

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

После своего выступления каскадеры

9

споют вместе со звездами рока.

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

N.B. kaskade¨r – stunt man; smerteĺ;no opaśnyj – deadly dangerous; 1

ste´pen; riśka – level of risk; zaverwa´t; – to finish; meropriq´tie – event; 421111

zvezdaŕo´ka – rock star; ubedi´t;sq – to be convinced

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Sport

S is commonly used to translate ‘from, since’ in expressions of time: s apreĺq

since April

s tre¨x haso´v

since 3 o’clock

s utra´

since morning

s le´ta

since summer

S may also translate ‘from’ in the sense of cause: s goŕq

from grief

so sku´ki

from boredom

However, ot is a safer choice in this type of context, as it is less colloquial: ot ra´dosti ‘from joy’.

Note that nahina´t; / naha´t; s + genitive means ‘to begin with’ as well as ‘begin from’:

naha´t; s bu´kvy A

begin with the letter A

naha´t; s nahaĺa

begin from the beginning

C + genitive combines with storona´ ‘side’ in several expressions: s odno´j storony

´ . . . s drugo´j storony´

on one hand . . . on the other hand

s moe´j storony

´

on my part

s le´voj storony

ót + genitive

to the left of

C is used with sda´ha ‘change’:

sda´ha s rublq´

change from a rouble

C + instrumental means ‘with, together with, accompanied by’: My s mu´'em poe´xali tuda´

My husband and I went there

Ona´ ponimaét s trudo´m

She understands with difficulty

haj s moloko´m

tea with milk

govori´t; s ruśskim akceńtom

to speak with a Russian accent

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This use of s should not be confused with the use of the instrumental 2

without a preposition to mean ‘with’ in the sense of ‘by means of’: 3

reźat; no'o´m

4

to cut with a knife

5

6

Note also:

7

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S Ro'destvo´m

Merry Christmas

9

S dne¨m ro'deńiq

Happy Birthday

10

1

Ot + genitive

2

3

In expressions of place ot is used to mean ‘from a person’: 4

Q poluhiĺa pis;moót nego´

5

I received a letter from him

6

7

On uwe¨l ot 'eny

´

8

He left his wife

9

It also means ‘away from’, often after verbs prefixed with ot-: 20111

1

Teploxo´d otply

ĺ ot priśtani

2

The boat moved away from the quay

3

4

Note some other expressions of place using ot:

5

dalekoót goŕoda

6

far from the town

7

8

v desqti´ kilome´trax ot goŕoda

9

ten miles from the town

30

In expressions of time

1

s + genitive . . . do + genitive is used to mean

‘from . . . to . . .’:

2

3

s peŕvogo fevralq´ do peŕvogo maŕta

4

from 1st February to 1st March

5

6

s dvux do pqti´

7

from two o’clock till five o’clock

8

S . . . po . . . + accusative has the slightly different meaning of up 9

to (and including):

40

1

s peŕvogo fevralq´ po peŕvoe maŕta

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from 1st February to 1st March inclusive

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Ot . . . do . . . ‘from . . . to’ is used to express distance: rasstoqńie ot Moskvy

´ do Peterbuŕga

the distance from Moscow to St Petersburg

Note some other expressions of time using ot:

vre´mq ot vre´meni

from time to time

den; oto dnq

from day to day

In expressions of cause ot means ‘from’ and can refer to both physical and emotional reasons:

My umiraém ot goĺoda

We are dying from hunger

Oni zasmeqĺis; ot ra´dosti

They burst out laughing from joy

Note also the following expressions:

bez umaót \´toj de´vuwki

crazy about this girl

v vostoŕge ot podaŕka

delighted at the present

Note the expression ot i´meni ‘on behalf of ’: ot i´meni otca´ ‘on behalf of my father’.

Some verbs followed by ot:

zaviśet; ot

to depend on

za]i]a´t; / za]iti´t; ot

to defend from

osvobo'da´t;sq / osvobodi´t;sq ot

to free oneself from

otkaźyvat;sq / otkaza´t;sq ot

to refuse

otliha´t;sq ot

to be different from

otstava´t; / otsta´t; ot

to lag behind

Iz + genitive

In expressions of place iz is the opposite of v and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use v to mean ‘to’, ‘into’, ‘in’: iz Ameŕiki ‘from America’; iz pustyńi

‘from the desert’; iz wkoĺy ‘from school’; iz butyĺki ‘from the bottle’; iz q´]ika ‘from a drawer’.

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Iz may also be used to indicate source or material: uzna´t; iz 2

gaze´ty ‘to find out from the newspaper’; sdeĺat; iz staĺi ‘to make 3

from steel’.

4

It can also be used to indicate cause: iz neńavisti ‘out of hatred’; 5

iz blagodaŕnosti ‘from gratitude’.

6

Note also: izo vsex sil ‘with all one’s might’; odiń iz nix 7

‘one of them’.

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9

10

Exercise 9

1

2

Complete the following sentences by selecting s, ot or iz, as appro-3

priate.

4

5

1 My prie´xali (s / ot / iz) [´ga. 2 Oni ne sleza´[t (s / ot / iz) 6

velosipe´dov kruglyj god. 3 Stol sdeĺan (s / ot / iz) deŕeva. 4 De´ti 7

pri´wli (s / ot / iz uĺicy). 5 My poluhiĺi \´tu informaći[ (s /

8

ot / iz) dire´ktora. 6 Toĺ;ko odna´ (s / ot / iz) vas sdala´ \kza´men.

9

7 (S / Ot / Iz) desq´togo po dvadca´toe i[ńq. 8 Ona´ (s / ot / iz) 20111

Frańcii. 9 (S / Ot / Iz) kako´j storony´? 10 Poézd otxo´dit (s / ot /

1

2

iz) vokzaĺa v 18.00

3

4

Verbs with the dative

5

6

7

There are some verbs in this unit which are followed by the dative 8

case:

9

ne razrewa´[t ba´jkeram

30

they do not permit the bikers

1

2

Other verbs taking the dative include:

3

veŕit; (po-)

to believe

4

grozi´t;, ugro'a´t;

to threaten

5

doverq´t;

to trust

6

zavi´dovat;

to envy

7

8

mewa´t; (po)

to stop, hinder

9

podxodi´t; / podojti´

to suit

40

pozvolq´t; / pozvoli´t;

to permit

1

pomoga´t; / pomo´h;

to help

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prikaźyvat; / prikaza´t;

to order

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ra´dovat;sq (ob-)

to be pleased

sle´dovat; (po-)

to follow

sove´tovat; (po-)

to advise

sohu´vstvovat; (po-)

to sympathise with

udivlq´t;sq / udivi´t;sq

to be surprised

Idti´ can be used with the dative in the expression: Vam ide¨t

it suits you

Note how the verb prinadle'a´t; ‘to belong’ is used: bu´du]ee prinadle'i´t im ‘the future belongs to them’.

But when membership of a group or club is referred to, the verb is followed by k + dative: Oni prinadle'a´t k klu´bu ba´jkerov

‘They belong to a bikers club’.

Exercise 10

Use the words in brackets in the correct form.

1 Ba´jkery ne (veŕit;) (gorodskié vlaśti), hto goŕnye velosipe´dy poŕtqt grunt. 2 K so'aleńi[, \tot rejs ne (podxodi´t;) (my).

3 |ta wlq´pa o´hen; (idti´) (moj oteć). 4 Vrah (sove´tovat;) (bol;no´j) zanq´t;sq spoŕtom. 5 Ona ne (razrewa´t;) (svoi´ de´ti) igra´t; na doro´ge. 6 Kak mo´'no (doverq´t;) (tako´j helove´k)?

7 On (ra´dovat;sq) (vozmo´'nost;) uhaśtvovat; v sorevnovańiqx.

8 Q (udivlq´t;sq) (tvoj vy´bor). 9 On vsegda´ (pomoga´t;) (mat;).

10 Q tak (sohu´vstvovat;) (be´'ency). 11 Mne ka´'etsq, (Rossi´q) ne (grozi´t;) ute´hka mozgo´v. 12 Q (zavi´dovat;) (sovremeńnaq molode¨';):

bu´du]ee (prinadle'a´t;) (oni´). 13

My vsegda´

(sle´dovat;) (sove´ty) instru´ktora.

Language points ♦

Stress

One of the greatest problems that Russian gives to the foreign speaker is identifying the stressed syllable of each word. There is a considerable difference in the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels.

For example, in xorowo´ each ‘o’ is pronounced quite differently. The

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first is ‘e’ as in father, the second is ‘a’ and only the final, stressed 2

‘o’ is pronounced as an ‘o’. To misplace the stress renders words unin-3

telligible to a Russian listener. The situation is further complicated 4

by the fact that stress on words alters when their case or ending 5

changes. This is the first of a series of guides to common stress 6

patterns on different parts of speech in Russian.

7

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Masculine nouns

9

Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the 10

declension, singular and plural:

1

avto´bus ‘bus’; velosipe´d ‘bicycle’;

2

universite´t ‘university’. This groups contains a large number of 3

nouns with three or more syllables, but also some one and two 4

syllable nouns: vid, a´vtor.

5

Fixed final stress – the stress moves from the final syllable in the 6

nominative singular to the ending in all other cases: stol ‘table’

7

(gen. sing. stola´; nom. pl. stoly´; gen. pl. stolo´v); no' ‘knife’; um 8

‘mind, intelligence’. This group includes several nouns with suffixes 9

i´k, ić, o´k, a´' , aŕ; : gruzovi´k ‘lorry’; dvoreć ‘palace’ (dvorca´, 20111

dvorcy

´ , dvorco´v); koneć ‘end’ (konca´, koncy´, konco´v); kuso´k 1

‘piece’ (kuska´, kuski´, kusko´v); baga´' ‘luggage’; slovaŕ; ‘dictio-2

nary’.

3

4

Mobile stress – there are three different patterns of mobile stress on 5

masculine nouns.

6

Type 1 – stress on the stem in the singular and on the ending in the 7

plural: krug ‘circle’ (sing. kru´ga, etc; pl. krugi´, krugo´v, etc.); drug 8

‘friend’ (dru´ga, druz;q´, druze´j); most ‘bridge’ (mośta, mosty´, 9

mosto´v). Many masuline nouns with their nominative plural in -a´

30

follow this pattern: goŕod ‘town’ (goŕoda, goroda´, gorodo´v); a´dres 1

‘address’; poézd ‘train’; dom ‘house’.

2

3

Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural 4

(and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative), 5

on the ending in all other plurals: volk ‘wolf’ (voĺka, voĺki, 6

volko´v); u´xo ‘ear’ (u´xa,

u´wi,

uwe´j); zub ‘tooth’ (zu´ba,

zu´by,

7

zubo´v).

8

Type 3 – a very small number of masculine nouns have the stress on 9

40

the ending, except in the nominative plural: kon; ‘steed’ (konq´, końi, 1

kone´j); gvozd; ‘nail’ (gvozdq´, gvoźdi, gvozde´j).

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Exercise 11

Translate into Russian.

1 I was advised by my doctor to take up sport and join a sports club. He says that sport will help me to relieve stress.

2 Can you recommend sports classes that will suit me?

3 When you are young, you are ready to risk everything. You do not think about danger.

4 He became a stuntman when he was twenty, and, even at the age of forty, he still performs the most dangerous stunts.

5 There are no high mountains around Moscow from which one can parachute.

6 The city authorities have a lot of problems with Moscow bikers who damage the soil in city parks.

1111

2

6 KUL:TURNAQ @IZN: V

3

4

ROSSII

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

In this unit you will learn:

3

◗ about film and theatre in Russia

4

◗ alternative ways of translating ‘to be’

5

6

◗ about verbs with the instrumental

7

◗ how to form and use active participles

8

◗ more about the prepositions o and pro

9

◗ about stress on feminine nouns

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

Theatre, together with opera, ballet and cinema, has always played 7

a very important role in Russian cultural life. Despite censorship in 8

Soviet times, the standard was high, art subsidies were generous and 9

tickets cheap. With the arrival of the market economy things have 30

changed; theatre and cinema have lost state subsidies and the route 1

to survival has been to produce plays and films that appeal to mass 2

audiences and guarantee a full house. But not every Russian artist 3

was prepared to sacrifice his integrity; some have preferred to leave 4

the commercial theatre and have formed small companies where they 5

are free to experiment. A few, however, like the director of the Maly 6

Theatre in St Petersburg, Lev Dodin, have managed to achieve success 7

in changed circumstances.

8

9

40

1

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Cultural life in Russia

Dialogue 1

The General Director of the Moscow International Non-Competitive Film Festival, MOFEST, B.V. Volodin, answers questions from a journalist.

@URNALIŚT

Boriś Vladi´mirovih, ne mno´go li kinofestivaĺej v

na´wej strane´? U nas u'eést; <Me'dunaro´dnyj

mosko´vskij>, <Kinotavr>, <Okno´

v Evro´pu> i

drugié.

VOLO´DIN

Vy owibaétes;. Fiĺ;mov v miŕe vypuskaétsq ogro´mnoe

koli´hestvo. Festivaĺej to´'e provo´ditsq mno´go –

pohti´ 650 v god. I \´to zameha´tel;no. Zna´hit, mirovo´j kinomato´graf 'iv i v prekraśnoj rabo´hej foŕme.

@URNALIŚT

No hem 'e otlihaétsq Vaw festivaĺ; ot drugi´x

festivaĺej?

VOLO´DIN

V osnovno´m, vse \´ti festivaĺi qvlq´[tsq

końkursnymi. Ix cel; vy´qvit; lu´hwie rabo´ty s

po´mo];[ '[ri´. @[rióceńivaet fiĺ;my. A na

nekońkursnyx festivaĺqx gla´vnyj oceń]ik – zri´tel;.

@URNALIŚT

Kakié 'e fiĺ;my Vy sobiraétes; pokaźyvat; na

festivaĺe?

VOLO´DIN

Zada´ha na´wego festivaĺq – pokaza´t; sa´mye intereśnye

posle´dnie fiĺ;my.

@URNALIŚT

Hto za kartińy bu´dut pokaźany?

VOLO´DIN

Sa´mye izveśtnye, u'e poluhi´vwie priznańie u

mirovo´go zri´telq. |to ital;qńskij fil;m <Xleb i

t[l;pańy>. |to <Vkus soĺnehnogo sve´ta> re'isse¨ra Iwtvana Sa´bo, fil;m o hetyre¨x pokoleńiqx evre´jskoj

sem;ií mno´gie drugié. Vsego´ 'e bu´det pokaźano o´kolo

100 fiĺ;mov iz 20 stran miŕa.

@URNALIŚT

A bu´dut li pokaźany ote´hestvennye fiĺ;my?

VOLO´DIN

Da, kone´hno. Vpervyé zri´teli uvi´dqt lu´hwie kartińy

by´vwix sove´tskix respu´blik za posle´dnie 50 let.

@URNALIŚT

No ceńy-to na bile´ty, naveŕnoe, bu´dut groma´dnymi?

VOLO´DIN

V tom-to i deĺo, hto stoímost; bile´tov bu´det sa´maq

dostu´pnaq. A dlq pensioneŕov vsego´ 20 ruble´j, \´to

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pohti´ blagotvori´tel;nye pokaźy. I v \´tom to´'e

2

otli´hie <MOsko´vskogo FESTa> ot drugi´x

3

festivaĺej.

4

Po materiaĺam <Literatuŕnoj gaze´ty>, 2000

5

6

7

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Vocabulary ♦

9

10

blagotvori´tel;nyj pokaź

charity show

1

vpervy

é

for the first time

2

vypuska´t;

to release

3

vy

´ qvit;

to discover

4

dostu´pnyj

accessible

5

evre´jskij

Jewish

6

końkurs

competition

7

mirovo´j zri´tel;

world audience

8

otli´hie

difference

9

oceńivat;, oceń]ik

to judge (in a competition); judge

20111

owiba´t;sq

to be mistaken

1

pokoleńie

generation

2

poluhi´t; priznańie

to receive recognition

3

re'isse¨r

producer

4

5

N.B. v tom-to i deĺo – that’s (just) the point; vsego´ – in all; -to (particle) –

6

adds emphasis to what is being said. Difficult to translate into English.

7

Depending on the context it may mean ‘at least’, ‘precisely’, or ‘just’.

8

9

30

Exercise 1

1

2

Answer the following questions in Russian.

3

4

1 Kakié kinofestivaĺi est; v Rossií?

5

2 Kakovaíx cel;?

6

3 V he¨m otli´hie Mosko´vskogo <Festa>?

7

4 Kakié fiĺ;my bu´dut pokaźyvat; na festivaĺe?

8

5 Kakié ote´hestvennye fiĺ;my mo´'no uvi´det; na festivaĺe?

9

6 Kakovaćena´ bile´tov na festivaĺe?

40

1

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Exercise 2

Examine the list of the winners of Mosko´vskij me'dunaro´dnyj kinofestivaĺ; and answer the questions in English.

N.B. The original English title of the film Fanatic was The Believer 1 What is the top prize in the festival called?

2 Which film won that prize?

3 What did Russia win a prize for?

4 Which other countries were among the prizewinners?

5 What were the other prizewinning categories?

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Text 1

2

3

4

5

Do´din i rossi´jskij tea´tr

6

V rossi´jskom tea´tre figuŕa

7

П Р О Ф И Л Ь

gla´vnogo re'isse¨ra vsegda´

byla´

8111

vedu´]ej. Vspo´mnim imena´ veli´kix

9

10

re'isse¨rov

–

Stanisla´vskogo,

1

Mejerxoĺ;da. Srediśovremeńnyx

2

rossi´jskix re'isse¨rov oso´benno

3

vydelqétsq Lev Do´din, gla´vnyj

4

re'isse¨r Maĺogo dramati´heskogo

5

tea´tra Peterbuŕga. |to odiń iz sa´myx uspe´wnyx tea´trov, 6

izveśtnyx ne toĺ;ko v Rossií, no i na Za´pade, tea´tr, zavoeva´vwij 7

sa´mye presti´'nye pre´mii v Evro´pe. Do´din prosla´vilsq 8

postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´mova <Bra´t;q i se¨stry>, sta´vwej 9

potrqseńiem dlq Leningra´da i poluhi´vwej vy

śwu[

20111

Gosudaŕstvennu[ pre´mi[. Imenno s <Bra´t;ev i seste¨r>, sta´vwix 1

torgo´voj maŕkoj MDT, nahaliś; ego´ triumfaĺ;nye zarube´'nye 2

3

gastroĺi. Tea´tr pobyvaĺ v Qpońii, SWA, pohti´

vo vsex

4

evrope´jskix strańax. Vmeśte s kartińoj 'iźni sove´tskoj voeńnoj 5

i poslevoeńnoj dere´vni Do´din pokaźyval miŕu ansa´mbl;

6

blestq´]ix akte¨rov i svoe¨ re'isse¨rskoe masterstvo´.

7

Akte¨ry qvlq´[tsq gla´vnoj goŕdost;[ MDT. Tru´ppa Do´dina, 8

sostoq´vwaq boĺ;wej haśt;[ iz egoúheniko´v (v tru´ppe toĺ;ko 9

30

50 akte¨rov) shitaétsq odno´j iz sa´myx siĺ;nyx v Rossií. Ka´'dyj 1

spekta´kl; Do´din repetiŕuet o´hen; doĺgo. Byvaét, hto ot peŕvyx 2

\t[

´ dov do prem;eŕy proxo´dit neśkol;ko let. Kone´hno, Do´din 3

predstavlqét sobo´j unikaĺ;noe qvleńie. Emuúdaloś; da´'e v 4

kriźisnoj situaćii, kotoŕu[ pere'ivaét Rossi´q, soxrani´t; 5

xudo´'estvennost; i individuaĺ;nost; svoego´ tea´tra, izbe'a´t; 6

ego´

prevra]eńiq v kommeŕheskij. Ved; izveśtno, hto v

7

Rossií ide¨t proceś prevra]eńiq tea´trov v kommeŕheskie, 8

i mno´gie rossi´jskie tea´try predpohita´[t kommeŕheskij 9

uspe´x xudo´'estvennomu. V tako´j situaćii figuŕa gla´vnogo 40

re'isse¨ra vse¨ ha´]e otxo´dit na za´dnij plan i zamenqétsq figuŕoj 1

dire´ktora-meńed'era, upravlq´[]ego tea´trom kak kommeŕheskim 421111

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uhre'deńiem. Tea´try vse¨ boĺ;we 'eŕtvu[t svoe´j xudo´'estvennost;[ i sta´vqt p;eśy, garantiŕu[]ie kommeŕheskij uspe´x i poĺnye zaĺy.

Ne sluha´jno mno´gie rossi´jskie re'isse¨ry uxo´dqt iz tea´tra v maĺye zaĺy, sozda[

´ t svoi´ maĺen;kie tea´try. |to pro´]e i po

organizaćii, i po repertuaŕu. Tak leghe vy

´ 'it;. Taki´x tea´trov-

masterski´x stano´vitsq vse¨ bol;we, oso´benno v Moskve´. Kone´hno, mno´gie iz nix isheza´[t tak 'e by

śtro, kak poqvlq´[tsq. No

ne´kotorye, kak <Tea´tr na {go-za´pade>, <Masterska´q Fomeńko>, poĺ;zu[]iesq zaslu´'ennym uspe´xom, u'eíme´[t svoegoźri´telq, cenq´]ego i poluha´[]ego udovoĺ;stvie ot spekta´klq i igry ákte¨rov. Kto znaét, mo´'et byt;, so vre´menem \´ti maĺen;kie masterskié prevratq´tsq v tea´try, podo´bnye tea´tru Do´dina.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Ito´gi>, 2000

Vocabulary ♦

vedu´]ij

leading

voeńnyj

wartime

vspo´mnit;

to remember

vydelq´t;sq

to stand out

goŕdost; ( f )

pride

'eŕtvovat; (+ inst)

to sacrifice

zavoeva´t; pre´mi[

to win a prize

zamenq´t;

to replace

za´dnij plan

background

zarube´'nye gastroĺi

foreign tour

zaslu´'ennyj

deserved

izbe'a´t; (+ gen)

to avoid

i´menno

namely, actually

isheza´t; / isheźnut;

to disappear

masterska´q

workshop, studio

masterstvo´

skill

podo´bnyj

similar to

postano´vka

production

potrqseńie

sensation

prevrati´t;sq v (+ acc)

to turn into

prevra]eńie

transformation

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prosla´vit;sq (+ inst)

to become famous

2

repetiŕovat;

to rehearse

3

rukovodi´t; (+ inst)

to lead

4

sovremeńnyj

modern

5

sostoq´t; iz (+ gen)

to consist

6

soxrani´t;

to preserve

7

torgo´vaq maŕka

trade mark

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tru´ppa

company

9

upravlq´t; (+ inst)

to manage

10

uhre'deńie

institution

1

xudo´'estvennyj,

artistic merit,

2

xudo´'estvennost;

quality

3

ceni´t;

to appreciate

4

\t[

´ d

sketch

5

qvleńie

phenomenon

6

N.B. emuúdaloś; – he succeeded; ne sluha´jno – not by chance 7

8

9

Exercise 3

20111

1

Answer the following questions in Russian.

2

3

1 Kto tako´j Lev Do´din?

4

2 Hem prosla´vilsq Do´din?

5

3 O he¨m teatraĺ;naq trilo´giq <Bra´t;q i se¨stry>?

6

4 Pohemu´ Do´din – unikaĺ;noe qvleńie v teatraĺ;noj 'iźni 7

Rossií?

8

5 Kako´j proceśs ide¨t sejhaś v rossi´jskom tea´tre?

9

6 Pohemu´ figuŕa dire´ktora-meńed'era stano´vitsq gla´vnoj v 30

tea´tre?

1

7 Pohemuŕe'isse¨ry sozda[´t svoi´ maĺen;kie tea´try?

2

8 Est; li bu´du]ee u taki´x tea´trov?

3

4

5

Exercise 4

6

7

True or false?

8

9

1 Końkursnye festivaĺi orientiŕu[tsq na (wiro´ku[ pu´bliku, 40

professionaĺ;nu[ auditoŕi[, avtorite´tnoe '[ri´)?

1

2 Na nekońkursnyx festivaĺqx fiĺ;my oceńiva[t (zri´teli, 421111

kinokri´tiki, '[ri´)?

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3 Maĺyj tea´tr Peterbuŕga izveśten blagodarq´ (re'isse¨ru Do´dinu, repertuaŕu, akte¨ram)?

4 Trilo´giq <Bra´t;q i se¨stry> staĺa (populqŕnoj p;eśoj, torgo´voj maŕkoj, skandaĺ;noj p;eśoj) tea´tra?

5 Do´dina boĺ;we interesuét (kommeŕheskij, xudo´'estvennyj, dewe¨vyj) uspe´x?

6 V Rossi´jskom teatre vse¨ ha´]e gla´vnoj stano´vitsq figuŕa (gla´vnogo re'isse¨ra, dire´ktora-meńed'era, akte¨ra)?

7 Mno´gie re'isse¨ry sozda[´t svoi´ tea´try-masterskié, potomu´ hto xotq´t (rukovodi´t; tea´trom, byt; nezaviśimymi, vy´'it;)?

Language points ♦

The verb ‘to be’

You are, of course, already aware that byt; ‘to be’ has no present tense. However, several other verbs may be used as a susbstitute.

These include:

qvlq´t;sq / q´vi´t;sq + instrumental to seem, to appear, to be On qvlqétsq dire´ktorom.

He is the director.

|to qvlqétsq prihińoj egośmeŕti.

That was the reason for his death.

Uspe´x qvlqétsq rezul;ta´tom usiĺij vsex akte¨rov.

The success is the result of all the actors’ efforts.

Note also: qvlq´t;sq ceĺ;[ ‘to be the aim of’; qvlq´t;sq sle´dstviem ‘to be a consequence of’; qvlq´t;sq haśt;[ ‘to be a part of’, predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) ‘to represent, to be’.

Do´din predstavlqét (sobo´j) unikaĺ;noe qvleńie

Dodin is / represents a unique phenomenon

Note also: predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) primeŕ ‘to be an example’; predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) zada´hu ‘to be / represent a task, problem’, byva´t;

‘to be, to frequent’.

On vsegda´ byvaét v tea´tre peŕed nahaĺom spekta´klq.

He is always in the theatre before the start of the performance.

kak \´to haśto byvaét

as often happens / is often the case

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2

Exercise 5

3

Rephrase the sentences by using first the verb

4

qvlq´t;sq + inst and

then the verb

5

predstavlq´t; (sobo´j) + acc.

6

1 Mosko´vskij festivaĺ; – rezul;ta´t mnogole´tnej rabo´ty.

7

2 Do´din – unikaĺ;noe qvleńie v rossi´jskom tea´tre. 3 Pokaź

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sa´myx intereśnyx fiĺ;mov –

zada´ha festivaĺq. 4 Vyso´kaq

9

xudo´'estvennost; – otlihi´tel;naq oso´bennost; tea´tra Do´dina.

10

5

1

Znako´mstvo s mirovy´m kinemato´grafom – cel; festivaĺq.

2

6 Rost hislaímmigrańtov – bla´go dlq Rossií. 7 |kstri´m – stil; 3

'iźni molode¨'i.

4

5

Verbs with the instrumental

6

7

There are a number of verbs in the text which are followed by the 8

instrumental case. Verbs taking the instrumental include: 9

Verbs indicating control – poĺ;zovat;sq (vos-) ‘to use, enjoy’; 20111

rukovodi´t; ‘to lead’; upravlq´t; ‘to govern, manage’; torgova´t; ‘to 1

trade’; vlade´t; ‘to own’, ‘to have a command of (a language)’; 2

zanima´t;sq / zanq´t;sq ‘to be engaged in’; zloupotreblq´t; ‘to 3

abuse’; riskova´t; ‘to risk’.

4

Verbs indicating an attitude – gordi´t;sq ‘to be proud of’; 5

interesova´t;sq (za-) ‘to be interested in’; l[bova´t;sq (po-) ‘to 6

admire’; uvleka´t;sq / uvle´h;sq ‘to be keen on’.

7

Verbs indicating state or appearance – kaza´t;sq ‘to seem’; 8

okaźyvat;sq / okaza´t;sq ‘to turn out to be’; stanovi´t;sq / stat; ‘to 9

become’; shita´t;sq ‘to be considered’; ostava´t;sq / osta´t;sq ‘to 30

remain’.

1

Other examples – 'eŕtvovat; (po-) ‘to sacrifice’; sla´vit;sq 2

(pro-) ‘to be famed for’; bole´t; (za-) ‘to be ill with’.

3

4

5

Exercise 6

6

7

Use the words in brackets in the correct form.

8

Posle´dnee vre´mq mno´gie no´vye tea´try (poĺ;zovat;sq) (uspe´x). Vse 9

40

nade´[tsq, hto Do´din bu´det prodol'a´t; (rukovodi´t;) (Maĺyj 1

tea´tr). V prowlo´m godu´ Do´din (prosla´vit;sq) (postano´vka) 421111

trilo´gii Abra´mova. |ta postano´vka poluhiĺa vyśwu[ pre´mi[ i

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(stat;) (potrqseńie) dlq Leningra´da. Tru´ppa Do´dina (shita´t;sq) (odna´) iz sa´myx siĺ;nyx v Rossií. Do´din ne goto´v ('eŕtvovat;) (svoq´

xudo´'estvennost;). On goto´v (riskova´t;) (vse¨), htoby dobi´t;sq uspe´xa. Maĺyj tea´tr (ostava´t;sq) (odiń iz sa´myx uspe´wnyx tea´trov).

Language points ♦

Participles

Participles are verbal adjectives. They are formed from verbs, but have adjectival endings. There are four types of participle in Russian: present active; past active; present passive; past passive. They may all be used to replace adjectival clauses, i.e. clauses introduced by kotoŕyj:

p;eśy, kotoŕye garantiŕu[t kommeŕheskij uspe´x

plays which guarantee commercial success

p;eśy, garantiŕu[]ie kommeŕheskij uspe´x

plays guaranteeing commercial success

Garantiŕu[]ie is an example of a present active participle. There are numerous examples of both present and past active participles in the text Do ´din i rossi ´jskij tea ´tr.

Active participles

Present active participles are formed by removing -t from the third person plural (oni´) form of the present tense and replacing it by

-]ij: poluha´t; ‘to receive, get’ – poluha´[t – poluha´[]ij

‘receiving, getting’.

The participle agrees in number, gender and case with the noun it describes and declines like xoro´wij:

Est; nemaĺo zri´telej, poluha´[]ix udovoĺ;stvie ot ego´

spekta´klej.

There is a sizeable audience, getting pleasure from his shows.

(poluha´[]ix is genitive plural to agree with zri´telej) Participles formed from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq, regardless of the preceding letter of the ending:

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Takié tea´try-masterskié, haśto razme]a´[]iesq v

2

by

´ vwix kinotea´trax, o´hen; populqŕny v Moskve´.

3

Such theatre workshops, often located in former cinemas, are 4

very popular in Moscow.

5

6

7

Exercise 7

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9

Form present active participles from the following verbs.

10

1

oceńivat;, ponima´t;, igra´t;, proisxodi´t;, naxodi´t;sq, vesti´, 2

bleste´t;, uhaśtvovat;, sozdava´t;, poĺ;zovat;sq, prevra]a´t;sq, 3

isheza´t;, voznika´t;, stanovi´t;sq, upravlq´t;.

4

5

Although present active participles usually replace kotoŕyj + present 6

tense of an active verb, they may substitute for kotoŕyj + active 7

past tense, if the action of the verb in the subordinate clause is taking 8

place at the same time as the action of the verb in the main clause: 9

20111

Rasskazaĺi o fiĺ;me, kotoŕyj we¨l v \´to vremq v

1

Moskve´.

2

They were talking about a film which was showing at the time 3

in Moscow.

4

Rasskazaĺi o fiĺ;me, idu´]em v \´to vre´mq v Moskve´.

5

They were talking about a film showing at the time in

6

Moscow.

7

8

9

Exercise 8

30

1

Replace the clauses with kotoŕyj by a present active participle.

2

3

1 Kinofestivaĺ;, kotoŕyj proxo´dit v Moskve´, vyźval mno´go 4

intereśa za rube'o´m. 2 Na festivaĺe byĺo mno´go fiĺ;mov, 5

kotoŕye poĺ;zu[tsq uspe´xom u zri´telej. 3 Srediákte¨rov, kotoŕye 6

snima´[tsq v fiĺ;me, mno´go ruśskix. 4 V tru´ppe Do´dina, kotoŕaq 7

sostoi´t iz egoúheniko´v, toĺ;ko 50 helove´k. 5 Ne mno´go ostaĺos; 8

tea´trov, kotoŕye predpohita´[t xudo´'estvennyj uspe´x

9

40

kommeŕheskomu. 6

Haśto tea´try, kotoŕye razme]a´[tsq v

1

maĺen;kix zaĺax, o´hen; intereśnye. 7 Ostaĺos; maĺo l[de´j, 421111

kotoŕye e]e¨ po´mnqt staŕu[ Moskvu´.

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The past active participle is formed from either the imperfective or perfective past by replacing the -l from the masculine past tense by

-vwij: poluha´t; – poluhaĺ – poluha´vwij; poluhi´t; –

poluhiĺ – poluhi´vwij. Where there is no -l in the masculine past tense add -wij to the masculine past tense: isheźnut; ‘to disappear’ – isheź – isheźwij.

Note: idti´ – we´dwij; vesti´ – ve´dwij.

Participles from verbs ending in -sq always end in -sq, never -s;.

Exercise 9

Form past active participles from the following verbs.

ponq´t;, oceni´t;, sozda´t;, vy´'it;, sygra´t;, provesti´, najti´, proizojti´, stat;, bleste´t;, posta´vit;, prevrati´t;sq, vospoĺ;zovat;sq, isheźnut;, vozni´knut;, ostanovi´t;sq

The past active participle declines like xoro´wij and agrees in number, gender and case with the noun it describes. It may be used instead of adjectival (kotoŕyj) clauses which contain the imperfective or perfective past of an active verb. The translation into English of both the clause and the participle are frequently the same: Do´din prosla´vilsq postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´mova

<Bra´t;q i se¨stry>, kotoŕaq poluhiĺa Gosudaŕstvennu[

pre´mi[

Do´din prosla´vilsq postano´vkoj trilo´gii Abra´mova

<Bra´t;q i se¨stry>, poluhi´vwej Gosudaŕstvennu[

pre´mi[.

Dodin is famous for the production of Abramov’s trilogy

Brothers and Sisters, which won a State Prize.

Exercise 10

Replace the kotoŕyj clauses by past active participles.

1 Q ne soglaśna s kri´tikami, kotoŕye oceniĺi fil;m kak sla´byj.

2 My govoriĺi o fiĺ;me, kotoŕyj poluhiĺ peŕvyj priz. 3 U

aktriśy, kotoŕaq igraĺa rol; Anny Kareńinoj, prekraśnaq

vne´wnost;. 4 Fil;m, kotoŕyj we¨l po televiźoru vhera´, dovoĺ;no sla´byj. 5 Teatraĺ;naq olimpia´da, kotoŕaq prowla´ v Moskve´ v

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i[

ńe, imeĺa ogro´mnyj uspe´x. 6 Festivaĺ;, kotoŕyj nahaĺsq v 2

i[

ĺe, zakońhilsq v a´vguste. 7 Arxitektuŕnyj stil;, kotoŕyj 3

pohtiísheź tepeŕ;, byl o´hen; populqŕen v nahaĺe ve´ka. 8 Mno´go 4

govoriĺos; o prem;eŕe p;eśy He´xova, kotoŕaq sostoqĺas; na 5

pro´wloj nedeĺe.

6

7

Active participles used as adjectives and nouns

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Many active participles are used as adjectives:

9

blestq´]ij ‘brilliant’;

10

vedu´]ij ‘leading’; de´jstvu[]ij ‘acting’; sle´du[]ij ‘next’; 1

teku´]ij ‘current’; nastoq´]ij ‘present, real’ (never used as a participle);

2

bu´du]ij ‘future’ (also used as present active participle of

3

byt; ); by

´ vwij ‘former’; rewa´[]ij ‘decisive’; potrqsa´[]ij

‘stunning’.

4

5

Kurq´]ij is used to mean ‘smoker’: vagoń dlq kurq´]ix

‘carriage for smokers’.

6

Other examples of participles used as nouns include:

7

slu´'a]ij

‘employee’;

8

upravlq´[]ij

‘manager’;

vedu´]ij

‘presenter’;

9

bu´du]ee

‘future’; nastoq´]ee ‘present’; uha´]ijsq ‘student’; 20111

trudq´]ijsq ‘worker’.

1

2

Exercise 11

3

4

The newspaper

5

Vaw dosu ´g published the following ratings of films recommended for both children and parents. Read it and then answer 6

the questions in English.

7

8

9

30

NE TOL:KO DETSKOE KINO

1

2

ocenka <VD>

3

otlihno

4

xorowo

5

tak sebe

6

otvratitel;no

7

8

<MUMIQ VOZVRA}AETSQ>

9

40

pro hto: prodol'enie fil;ma <MUMIQ>. Syn glavnyx geroev 1

stanovitsq ob#ektom oxoty mumii so vsemi sledu[]imi iz

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\togo scenami <\kwn>.

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kommentarii: nekotorye iz scen strawnovaty. Vesti na \tot fil;m mo'no tol;ko ne ohen; vpehatlitel;nyx detej. V pol;zu detskoj auditorii govorit i tot fakt, hto odin iz glavnyx persona'ej – mal;hiwka. Tak hto vawemu rebenku budet za kogo pere'ivat;.

rekomenduetsq: sil;nym duxom podrostkam.

<102 DALMATINCA>

pro hto:

fil;m – prodol'enie dobroj komedii 1996 goda

<101 dalmatinec>. Obstoqtel;stva i dejstvu[]ie lica pohti ne izmenilis;. Zlodejka, po-pre'nemu, Kru\lla de Vil;, i milye pqtnistye sobaki spasa[tsq ot ee vyxodok.

kommentarii: pervyj fil;m, konehno 'e, luhwe. Odnako tem, kto l[bit smotret; pro 'ivotnyx, osobenno pro dalmatincev, kartina ponravitsq.

rekomenduetsq l[bitelqm 'ivotnyx vsex vozrastov.

<WOKOLAD>

pro hto: v dvux slovax – krasivaq romantihnaq istoriq.

kommentarii: ne sovsem detskij (skoree naoborot), no esli vam ne s kem svoego rebenka ostavit;, – mo'ete pojti na \tot fil;m vse vmeste. Kartina prekrasnaq, k tomu 'e rqd \pizodov vpolne ponqtny i zabavny dlq vawego rebenka.

rekomenduetsq dlq semejnogo prosmotra s det;mi l[bogo vozrasta (krome malywej do 4 let). Podrostkam fil;m mo'no smotret; i bez roditelej.

'urnaĺ <Vaw dosu´g>, 2001

N.B. zvezda´ – star; tak sebe´ – so-so; otvrati´tel;no – repulsive; v poĺ;zu – in favour; vpehatli´tel;nyj – impressionable; siĺ;nyj du´xom – strong in spirit; de´jstvu[]ee lico´ – character; zlode´jka – female villain; vy

´ xodka – trick;

pqtniśtaq soba´ka – spotty dog; 'ivo´tnoe – animal; zaba´vnyj – amusing; naoboro´t – the other way round

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1 Which film received the highest (5-star) rating?

2

2 Which films are recommended for families?

3

3 Which film is recommended for animal lovers and why?

4

4 What is the subject of the film The Mummy Returns?

5

5 Would The Mummy Returns be a good film for impressionable 6

youngsters?

7

6 For whom is the film Chocolat recommended?

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9

Preposition corner

10

1

O + prepositional

2

‘about, concerning’

3

du´mat; o sebe´, o rabo´te; le´kciq o 'i´vopisi

4

think about yourself, about work; a lecture about art

5

6

Note that o sometimes becomes ob, generally before vowels, and obo 7

before some combinations of consonants: ob \´tom ‘about that’; ob 8

iskuśstve ‘about art’; ob otce´ ‘about father’; obo mne´ ‘about me’; 9

obo vse¨m ‘about everything.

20111

1

O + accusative

2

‘against, on, upon’

3

4

opira´t;sq o steńu; udaŕit;sq nogo´j o stol; bok o´ bok 5

to lean on the wall; bang one’s leg on the table; side by side 6

Note: rukaó´b ruku ‘hand in hand’, a rare example of ob before a 7

consonant.

8

9

Pro + accusative

30

‘about, concerning’ (more colloquial than ‘o’)

1

2

govori´t; pro deĺo

talk about business

3

Pro hto \´tot fil;m?

What is this film about?

4

fil;m pro 'ivo´tnyx

a film about animals

5

6

Exercise 12

7

8

Put the words in brackets in the appropriate case.

9

1

40

Q govoriĺa o (syn). 2 Q zna´[ vse¨ pro (ty). 3 On spotknuĺsq 1

ob (igru´wka). 4 Uhenikiópira´[tsq o (stol). 5 Mne nra´vqtsq 421111

fiĺ;my pro (l[bo´v;).

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Stress

Feminine nouns

Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the declension, singular and plural: gostińica, doro´ga, sposo´bnost;.

This group contains a large number of nouns with three or more syllables, but also some one syllable nouns: bol; and two syllable nouns ending in unstressed -a or -q: veŕa, kni´ga, buŕq.

Mobile stress – there are five types of mobile stress on feminine nouns.

Type 1 – stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the plural: vojna´ (gen. sing. vojny

´ ; nom. pl. vo´jny; gen. pl. vojn; dat. pl.

vo´jnam, etc.); strana´, glava´, sestra´ (pl. se¨stry). Most of these nouns have two syllables, but there are some with three. In this case the stress moves back one syllable in the plural: krasota´ (krasoty´, kraso´ty, kraso´t, kraso´tam, etc.).

Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural (and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative), on the ending in all other plurals: hast; (haśti, haśti, haste´j), o´hered; , lo´wad; and many other nouns ending in -; .

Type 3 – stress on the ending except in the nominative / accusative plural: guba´ (guby´, gu´by, gub, guba´m, etc.); sveha´, sleza´ (pl. sle¨zy).

Type 4 – stress on the ending except in the accusative singular and the nominative / accusative plural, which are stressed on the first syllable: gora´ (acc. sing. goŕu; gen. sing gory´; nom. / acc. pl. goŕy; gen. pl. gor; dat. pl. gora´m, etc.); doska´, noga´, reka´, ruka´, sreda´, stena´, golova´, storona´, boroda´.

Type 5 – stress on the ending in the singular, except for the accusative singular, and on the stem in the plural: voda´ (acc. sing. vo´du; gen.

sing. vody´; nom. pl. vo´dy; gen. pl. vod; dat. pl. vo´dam, etc.); zima´, duwa´, spina´, cena´, zemlq´.

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2

Exercise 13

3

4

Translate into Russian.

5

6

1 A winner of the Moscow International Film Festival was the 7

American film The Fanatic.

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2 The Maly Theatre of St Petersburg is one of the most interesting 9

theatres in Russia; it became famous thanks to the artistic skill 10

of the director Lev Dodin.

1

3 The majority of the members of the jury judging the films were 2

professional actors.

3

4 All newspapers wrote about the film which received the top 4

prize at the Film Festival.

5

5 The actors playing the main parts clearly belonged to the 6

Stanislavsky school.

7

6 There are a lot of people in Russia who appreciate the art of 8

the theatre.

9

7 Theatres are becoming more and more commercial in Russia: 20111

they only put on plays guaranteeing a full house.

1

8 A lot of the films taking part in the competition turned out to 2

be foreign. Only one Russian film was among them.

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

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7 SREDSTVA MASSOVOJ

INFORMACII (SMI)

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about newspapers and television in Russia

◗ how to use hto and kto as relative pronouns

◗ about conjunctions in time and causal clauses

◗ how to choose between -to and -nibud;

◗ how to use drug druga

◗ about stress on neuter nouns

During the period of glasnost; Russia enjoyed unprecedented freedom of the press. A large number of new newspapers appeared, censorship ceased and journalists were free to publish what they wanted. New independent publications played an important role in the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the war in Chechnya, and especially after the election of President Putin, the situation has changed somewhat. The government is less ready to tolerate criticism of its policies. Conscious of the power of the media to influence public opinion, the government is re-exerting its control over press and television. The independent channel NTV, the radio station |xo Moskvy and the newspaper Novaq Gazeta were the first victims.

There is now less freedom of expression in Russia than there was at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union.

Sredstva massovoj informacii (smi)

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Dialogue 1

2

3

From an interview with a journalist from Argumeńty i fa´kty 4

5

6

AVTOR

Q haśto sly´wu o tom, hto svobo´da preśsy v Rossií v

7

opaśnosti. Gosudaŕstvo pytaétsq kontroliŕovat; vse

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sre´dstva maśsovoj informaćii.

9

@URNALIŚT

No preśsa ne mo´'et byt; poĺnost;[ nezaviśimoj.

10

L[ba´q gaze´ta ot hego´-to i ot kogo´-to zaviśit: ot

1

vladeĺ;ca gaze´ty, ot ob]eśtvennogo mneńiq, ot

2

situaćii na ryńke. Sam izda´tel; vyra'aét intereśy

3

kako´j-to gru´ppy.

4

AVTOR

No v Rossií bol;winstvoŚMI vse¨ boĺ;we zaviśqt ot

5

tex, kto dae¨t im deń;gi?

6

@URNALIŚT

Da, \´to veŕno. Deĺo v tom, hto v Rossií sejhaś mno´gie

7

gaze´ty izda[

´ tsq ne po ryńohnym pra´vilam, a za she¨t

8

9

oligaŕxov, poli´tikov. Meśtnye oŕgany vlaśti to´'e

20111

sodeŕ'at bol;woé koli´hestvo gaze´t.

1

AVTOR

Su]estvuét mneńie, hto naiboĺee nezaviśimye SMI

2

prinadle'a´t haśtnym lićam, tem, dlq kogo´ media-

3

biźnes osnovno´j. Naprimeŕ, haśtnyj telekanaĺ NTV,

4

'urnaĺ <Ito´gi>, gaze´ta <Sego´dnq>, radiostańciq 5

<|xo Moskvy´>. Vse oni´ podveŕglis; kri´tike.

6

@URNALIŚT

Po-moému, ix nezaviśimost; bylaíll[

źiej. Ved; vse

7

stat;i´ 'urnaliśtov po gla´vnym voprośam 'iźni, vse

8

vystupleńiq televedu´]ix na NTV vsegdaótra'aĺi

9

pozići[ vladeĺ;ca, stoq´vwego za SMI,

30

AVTOR

A kto stoi´t za Va´wej gaze´toj? Ona´ to´'e vyra'aét

1

2

h;i-to intereśy?

3

@URNALIŚT

Na´wa gaze´ta, vozmo´'no, i est; sa´maq nezaviśimaq. Za

4

nej stoq´t sa´mi 'urnaliśty. U nas reda´kciq rewaét

5

to, o he¨m pisa´t; i kak pisa´t;. Ediństvennaq

6

zaviśimost;, kotoŕu[ my priznae¨m, – zaviśimost; ot

7

na´wix hita´telej.

8

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

9

40

1

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Vocabulary ♦

vladeĺec

owner

vystupleńie

speech

vyra'a´t;

to express

zaviśim / ost; ( f ), -yj

dependence, dependent

izdava´t; / izda´tel;

to publish / publisher

meśtnye oŕgany vlaśti

local government

opaśnost; ( f )

danger

otra'a´t;

to reflect

poĺnost;[ nezaviśimyj

fully independent

podveŕgnut;sq kri´tike

to be subject to criticism

priznava´t;

to acknowledge

reda´kciq

editorial office

ry

ńohnoe pra´vilo

rule of the market

svobo´da preśsy

freedom of the press

soder'a´t;

to keep

stat;q´

article

televedu´]ij

television presenter

haśtnyj kanaĺ

private channel

N.B. su]estvuét mneńie – there is an opinion; deĺo v tom, hto – the thing is that; za she¨t – at the expense of

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions in Russian.

1 Pohemuśvobo´da preśsy v Rossií v opaśnosti?

2 Mo´'et li preśsa byt; poĺnost;[ nezaviśimoj?

3 Ot kogoóby´hno zaviśit preśsa?

4 Pra´vda li, hto v Rossií sejhaś sli´wkom mno´go gaze´t?

Language points ♦

-to / -nibud;

-to and -nibud; can be used after hto, kto and kako´j: hto´-to / hto´-nibud;

something

kto´-to / kto´-nibud;

someone

kako´j-to / kako´j-nibud;

some (or other)

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The forms ending in -to are more specific. They relate to things / people 2

the identity of which is uncertain but whose existence is not in doubt: 3

On hto´-to prine¨s.

4

He has brought something.

5

6

Kto´-to stuhi´t.

7

Someone is knocking.

8111

9

Kaka´q-to de´vuwka vas i´]et.

Some girl (or other) is looking for you.

10

1

There is an example in the dialogue:

2

3

L[ba´q gaze´ta ot hego´-to i kogo´-to zaviśit.

4

Any newspaper depends on someone and something.

5

Forms in -nibu´d; are vaguer and imply that the existence of the 6

thing / person is in doubt. Hto´-nibud; and kto´-nibud; may also 7

translate ‘anything’ or ‘anyone’:

8

9

Prine¨s li on hto´-nibud;?

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Did he bring anything?

1

2

Kto´-nibud; xo´het \´to?

Does anyone want it?

3

4

Mo´'et byt;, nam oka´'ut kaku´[-nibud; po´mo];.

5

Perhaps they will give us some help.

6

7

Contrast:

8

kto´-to zvoni´t

9

someone is ringing (existence known)

30

1

esli kto´-nibud; pozvoni´t

2

if someone rings (existence hypothetical)

3

-to / -nibud; may also be added to some adverbs, to similar effect: 4

5

gde´-to / gde´-nibud;

‘somewhere’ (place); kuda´-to / kuda´-nibud;

‘somewhere’ (motion);

6

ka´k-to / ka´k-nibud; ‘somehow’; kogda´-to /

7

kogda´-nibud; ‘some time (or other)’:

8

On kogda´-to 'il v Rossií.

9

He lived in Russia at some time or other.

40

1

Mo´'et byt;, my kogda´-nibu´d; vstre´timsq.

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Perhaps we will meet some time.

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Exercise 2

Select the appropriate word from the brackets and put it into the correct case to complete the sentence.

1 Q (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;) hitaĺa ob \´tom. 2 Ty pisaĺ (kto´-to, kto´-

nibud;)? 3 K tebe´ prixodiĺa (kako´j-to, kako´j-nibud;) de´vuwka.

4 Daj mne pohita´t; (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;). 5 On izuhaét (kako´j-to, kako´j-nibud;) qzy´k v universite´te. 6 Neu'eĺi vy ne mo´'ete nauhi´t; ego (hto´-to, hto´-nibud;)? 7 U vas est; (kako´j-to, kako´j-nibud;) gaze´ty? 8 Ne volnu´jtes;, (ka´k-to, ka´k-nibud;) my rewi´m

\´tu proble´mu. 9 |to sluhiĺos; (gde´-to, gde´-nibud;) na Se´vere.

10 On sejhaś razgovaŕivaet s (kto´-to, kto´-nibud;) po telefońu.

11 Pojde¨m (kuda´-to, kuda´-nibud;) ve´herom. 12 Vas (kto´-to, kto´-

nibud;) spra´wivaet.

Exercise 3

Look at the result of the poll conducted by Public Opinion Foundation, shown below.

Opros fonda <Ob]estvennoe mnenie>

Kak hasto vy smotrite televizor, hitaete

gazety, sluwaete radio, htoby uznat; novosti

o politiheskoj, \konomiheskoj 'izni strany?

Ohen; hasto

65%

Neskol;ko raz v nedel[

26%

Voob]e nikogda

5%

Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

4%

Poluhaete li Vy pravdivu[, ob#ektivnu[

informaci[ o politiheskoj 'izni strany?

Ne poluha[t

56%

Poluha[t

30%

Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

14%

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2

Somnevaetes; li Vy v ob#ektivnosti

3

\konomiheskix novostej?

4

Ohen; somneva[tsq

61%

5

Ne somneva[tsq

26%

6

Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

13%

7

Somnevaetes; li Vy v pravdivom otobra'enii

8111

<nastroenij l[dej, ob]estvennogo mneniq>?

9

10

Ohen; somneva[tsq

46%

1

Ne somneva[tsq

40%

2

Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

14%

3

Kak televidenie, radio i pressa vliq[t

4

na vas i vawe nastroenie?

5

6

Otricatel;no

49%

7

Polo'itel;no

32%

8

Zatrudnilis; s otvetom

19%

9

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1

Gaze´ta <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

2

N.B. polo'i´tel;no – positively; otrica´tel;no – negatively; zatrudni´t;sq s 3

otve´tom – to find it difficult to answer, do not know; somneva´t;sq – to doubt 4

5

True or false?

6

Bol;winstvoŕossiqń a) ne interesu´[tsq novostq´mi b) du´ma[t, hto 7

informaćiq v SMI neob#ekti´vna c) shita´[t vliqńie SMI

8

polo'i´tel;nym d) oceńiva[t vliqńie preśsy otrica´tel;no e) 9

somneva´[tsq v ob#ekti´vnosti preśsy.

30

1

2

Text 1

3

4

5

6

Rossi´jskoe televi´denie

7

Sredi´

vsex sredstv maśsovoj informaćii televi´deni[

8

prinadle'i´t vedu´]aq rol;. Hislo´ telekanaĺov raste¨t s ka´'dym 9

go´dom. Vse oni stara´[tsq byt; ne poxo´'imi drug na dru´ga.

40

Odniótda[

´ t predpohteńie sporti´vnym novostq´m, drugié –

1

muzykaĺ;no-razvleka´tel;nym, tre´t;i predpohita´[t nau´hno-421111

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The mass media

poznava´tel;nu[ informaći[. Tepeŕ;, eśli vy xoti´te smotre´t; no´vosti, u vas est; vy

´ bor, informaciońnye progra´mmy

<Sego´dnq> po NTV, <Vre´mq> po ORT, <Veśti> po RTR, vse pyta´[tsq predsta´vit; no´vosti pod svoi´m uglo´m i otliha´[tsq drug ot dru´ga. K tomu´ 'e, u ne´kotoryx vedu´]ix est; svoq´

voskreśnaq a´vtorskaq analiti´heskaq progra´mma, iz kotoŕoj telezri´tel; mo´'et poluhi´t; dopolni´tel;nu[ informaći[ o soby

´ tiqx nedeĺi. Takovy´ progra´mmy <Vremena´> na ORT,

<Ito´gi> na NTV, <Zeŕkalo> na RTR. Peŕvyj kanal ORT i vtoro´j kanaĺ RTR – ob]enacionaĺ;nye kanaĺy, i informaćiq na nix predstavlqét oficiaĺ;nu[ to´hku zreńiq.

Meńee oficiaĺ;nye kanaĺy – tre´tij kanal TVC, kotoŕyj

orientiŕuetsq na tex, kogoínteresuét Moskva´, kanaĺ

<Kul;tuŕa> s progra´mmami ob iskuśstve. |to kanaĺ dlq tex, kto ser;e¨zno interesuétsq muźykoj, literatuŕoj, po\źiej. Vse¨

bolee izveśtnym stano´vitsq kanaĺ REN TV, peŕvym perewe´dwij na cifrovu´[ texnolo´gi[, i populqŕnyj sredi´

tex, komuńra´vqtsq za´padnye seriaĺy i my

ĺ;nye o´pery.

Oso´boe meśto do neda´vnego vre´meni zanimaĺ hetve¨rtyj kanaĺ NTV, ediństvennyj haśtnyj kanaĺ, nezaviśimyj ot vlaśti.

Blagodarq´ vyso´komu professionaliźmu vedu´]ix NTV byl odni´m iz sa´myx populqŕnyx, oso´benno sredi´ tex, kto xoteĺ usly

´ wat;

inu´[, neoficiaĺ;nu[ to´hku zreńiq na mno´gie aktuaĺ;nye voprośy. Satiri´heskaq progra´mma na \´tom kanaĺe <Ku´kly>, progra´mma o rossi´jskom parla´mente, v kotoŕom zaseda´[t ku´kly: rossi´jskie poli´tiki, do six por populqŕna v Rossií.

K so'aleńi[, v nastoq´]ee vre´mq kanaĺ NTV, kak i drugié ob]enacionaĺ;nye kanaĺy, vse¨

bol;we kontroliŕuetsq

gosudaŕstvom i terqét svo[

ńezaviśimost;. Neda´vnqq reorga-

nizaćiq kanaĺa i smeńa ego´ televiziońnoj komańdy govorqt o tom, hto pravi´tel;stvo rewiĺo raspra´vit;sq s te´mi, kto ne soglaśen s ego´ poli´tikoj. Iz-za vmewa´tel;stva vlaste´j v dela´

televi´deniq ne´kotorye vedu´]ie pokińuli kanaĺ NTV i perewlińa drugié meńee oficiaĺ;nye kanaĺy. Voob]e´, no´vaq televiziońnaq komańda NTV kuda´ boĺee loqĺ;na po otnoweńi[ k Kreml[

í prezideńtu.

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

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Vocabulary ♦

2

3

a´vtorskaq progra´mma

personal programme

4

veśti ( pl)

news

5

vmewa´tel;stvo

interference

6

voskreśnaq progra´mma

Sunday programme

7

dopolni´tel;nyj

additional

8111

zeŕkalo

mirror

9

iskuśstvo

art

10

ito´gi ( pl)

summing up, total; results

1

komańda

team

2

ku´kla

doll, puppet

3

muzykaĺ;no-razvleka´tel;nyj

musical entertainment

4

my

ĺ;naq o´pera

soap opera

5

nau´hno-poznava´tel;nyj

popular science

6

ob]enacionaĺ;nyj kanaĺ

national channel

7

otdava´t; predpohteńie

to give preference

8

pokińut;

to leave

9

poxo´'ij na (+ acc)

similar to

20111

raspra´vit;sq s (+ inst)

deal with

1

smeńa

team

2

to´hka zreńiq

point of view

3

cifrovo´j

digital

4

5

N.B. predstavlq´t; / predsta´vit; no´vosti pod svoi´m uglo´m – to present the 6

news from your own viewpoint; k tomu´ 'e – in addition; kuda´ boĺee loqĺ;na 7

– much more loyal; po otnoweńi[ k – towards

8

9

30

Exercise 4

1

2

Answer the following questions in Russian.

3

4

5

1 Kakié informaciońnye progra´mmy mo´'no smotre´t; po

6

televiźoru?

7

2 Kakié ob]enacionaĺ;nye kanaĺy est; v Rossií?

8

3 Na kogoórientiŕu[tsq kanaĺy TVC, Kul;tuŕa?

9

4 Hem znameni´t kanaĺ REN TV?

40

5

Hto predstavlqĺ sobo´j kanaĺ NTV?

1

6 Hto za progra´mma <Ku´kly>?

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Exercise 5

True or false?

1 L[ba´q gaze´ta zaviśit ot (pravi´tel;stva, hita´telej, vladeĺ;ca gaze´ty)?

2 Televi´denie igraét (maĺen;ku[, vedu´]u[, politi´hesku[) rol;?

3 Mneńiq televedu´]ix otra'a´[t (pozići[ vladeĺ;ca, svo[´

pozići[, poli´tiku pravi´tel;stva)?

4 Kanaĺ <Kul;tuŕa> orientiŕuetsq na tex, kto interesuétsq (spoŕtom, iskuśstvom, poli´tikoj)?

5 Kanaĺ NTV byl (gosudaŕstvennym, haśtnym, meśtnym)

kanaĺom?

6 Progra´mma <Ku´kly> – progra´mma o (rossi´jskoj nau´ke, rossi´jskom parla´mente, de´tqx)?

7 NTV vse¨ bol;we stano´vitsq (populqŕnym, nezaviśimym,

zaviśimym ot pravi´tel;stva)?

Language points ♦

Drug dru´ga

Note the examples of drug dru´ga ‘one another’ in the above passage: Vse oniśtara´[tsq byt; ne poxo´'imi drug na dru´ga.

They all try not to be like one another.

Oniótliha´[tsq drug ot dru´ga.

They differ from one another.

Only the second half declines – like the noun drug ‘friend’: Oni pomoga´[t drug dru´gu.

They help one another.

Oni nenavi´dqt drug dru´ga.

They hate one another.

If the construction involves a preposition, it is inserted between the two nouns as in the examples from the text.

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2

Exercise 6

3

4

Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of drug 5

dru´ga, adding a preposition if necessary.

6

1 Oni´ pi´wut piś;ma . . . 2 My du´maem . . . 3 Vy razgovaŕivaete 7

. . . 4 Oni´ 'ivu´t daleko´ . . . 5 My poluhaém po´mo]; . . . 6 Oni´

8111

9

ne interesu´[tsq . . . 7 Oni l[

´ bqt . . .

10

1

2

Hto and kto used as relative pronouns

3

4

To, hto

5

Clauses which, in English, are linked by the word ‘what’ (or ‘that 6

which’) are linked in Russian by to, hto:

7

8

Q hita´[ toĺ;ko to, hto menqínteresuét.

9

I read only what interests me.

20111

The case of to is governed by its role in the main clause (in the above 1

example it is accusative, object of the verb hita´[) and the case of 2

hto by its role in the subordinate clause (nominative, subject of verb 3

interesuét). Note the forms of to and hto in the following 4

examples:

5

6

Q sly

´ wu o tom, hto svobo´da preśsy v opaśnosti.

7

I hear that the freedom of the press is in danger.

8

9

Q ne intersu´[s; tem, hto ty pi´wew;.

30

I am not interested in what you write.

1

Vse¨ ne to, hem ka´'etsq.

2

All is not what it seems.

3

4

Sometimes to, hto translates ‘the fact that’ or ‘that’: 5

6

On gordi´tsq tem, hto egońazna´hili dire´ktorom.

He is proud (of the fact) that he has been appointed director.

7

8

It can also translate the English construction preposition + -ing: 9

40

On końhil tem, hto pokińul kanaĺ NTV.

1

He finished by abandoning NTV.

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To, hto figures in the expressions deĺo v tom, hto ‘the thing / fact is that’, beda´ v tom, hto ‘the trouble is that’ and proble´ma zakl[haétsq v tom, hto ‘the problem consists in the fact that’: Beda´ v tom, hto u nas maĺo deńeg.

The trouble is that we have little money.

Deĺo v tom, hto v Rossií sli´wkom mno´go gaze´t.

The thing is that there are too many newspapers in Russia.

Proble´ma zakl[haétsq v tom, hto Rossi´q pere'ivaét

kriźis.

The problem consists in the fact that Russia is undergoing a crisis.

Words other than hto may follow the construction v tom: Deĺo v tom, kak dosta´t; deń;gi.

The thing is how to get the money.

Proble´ma v tom, kudaé´xat;.

The problem is where to go.

Exercise 7

Put to, hto in the correct case.

1 On govoriĺ o . . . svobo´da preśsy v Rossií v opaśnosti. 2 On vi´dit . . . ne vi´dqt drugié. 3 Q veŕ[ v . . . demokra´tiq pobedi´t.

4 On zakońhil svoj rasskaź . . . zadaĺ nam neśkol;ko voprośov.

5 Ona´ vsegda´ gordiĺas; . . . onaŕuśskaq. 6 On ne vinova´t v . . .

'urnaĺ byl zakry´t. 7 Beda´ v . . . v Rossií sli´wkom mno´go gaze´t. 8 L[

´ di somneva´[tsq v . . . oni´ poluha´[t ob#ekti´vnu[

informaći[,

Tot, kto / te, kto

Tot, kto and te, kto are used to mean ‘the one(s) who’: Tot, kto boĺ;we vsex rabo´taet polu´hit lu´hwu[ oceńku.

He who / the one who works hardest will receive the best mark.

The case of tot / te is decided by their role in the main clause and kto from its role in the subordinate clause:

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Q pomogu´ tem, komu´ tru´dno najti´ pra´vil;nyj otve´t.

2

I will help those who have difficulty in finding the right answer.

3

(tem – dative after pomogu´ and komu´ – dative before tru´dno).

4

5

There are some examples in both the text and the dialogue: 6

7

|to kanaĺ dlq tex, kto interesuétsq muźykoj.

8111

It is a channel for those who are interested in music.

9

10

SMI zaviśqt ot tex, kto dae¨t im deń;gi.

1

The media depend on the ones who give them money.

2

After te, kto either the plural or the singular verb may occur: 3

4

te, kto rabo´taet zdes;; te, kto rabo´ta[t zdes;

5

those who work here

6

7

Kto may be detached from tot and used to introduce a separate 8

clause:

9

Kto ne rabo´taet, tot ne est.

20111

He who doesn’t work doesn’t eat.

1

2

3

Exercise 8

4

5

Put tot, kto and te, kto in the correct case.

6

7

A

1 On obratiĺsq (to the one who) stoqĺa rq´dom. 2 Mne byĺo 8

'al; (the one to whom) onańapisaĺa pis;mo´. 3 Ona poznako´mila 9

menq´ (with the one who) uhiĺsq s nej. 4 (The one who) govori´t 30

\´to, q´vno glu´pyj helove´k. 5 Lu´hwe otda´t; kni´gu (to the one who) 1

onańra´vitsq.

2

3

B

1 My (with those who) otstaívaet nezaviśimost; preśsy.

4

2 |tot kanaĺ (for those who) nra´vqtsq myĺ;nye o´pery. 3 Preśsa 5

vsegdaźaviśit (from those who) finansiŕuet ee¨. 4 Bol;winstvo´

6

(of those who) vystupaĺ po televi´deni[, byĺi poli´tikami. 5 My 7

poslaĺi priglaweńie (to those who) xo´het uhaśtvovat; v

8

progra´mme. 6 (Among those who) smo´trit kanaĺ NTV mno´go 9

studeńtov. 7 (Those who) interesuét iskuśstvo, smo´trqt kanaĺ 40

<Kul;tuŕa>.

1

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Exercise 9

Study the different points of view regarding the number of channels on TV.

VLADIMIR POZNER, akademik Rossijskoj

akademii i televideniq, vedu]ij programmy <Vremena> na ORT

<Mirovoj opyt pokazyvaet, hto, kogda v strane dejstvuet bol;we hetyrex ob]enacional;nyx kanalov, \to u'e perebor. Takogo nigde v mire net. A vot setevyx kanalov nu'no stol;ko, skol;ko ix mo'et <s#est;> rynok>.

MIXAIL LEONT:EV, vedu]ij avtorskoj

programmy <Odnako> na ORT

<Stol;ko kanalov, skol;ko my imeem sejhas, nam ne to, htoby nu'no, prosto v nastoq]ij moment strana ne sposobna ix

soder'at;>.

OLEG DOBRODEEV, predsedatel;

Teleradiokomiteta

<Kanalov nu'no bol;we. Duma[, telezriteli tol;ko vyigra[t ot togo, esli v Rossii, nakonec, normal;no zarabotaet

sistema cifrovoj texnologii: togda u nas budet ne west;

ob]enacional;nyx kanalov, kak sejhas, a dvadcat; – dvadcat; pqt;>.

Po materialam gazety <Versiq>, 2001

N.B. \´to u'e´ pereboŕ – that is too much; setevo´j kanaĺ – cable channel 1 Who are Vladimir Pozner, Mikhail Leont’ev, Oleg Dobrodeev?

2 Who is in favour of increasing the number of channels and who is against?

3 How many national channels does Russia have? What are they?

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Language points ♦

2

3

Conjunctions

4

Care must be taken in Russian not to confuse conjunctions with 5

6

prepositions. Unhelpfully, in English prepositions and conjunctions 7

are often identical:

8111

Pośle za´vtraka my powli´ gulq´t;.

9

After breakfast we went for a walk.

10

1

Pośle togo´ kak my poza´vtrakali, my powli´ gulq´t;.

2

After we had breakfast we went for a walk.

3

In the first example, the preposition pośle governs the noun za´vtraka 4

and in the second the conjunction pośle togo´ kak introduces an 5

adverbial clause of time.

6

There are other similar pairs of prepositions and conjunctions: 7

8

Preposition

Conjunction

Meaning

9

20111

s + genitive

s tex por kak

since

1

do + genitive

do togo´ kak

before

2

peŕed + instrumental

peŕed tem kak

before

3

pre´'de hem

before

4

5

6

Exercise 10

7

8

Insert pośle or pośle togo´ kak, as appropriate.

9

30

1 . . . konceŕta my powli´ v restorań. 2 . . . onaókońhila kuŕs, 1

ona´ peree´xala za graniću. 3 . . . my poluhiĺi no´vosti, my 2

pozvoniĺi emu´. 4 . . . obe´da powe¨l do'd;.

3

4

5

Causal conjunctions

6

The conjunction blagodarq´ tomu´, hto is used to mean ‘thanks to, 7

owing to’ (positive reasons):

8

9

Blagodarq´ tomu´, hto uluhwiĺos; \konomi´heskoe

40

polo'eńie, bezrabo´tica upaĺa.

1

Thanks to the fact that the economic situation has improved 421111

unemployment has fallen.

142

|

The mass media

Contrast the preposition blagodarq´ + dative ‘thanks to’: Blagodarqúluhweńi[ \konomi´heskogo polo'eńiq

bezrabo´tica upaĺa.

Thanks to the improvement in the economic situation

unemployment has fallen.

Iz-za togo´, hto means ‘owing to, because of, on account of the fact that’ in respect of negative circumstances:

Iz-za togo´, hto \konomi´heskoe polo'eńie v strane´

uxu´dwilos;, mno´go predpriq´tij zakry

ĺos;.

Because the economic situtation in the country has worsened many businesses have closed.

Contrast the preposition iz-za + genitive ‘because of, on account of’

– often also relating to unfavourable circumstances:

Iz-za uxudweńiq \konomi´heskogo polo'eńiq mno´go

predpriq´tij zakry

ĺos;.

Because of the worsening of the economic situation many

businesses have closed.

Note an example in the text of the use of iz-za:

Iz-za vmewa´tel;stva vlaste´j v dela´ televi´deniq,

nekotoŕye vedu´]ie pokińuli kanaĺ NTV.

Because of the interference of the authorities in television, several presenters abandoned NTV.

This could have been expressed as:

Iz-za togo´, hto vlaśti vme´wivalis; v dela´.

Because the authorities interfered.

Exercise 11

A Complete the sentences using either blagodarq´ (+ dat) or iz-za (+ gen) and put the words in brackets into the appropriate case.

1 V nastoq´]ee vre´mq Rossi´q ne mo´'et soder'a´t; tak mno´go kanaĺov (tq'e¨loe \konomi´heskoe polo'eńie)v strane´.

2 (Professionaĺ;noe masterstvo´) vedu´]ix NTV stal ohen; populqŕnym. 3 Mno´gie gaze´ty skoŕo zakro´[tsq (nedosta´tok deńeg) v strane´. 4 (Xoro´wee nastroeńie) on byśtro zakońhil

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143

1111

rabo´tu. 5 (Cenzuŕa) na televi´denii televedu´]im tepeŕ; tru´dno 2

rabo´tat;. 6 Vheraśamole¨ty ne letaĺi (ploxa´q pogo´da).

3

4

B And now replace these phrases by clauses with blagodarq´ tomu´, 5

hto or iz-za togo´, hto.

6

Example: iz-za tq'e¨logo \konomi´heskogo polo'eńiq – iz-7

za togo´, hto v strane´ tq'e¨loe \konomi´heskoe

8111

polo'eńie

9

10

1

2

Exercise 12

3

4

Examine the programmes advertised on three Russian television chan-5

nels (see page 144) and answer the questions in English.

6

7

1 Which feature films are on ORT?

8

2 What sports programmes are on?

9

3 Which channel shows the most cartoons?

20111

4 On which channel is there a travel programme?

1

5 At what time is it possible to see the news on all channels?

2

6 What programmes about animals are on?

3

4

5

Language points

6

♦

7

Stress

8

9

Neuter nouns

30

1

Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the 2

declension, singular and plural: 'elańie, gosudaŕstvo, izveśtie.

3

This group contains mostly words with three or more syllables, but 4

also a small number of two syllable nouns: goŕlo, bl[´do, hu´vstvo, 5

kreślo, soĺnce.

6

Mobile stress – there are three main types of mobile stress on neuter 7

nouns.

8

9

Type 1 – stress on the ending in the singular and stem in the plural: 40

lico´ (gen. sing. lica´; nom. pl. lića; gen. pl. lic; dat. plu lićam, 1

etc.); vino´, pis;mo´, hislo´, okno´, qjco´, selo´. Most of these nouns 421111

have two syllables, but there are some with three. In this case the

144

|

The mass media

Voskresen;e

15 APRELQ

KANAL ORT

KANAL <ROSSIQ>

KANAL NTV

7.45 Slovo pastyrq.

7.30 <Dodumalsq,

8.00, 10.00, 12.00,

Mitropolit Kirill.

pozdravlq[!>. Xud.

16.00 Segodnq.

8.00, 18.00 Novosti.

fil;m

8.15 <Deti kapitana

8.10 Armejskij

9.00 Russkoe loto.

Granta>. Xud.

magazin.

9.40 TV bingo-wou

fil;m.

8.40 Disnej-klub

10.35 Dobroe utro,

10.15 <Pqtoe

<Hip i Dejl>

strana.

Evangelie>. Fil;m

9.05 Utrennqq zvezda.

11.05 Anwlag.

Sergeq Kostina iz

10.00, 15.00 Novosti

12.00 Gorodok.

cikla <Novejwaq

(s surdo perevodom).

12.30 Bol;waq

istoriq>.

10.10 Neputevye

strana.

11.40 Professiq –

zametki.

13.10 Parlamentskij

reporter. Vitalij

10.30 Poka vse doma.

has

Buzuev. <L[bov; i

11.10 <Xozqin

14.00 Vesti.

krest>.

tajgi>. Xud. fil;m.

14.20 Dialogi o

12.25 Depressiq.

12.45 Utrennqq pohta

'ivotnyx.

12.50 <Vizit k

13.20 Klub

15.20 Vokrug sveta.

minotavru>. Xud.

putewestvennikov.

16.25 Dva roqlq.

fil;m.

14.00 |x, Semenovna.

17.20 Sam sebe

14.15 <Lico

14.35 <Talanty i

re'isser.

kavkazskoj

poklonnica>.

18.00 Zerkalo.

nacional;nosti>.

Specreporta'.

19.00 <L[bit; po-

Fil;m Aleksandra

15.10 Umnicy i

russki>. Xud.

Tixomirova.

umniki.

fil;m.

15.00 Tretij tajm.

15.40 Disnej klub:

20.50 <L[bit; po-

16.35 Putewestviq

<Gufi i ego

russki-2>. Xud.

naturalista.

komanda>.

fil;m.

17.10 Bol;wie

16.10 Koncert

22.35 <L[bit; po-

roditeli.

Kristiny Orbakajte

russki-3.

17.50 <Policejskaq

v GCKZ <Rossiq>.

Gubernator>. Xud.

akademiq>.

18.30 <L[bov; i

fil;m.

19.00 Itogi.

golubi>. Xud.

0.35 Hempionat

20.45 Kukly.

fil;m.

mira po avtogonkam

21.00 <Ulica

20.35

v klasse formula-1.

razbityx fonarej-3>.

<Velikolepnyj>.

Gran-pri San-

22.20 Sportivnye

Xud. fil;m.

Marino. Peredaha iz tancy. Hempionat

22.30 Vremena.

Imoly.

Evropy sredi

23.45 Na futbole.

professionalov. Bal

0.25 <Mal;hiki>.

hempionov.

Xud. Fil;m.

0.15 Futbol;nyj

klub.

0.55 <Za gran;[

vozmo'nogo>.

N.B. xud. fil;m = xudo´'estvennyj fil;m – feature film

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145

1111

stress moves back one syllable in the plural: koleso´ (kolesa´, kole¨sa, 2

kole¨s, kole¨sam).

3

Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and ending in the plural: 4

deĺo (deĺa, dela´, del, dela´m, etc.); le´to, meśto, moŕe, pra´vo, 5

slo´vo, teĺo. Most of these nouns are two syllable but there are a 6

small number with three syllables: zeŕkalo (zeŕkala, zerkala´, 7

zerkaĺ, zerkala´m, etc.); o´blako. Most neuter nouns in -mq also have 8111

stress on the stem in the singular, ending in the plural: i´mq (i´meni, 9

imena´, ime¨n, imena´m, etc.); vre´mq, bre´mq, pla´mq, ple´mq, se´mq 10

but not zna´mq (zna´meni, zname¨na, zname¨n, zname¨nam, etc.).

1

2

Type 3 – stress moving forward one syllable in the plural: oźero 3

(oźera, oze¨ra, oze¨r, oze¨ram); deŕevo. This relates only to a small 4

number of three-syllable nouns.

5

6

7

Exercise 13

8

9

Translate into Russian.

20111

1

1 I do not think that the press can be completely independent; a 2

newspaper’s policy depends on who the owner of the newspaper 3

is.

4

2 Most people are interested in the news and watch television to 5

find out about the political and economic life of the country.

6

3 Many people doubt if they are getting accurate information 7

from the newspapers.

8

4 My mother always says that television has a bad influence on 9

her mood.

30

5 There are many programmes on Russian television, but my 1

favourite is The Puppets, a satire on Russian politicians.

2

6 Some Russians say that they watch soap operas to forget the 3

reality of Russian life.

4

7 Thanks to the professional skill of its presenters, the Culture 5

channel has become very popular among those who are

6

interested in art.

7

8 British and Russian television differ from one another in how 8

they present the news.

9

40

1

421111

8 RYNOK TRUDA

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about the employment scene in Russia

◗ how to conduct a job interview and apply for employment

◗ about past passive participles

◗ more about the preposition za

◗ about words with the root trud

Until recently the search for a job in Russia was limited to the job advertisements displayed in public places: factory gates, lamp posts, kiosk windows being the obvious locations. Job centres were very few and concentrated mostly in large cities. Now the situation is changing; job centres are springing up all over the country. Most newspapers and magazines have a section for job vacancies. Job advertisements are quite often blatantly ageist and sexist and also express requirements in respect of physical attributes. Finding a job through the internet is becoming more common. However, some things in Russia are slow to change. Looking for a job using personal connections (blat) is still an important feature of the Russian job market.

Rynok truda

|

147

1111

Text 1

2

3

4

5

V poískax rabo´ty

6

(Po za´padnym meŕkam, bezrabo´tica v Rossií e]e¨ ne dosti´gla 7

8111

kriti´heskogo uŕovnq: na sego´dnqwnij den; zaregistriŕovano 9

9

milliońov bezrabo´tnyx. No \konomiśty shita´[t, hto s perexo´dom 10

k ry

ńku bezrabo´tica bu´det rasti´. V tako´j situaćii o´hen; va´'no 1

znat;, kak nahina´t; iska´t; rabo´tu. Gaze´ta < Argumeńty i 2

fa´kty> dae¨t sove´t.)

3

4

Iska´t; rabo´tu – deĺo nele¨gkoe. Vakańsij na ry

ńke truda´ vsegda´

5

mno´go, i ka´'domu helove´ku mo´'et byt; na´jdeno meśto. Sa´mym 6

veŕnym spośobom ustroít;sq na rabo´tu v Rossií, po-pre´'nemu, 7

ostae¨tsq ustro´jstvo <po bla´tu>, kogda´ vas rekomendu´[t ro´dstven-8

niki iĺi znako´mye. Do six por \´tot spośob predpohitaét ne 9

meńee 50% rossi´jskix rabotoda´telej. |to vy

źvano tem, hto

20111

<svoemu´ helove´ku>, rabo´tniku s rekomendaćiej doverq´[t boĺ;we.

1

Tak hto eśli vy i´]ete rabo´tu, soob]i´te ob \´tom sa´momu 2

wiro´komu kru´gu lic.

3

4

Po statiśtike, 80% vsex firm i predpriq´tij podbira´[t sebe´

5

ka´dry v ageństvax po trudoustro´jstvu, oso´benno kru´pnyx.

6

Bol;wié ageńtstva mo´gut predlo'i´t; 500–800 vakańsij, togda´

7

kak meĺkie o´kolo 10. No ageństva, kak pra´vilo, zanima´[tsq 8

9

poískom diplomiŕovannyx specialiśtov ne ni´'e doĺ'nosti

30

sekretarq´. I eśli poísk rabo´ty s po´mo];[ ageńtstv vam ne 1

podxo´dit, nahina´jte poísk samostoq´tel;no. Kupi´te kak mo´'no 2

boĺ;we gaze´t s ob#qvleńiqmi o rabo´te. V sre´dnem 30% kompańij 3

da[

´ t o sebeínformaći[ v preśse.

4

5

Vse¨ populqŕnee stano´vitsq poísk rabo´ty s po´mo];[ Interne´ta.

6

Neda´vno Komite´tom trudaí zańqtosti v Moskve´ byl otkry

´ t

7

speciaĺ;nyj sajt www.labor.ru, i tepeŕ; mno´gie poĺ;zu[tsq 8

uslu´gami \´togo seŕvera. Preimu´]estva Interne´ta: vse pred-9

lo'eńiq o rabo´te zdes; aktuaĺ;nye. Na publikaći[ v Interne´te 40

uxo´dqt sekuńdy, a hto´by opublikova´t; ob#qvleńie v gaze´te, 1

tre´bu[tsq dni i nedeĺi.

421111

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|

The labour market

Su]estvuét mneńie, hto na xoro´wie doĺ'nosti l[de´j <s uĺicy> ne beru´t. No v dlińnom spiśke profeśsij est; nemaĺo iskl[heńij, i wańsy byt; prińqtymi na vpolne´ prili´hnu[

rabo´tu <s uĺicy> o´hen; znahi´tel;ny. Sego´dnq sa´mye populqŕnye profeśsii – meńed'ery po proda´'am. Spros na nix vseë]e¨ ne udovletvore¨n v Rossií: oni nu'ny

´ bukvaĺ;no ka´'doj kompańii,

zańqtoj proda´'ami hego´-libo, a ix beru´t haśto <s uĺicy>.

Ka´hestva, kotoŕye tre´bu[tsq ot rabo´tnika, ob]i´tel;nost; i nasto´jhivost;, xorowo´ podve´wennyj qzy

´ k, znańie o´trasli, v

kotoŕoj tru´ditsq.

Vocabulary ♦

ageńtstvo po trudoustro´jstvu

employment agency

aktuaĺ;nyj

current

bezrabo´tica / bezrabo´tnyj

unemployment / unemployed

bukvaĺ;no

literally

veŕnyj spośob

sure way

diplomiŕovannyj specialiśt

a qualified specialist

doverq´t; ( dat)

to trust

doĺ'nost; ( f )

post

iskl[heńie

exception

ka´hestvo

quality

krug lic

circle of people

Komite´t trudaí zańqtosti

Labour and Employment committee

meńed'er po proda´'am

sales manager

nasto´jhivost; ( f )

persistence

ob]i´tel;nost; ( f )

sociability

ob#qvleńie o rabo´te

job advertisement

o´trasl; ( f )

branch

perexo´d k ry

ńku

transition to the market

podbira´t; ka´dry

to select personnel

preimu´]estvo

advantage

prili´hnaq rabo´ta

decent job

rabotoda´tel;

employer

samostoq´tel;no

independently

soob]i´t;

to inform

(v) sre´dnem

on average

Rynok truda

|

149

1111

spiśok

list

2

togda´ kak

while

3

trudi´t;sq

to work

4

udovletvori´t; spros na (+ acc)

to satisfy demand on

5

ustroít;sq na rabo´tu

to fix oneself up with a job

6

ustro´jstvo na rabo´tu

finding work

7

N.B. po za´padnym meŕkam – by Western standards; svoj helove´k – one of 8111

our own people; \´to vyźvano tem – it is because; brat; na rabo´tu 9

<s uĺicy> – to employ somebody responding to an advertisement displayed 10

in a public place;

1

<po bla´tu> – using personal connections; xorowo´

2

podve´wennyj qzy

´ k – a smooth tongue

3

4

Exercise 1

5

6

7

Answer the following questions in Russian.

8

1

9

Kako´j spośob poíska rabo´ty naiboĺee rasprostrane¨n v Rossií?

2

20111

Hto takoé <blat>?

3

1

Pohemuĺu´hwe obra]a´t;sq v poískax rabo´ty v kru´pnye ageństva?

4

2

Kak vy ponimaéte poísk rabo´ty <s uĺicy>?

3

5 Kakié profeśsii oso´benno tre´bu[tsq sejhaś v Rossií?

4

6 Kakovy´ preimu´]estva poĺ;zovaniq Interne´tom?

5

6

7

Exercise 2

8

9

True or false?

30

1

1

Ot meńed'era po proda´'am tre´buetsq (ob]i´tel;nost;,

2

otve´tstvennost;, umeńie rabo´tat; v komańde)?

3

2 Ime´t; blat zna´hit ime´t; (xoro´wie svqźi, universite´tsku[

4

ste´pen;, rekomendaći[)?

5

3 Rossi´jskie rabotoda´teli predpohita´[t rabo´tnikov (s 6

rekomendaćiej, s diplo´mom, <s uĺicy>)?

7

4 Sa´mye populqŕnye profeśsii v Rossií (vrah, uhi´tel;, meńed'er 8

po proda´'am)?

9

5 Preimu´]estva interne´ta v tom, hto v Interne´te (predlo'eńiq 40

o rabo´te aktuaĺ;nye, informaćiq intereśnaq, mno´go

1

informaćii)?

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The labour market

Exercise 3

Examine the ratings of the most prestigious professions on the Russian labour market.

Pейтинг престижных профессий

(востребованность на рынке труда и величина заработной платы) 1. Менеджер по продажам, торговый представитель, менеджер по сбыту

2. Cтраховой аreнт

3. Mаркетолог

4. Бухгалтер

5. Mенеджер по рекламе, PR-менеджер

6. Логистик

7. Инженер-технолог, программист, системный администратор

8. рист

9. Kурьер в крупной фирме, официант, бармен

10. Журналист, психолог, социолог

1 What do the five most highly rated professions have in common?

2 Are there any inclusions which would not make the list in the West?

3 Which ‘professions’ that one might expect to find in a similar list in the West are not included?

Language points ♦

Words with the root trud

The root trud means ‘labour or (hard) work’

trudi´t;sq, trudovo´j, tru´'enik, tru´'enica, trudq´]ijsq, sotru´dnik, sotru´dnihestvo

The suffix, or ending, generally tells you which part of speech a word is:

trudi ´t;sq

verbal suffix

to labour, work hard

trudovo ´j

adjectival suffix

working

Rynok truda

|

151

1111

A suffix on a noun may also tell you what kind of noun it is. Suffixes 2

nik ( m) and nica ( f ) generally indicate an occupation or profession 3

of a person or a role fulfilled by an inanimate object:

4

tru´'enik / tru´'enica

hard worker

5

6

Note that d has changed to ' in these words.

7

trudq´]ijsq (active

worker (Soviet officialese –

8111

participle of trudi´t;sq

more usual are rabo´hij

9

used as noun)

‘manual worker’ / rabo´tnik

10

‘worker, employee’)

1

2

Prefixes add to or qualify the meaning of the word. S- / so- / s#- means 3

‘with, co-’:

4

5

sotru´dnik

employee, co-worker, collaborator

6

-stvo is a suffix indicating an action:

7

8

sotru´dnihestvo

co-operation, collaboration

9

But note the set phrase s trudo´m ‘with difficulty’.

20111

1

Trud may also be combined with other roots:

2

ustroít; ‘to arrange’ – trudoustroít;sq ‘to fix yourself up 3

with work’; trudoustro´jstvo ‘finding work’

4

5

sposo´bnyj ‘capable’ – trudosposo´bnyj / trudosposo´bnost; 6

‘fit / fitness for work’

7

8

9

Exercise 4

30

1

Complete the sentence by selecting an appropriate word with the root 2

trud.

3

4

1 Niźkaq bezrabo´tica, po-pre´'nemu, tipi´hna dlq rossi´jskogo 5

ryńka . . . 2 No´vyj . . . kod byl vvede¨n v pro´wlom godu´. 3 Na´do 6

mno´go . . . hto´by sdat; \kza´men xorowo´. 4 Vse . . . tre´bu[t 7

uveliheńiq zarpla´ty. 5 U negoŕeputaćiq nastoq´]ego . . . 6 Sredi´

8

. . . na´wej fiŕmy toĺ;ko tri 'eń]iny. 7 Fiŕma podpisaĺa 9

dogovoŕ o . . . 8 S bol;wi´m . . . ona nawlaŕabo´tu sekretaŕwi.

40

9 V Moskveśejhaś mno´go ageństv po . . . 10 Oni´ pomoga´[t . . .

1

mno´gim bezrabo´tnym.

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The labour market

Exercise 5

An advertisement in the Russian magazine PRIGLAWAEM NA RABOTU for an interpreter-translator.

Ob#qvlenie o rabote

–––––––––––––––

MOSKOVSKAQ FIRMA

priglawaet na konkursnoj osnove

REFERENTA-PEREVODHIKA

ANGLIJSKOGO QZYKA

Osnovnye obqzannosti

Perevod pis;mennyj i ustnyj

Rabota na prezentaciqx, vystavkax,

konferenciqx

Komandirovki v Evropu

Osnovnye trebovaniq k kandidatu

'en]ina v vozraste do 25 let

vyswee obrazovanie

opyt raboty ne menee 2-x let

xorowee znanie delovogo anglijskogo qzyka

vladenie komp;[terom na urovne xorowego

pol;zovatelq

umenie rabotat; v komande

xorowie vnewnie dannye

propiska v Moskve ili v Moskovskoj oblasti

Zarplata po rezul;tatam sobesedovaniq

Rez[me prisylat; po faksu 263–29–84

N.B. vne´wnie dańnye – appearance; komandiro´vka – business trip; propiśka

– residence registration; obqźannost; – duty; vladeńie komp;[´terom – computer literacy; vodi´tel;skie prava´ – driving licence; rez[me´ – C.V.; s otli´hiem – with distinction; poĺ;zovatel; PK – computer user; umeńie rabo´tat; v komańde –

ability to work in a team, sobese´dovanie – interview; akkura´tnyj – neat

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Study the advertisement for the job and decide which of the two 2

applicants would be more suitable for the job.

3

4

Kandidaty

5

6

1.

PEREVODHIK-REFERENT.

Makarov Aleksandr

7

Dmitrievih, 24 goda, vyswee obrazovanie (MGU), diplom s

8111

otlihiem, opyt raboty 2 goda v inofirmax <Filips>

9

<Samsung>, PK – opytnyj pol;zovatel;, anglijskij i fran-10

1

cuzskij qzyki – svobodno, nemeckij i ital;qnskij qzyki –

2

hita[ i perevo'u so slovare¨m, vremennaq propiska v Moskve.

3

Voditel;skie prava, t / f. 219–66–42 (s 20.00 do 22.00).

4

2.

5

PEREVODHIK-REFERENT, Serova Mariq Sergeevna, 27 let, 6

moskvihka, vyswee obrazovanie (Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj 7

lingvistiheskij universitet), anglijskij, francuzskij qzyki, 8

opyt raboty po special;nosti 3 goda v inofirme <Kristmas>, 9

texniheskie perevody. PK – pol;zovatel;, Otvetstvenna, akku-20111

ratna, xorowie vnewnie dannye. t / f. 338–04–14 (posle 19.00).

1

2

3

Exercise 6

4

5

Complete the application form shown on page 154.

6

7

8

9

Dialogue 1

30

1

Interview

2

3

DIRE´KTOR

Zdra´vstvujte. Sadi´tes;, po'aĺujsta. Q kommeŕheskij

4

dire´ktor fiŕmy Antońov Pe¨tr Ivańovih, A \´to naw

5

meńed'er po ka´dram Sokolo´v Il;q´ Dmi´trievih.

6

KANDIDA´T

Ohen; priq´tno. Sero´va Mari´q Sergeévna.

7

DIRE´KTOR

My izuhiĺi Va´we rez[meí zaqvleńie na rabo´tu i

8

xoteĺi by zada´t; Vam neśkol;ko voprośov. Vy rabo´taete

9

40

v fiŕme <Kriśtmas> na doĺ'nosti perevo´dhika?

1

Pohemu´

Vy xoti´te peremeni´t; rabo´tu? Vas ne

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ustraíva[t uslo´viq?

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ANKETA-REZ{ME

F.I.O. ______________________________________________________

@ELAEMAQ DOL@NOST:: _____________________________

Predpolagaemaq zarabotnaq plata (v $): _____________________

Kontaktnyj telefon i vremq svqzi: ________________________

Data i mesto ro'deniq: ___________________ Pol: mu'skoj

'enskij

Bli'ajwaq stanciq metro: _________________________________

Semejnoe polo'enie: _______________________________________

Obrazovanie (gody uheby, polnoe nazvanie uhebnogo zavedeniq, special;nost;, kvalifikaciq po diplomu): _________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Znanie inostrannogo qzyka

anglijskij nemeckij francuzskij drugoj ______

Stepen; vladeniq inostrannym qzykom

svobodnyj razgovornyj pis;mennyj texniheskij

Znanie komp;[tera na urovne:

pol;zovatelq programmista administratora

Znanie programm ___________________________________________

Nalihie voditel;skix prav kategorii _________ : ime[

ne ime[

Trudovaq deqtel;nost; (dva poslednix mesta raboty):

Data

Nazvanie

Profil;

Dol'nost; Prihina

postupleniq i

organizacii

organizacii

uvol;neniq

uvol;neniq

Dopolnitel;nye svedeniq:

______________________________

data zapolneniq ______________ podpis; ___________________

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KANDIDA´T

V fiŕme <Kriśtmas> q rabo´ta[ u'e´ 3 go´da. Za \´ti 2

go´dy q mno´gomu nauhiĺas;. No mne xo´hetsq

3

porabo´tat; v kru´pnoj fiŕme. V kru´pnoj fiŕme, kak

4

Va´wa, po-moému, boĺ;we vozmo´'nostej realizova´t;

5

sebq´.

6

DIRE´KTOR

Nu hto 'e, prihińa uva'i´tel;naq. Rezul;ta´ty teśtov,

7

sdeĺannyx Va´mi, otli´hnye. Vse delovyé piś;ma

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perevedeny´

bez owi´bok, napiśany na xoro´wem

9

angli´jskom qzyke´. Tak hto preteńzij k Va´wemu

10

angli´jskomu u nas net. A kak u Vas delaś

1

2

komp;[

´ terom?

3

KANDIDA´T

Kopmp;[

´ ter – ne proble´ma! Za 3 go´da q osvoíla

4

mno´gie progra´mmy. Mne prixodiĺos; provodi´t; za

5

komp;[

´ terom mno´go vre´meni.

6

DIRE´KTOR

Nu vot i prekraśno! A tepeŕ; pride¨tsq mno´go eźdit;!

7

Uhaśtie v organizaćii vyśtavok, konfereńcij,

8

prezentaćij – hast; Va´wix obqźannostej. K tomu´ 'e

9

Vy dol'ny´

bu´dete soprovo'da´t; menq´

v

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komandiro´vki. Rabo´ta intereśnaq, no otve´tstvennaq, I

1

mo´'et byt; dovoĺ;no streśsovoj. Kak Vy du´maete, Vy

2

spra´vites; s tru´dnostqmi?

3

KANDIDA´T

Nade´[s;, hto spra´vl[s;. Q l[bl[

íme´t; deĺo s

4

5

tru´dnostqmi, tak intereśnej.

6

DIRE´KTOR

Nu hto 'e, po-moému, Vy nam podxo´dite. My voz;me¨m

7

Vas na ispyta´tel;nyj srok – odiń god. Esli dela´

8

pojdu´t xorowo´, Vam bu´det predlo´'ena postoqńnaq

9

rabo´ta. Vas \´to ustraívaet? Vy mo´'ete pristupi´t; k

30

rabo´te heŕez meśqc?

1

KANDIDA´T

Du´ma[, hto mogu´.

2

DIRE´KTOR

Togda´ podpiśyvajte kontra´kt.

3

4

5

Vocabulary

6

♦

7

8

zada´t; voproś

to ask a question

9

zaqvleńie na rabo´tu

application for work

40

ispyta´tel;nyj srok

probation

1

meńed'er po ka´dram

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(po personaĺu)

personnel manager

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The labour market

otve´tstvennyj

responsible

osvoít; progra´mmu

to master a programme

peremeni´t; rabo´tu

to change job

podpiśyvat; kontra´kt

to sign a contract

pristupi´t; k rabo´te

to start work

realizova´t; sebq´

(svoj potenciaĺ)

to realise one’s potential

soprovo'da´t;

to accompany

spra´vit;sq s tru´dnostqmi

to cope with difficulties

uva'i´tel;naq prihińa

good reason

uhaśtie

participation

N.B. nu hto 'e (nu vot i) – well, well then; vas \´to ustraívaet? (vam \´to podxo´dit) – Does that suit you? menqńe ustraíva[t (mne ne podxo´dqt) uslo´viq – The conditions do not suit me; u nas net preteńzij – We have no complaints; pride¨tsq – (You) will have to; mne prixodiĺos; – I had to Exercise 7

Answer the following questions in Russian.

1 Gde rabo´taet kandida´t v nastoq´]ee vre´mq?

2 Pohemuóna xo´het peremeni´t; rabo´tu?

3 Kakovy´ bu´dut obqźannosti kandida´ta na no´voj rabo´te?

4 Pohemuŕabo´ta perevo´dhika shitaétsq streśsovoj?

Language points ♦

Participles

Past passive participles are normally formed from the perfective verb.

They are the equivalent of English participles ending in -ed (if the verb is regular!). In Russian the ending is -annyj, -ennyj, -e¨nnyj or -tyj. Only transitive verbs (those which can take a direct object) form past passive participles.

How to form past passive participles

Endings in -nnyj

1 Verbs ending in -at;, -qt; replace the -t; by -nnyj: zarabo´tat;

– zarabo´tannyj ‘earned’.

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2 Second conjugation verbs ending in -it; or -et; and first 2

conjugation verbs ending in -sti, -zti take -ennyj, or 3

-e¨nnyj if the ty form of the future perfective is stressed on the 4

ending: rewi´t; – rewi´w; – rewe¨nnyj ‘decided’; predlo'i´t; 5

– predlo´'iw; – predlo´'ennyj ‘offered’; vvezti´ – vveze¨w; –

6

vveze¨nnyj ‘imported’.

7

But note: najti – najde¨w; – na´jdennyj ‘found’; projti –

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projde¨w; – pro´jdennyj.

9

Where there is a consonant change in the q form of the future 10

perfective this will also occur in the past passive participle: 1

2

priglasi´t;

– priglawu´ – priglasi´w; – priglawe¨nnyj

‘invited’.

3

4

Endings in -

5

tyj

6

A small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending 7

-tyj. These include many monosyllabic verbs and their compounds, 8

verbs ending in -ot; , -ut; , -yt; and -eret; : vzqt; – vzq´tyj ‘taken’; 9

prinq´t; – prińqtyj ‘accepted’; zakry

´ t; – zakry´tyj ‘closed’;

20111

ubi´t; – ubi´tyj ‘killed’; zapere´t; – za´pertyj ‘locked’ (note the 1

loss of -e- in this kind of verb).

2

3

4

5

Exercise 8

6

7

Form the past passive participle from the following verbs.

8

osnova´t;, pokaza´t;, oplati´t;, kupi´t;, oceni´t;, posta´vit;, 9

ispoĺ;zovat;, predlo'i´t;, osu]estvi´t;, perevesti´, priglasi´t;, 30

podpisa´t;, prigoto´vit;, razvi´t;, prinq´t;, priobresti´, najti´, 1

2

vvesti´, zaregistriŕovat;, razrewi´t;, otkry´t;, udovletvori´t;.

3

4

How to use past passive participles

5

6

Participles decline like adjectives and agree in number, gender and 7

case with the noun they describe:

8

Onaótkazaĺas; ot meśta, predlo´'ennogo ej vhera´.

9

She rejected the position offered to her yesterday.

40

1

Onińu'ny

´ ka´'doj kompańii, zańqtoj proda´'ami.

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They are needed by every company engaged in sales.

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Past passive participle and the passive voice

A short version of the participle can be used to form the passive. It has only one -n- and endings like a short adjective: Meśto by

ĺo predlo´'eno ej vhera´.

The position was offered to her yesterday.

Ona´ byla´ prińqta na rabo´tu.

She was accepted for the job.

Kontra´kt bu´det podpiśan za´vtra.

The contract will be signed tomorrow.

Note how the stress moves to the end in participles ending in

-e¨nnyj:

Marińa ne bu´det priglawenańa interv;[

´ .

Marina will not be invited to the interview.

Note also that the instrumental case is used to express the agent by whom or by what an action is performed:

P;eśa byla´ posta´vlena ruśskim re' isse¨rom.

The play was produced by a Russian director.

Zemletrqseńiem by

ĺo razru´weno mno´go zdańij.

Many buildings were destroyed by the earthquake.

Exercise 9

Form the past passive participle of the verb in brackets. Do not forget to use the perfective verb.

1 Fiŕma (zanima´t; / zanq´t;) izgotovleńiem komp;[´terov.

2 Predpohteńie byĺo (otdava´t; / otda´t;) specialiśtu s o´pytom.

3 Pośle interv;[óna´ byla´ (priglawa´t; / priglasi´t;) na rabo´tu.

4 Esli ispyta´tel;nyj srok bu´det (proxodi´t; / projti´), vam budet (predlaga´t; / predlo'i´t;) postoqńnaq rabo´ta. 5 Kontra´kt bu´det (podpiśyvat; / podpisa´t;) v sre´du. 6

Dlq negośpeciaĺ;no

(naxodi´t; / najti´) meśto v fiŕme. 7 Byĺi (pokupa´t; / kupi´t;) vse gaze´ty i 'urnaĺy na ruśskom qzyke´. 8 Byĺo (rewa´t; / rewi´t;) predlo'i´t; emuŕabo´tu. 9 V xarakteriśtike byĺo (otmeha´t; /

otme´tit;)

eeümenie rabo´tat; v komańde. 10 Bile´ty byĺi

(priobreta´t; / priobresti´) v kaśse a\ropoŕta. 11 Na festivaĺe bu´dut (pokaźyvat; / pokaza´t;) lu´hwie fiĺ;my go´da.

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In some examples participles are used just like adjectives: 2

obrazo´vannaq 'eń]ina

educated woman

3

zaslu´'ennyj artiśt

renowned actor

4

5

diplomiŕovannyj specialiśt

a qualified specialist

6

diplomiŕovat;

to award a diploma

7

opredele¨nnyj otve´t

definite answer

8111

xorowo´ podve´wennyj qzy

´ k

a smooth tongue

9

10

Note in the text:

1

wańsy byt; prińqtymi

2

the chances of being accepted

3

4

(prinq´t; ‘to accept’ – prińqtyj – past passive participle) 5

Prińqtymi is in the instrumental case after the verb byt; like an 6

adjective, rather than in the short form, which might be expected for 7

a past passive participle.

8

9

Contrast:

20111

Meśto mo´'et byt; na´jdeno

1

a job might be found

2

3

(najti´ ‘to find’ – na´jdennyj – past passive participle) 4

Some past passive participles are used as nouns: dańnye ‘data’; 5

zakl[he¨nnyj ‘a prisoner’.

6

7

8

Exercise 10

9

30

Change the active sentences into the passive using past passive parti-1

ciples with instrumental case.

2

3

1 Universite´t predlo'iĺ ej xoro´wu[ rabo´tu. 2 On rewiĺ 4

proble´mu s bol;wi´m trudo´m. 3 Nakoneć, dire´ktor podpisaĺ 5

kontra´kt. 4 My osvoíli mno´gie komp;[

´ ternye progra´mmy. 5 Ona´

6

perevelaŕomań Tolsto´go. 6 Fiŕma otkryĺa speciaĺ;nyj sajt.

7

7 Sotru´dniki rekomendovaĺi ee¨, kak otli´hnogo specialiśta.

8

8 Predpriq´tie opublikovaĺo ob#qvleńie v gaze´te. 9 Ona prislaĺa 9

40

rez[me´ po fa´ksu. 10 Kri´tiki oceniĺi fil;m, kak sla´byj.

1

11 Pravi´tel;stvo vvelońo´vyj zakoń ob immigraćii.

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12 Kita´jskie sportsmeńy zavoevaĺi sa´mye presti´'nye priźy.

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Language points ♦

Preposition corner

Za + accusative / instrumental

A reminder of some familiar uses of za + instrumental meaning

‘behind’ or ‘beyond’ in relation to place:

za do´mom

behind the house

za gora´mi

beyond the mountains

za reko´j

over the river

za voro´tami

outside the gate

za uglo´m

round the corner

za granićej

abroad (over the border)

za´ gorodom

out of town

za dveŕ;[

outside / behind the door

But remember: idti´/ e´xat; / vy´jti za´ dom; za´ gory; zaŕeku; za voro´ta; zaúgol; za graniću; za´ gorod; za dveŕ;. Note not only the use of the accusative case after verbs of motion but also that the stress moves to za´ before certain nouns.

In the dialogue you will notice the phrase: za komp;[´terom ‘at the computer’.

Note some similar examples:

za rule¨m

at the wheel

za obe´dom

at lunch

za stolo´m

at the table

All the above examples relate to za used as a preposition of place.

There are also examples in the dialogue of za + accusative used as a preposition of time, meaning ‘during the course of’:

Za \´ti dva go´da q mno´gomu nauhiĺas;.

During these two years I learnt a lot.

Za tri go´da q osvoíla mno´go progra´mm.

In three years I mastered a lot of programmes.

Za is used with do to mean ‘before’:

za has do nahaĺa interv;[

´ .

an hour before the start of the interview.

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Note, however, the following examples of za + instrumental: 2

3

den; za dne¨m

day after day

4

za iskl[heńiem

with the exception

5

Za + accusative may also be used to mean ‘for’ after verbs referring 6

to payment, reward, thanks, criticism:

7

8111

blagodari´t; (po-) za

to thank for

9

xvali´t; (po-) za

to praise for

10

plati´t; (za-) za

to pay for

1

kritikova´t; za

to criticise for

2

golosova´t; (pro-) za

to vote for

3

4

After nouns and adjectives related to these verbs za + accusative is 5

also used:

6

7

blagodaŕnyj / blagodaŕnost; za

8

grateful / gratitude for

9

20111

pla´ta za proeźd

fare

1

2

Note also za (+ accusative) i pro´tiv ‘for and against’.

3

4

‘For’ in the sense of ‘to fetch’ is translated by za + instrumental: 5

6

posyla´t; / posla´t; za vraho´m

7

to send for the doctor

8

9

zaxodi´t; / zajtiźa dru´gom

30

to call for a friend

1

idti´ / pojtiźa po´mo];[

2

to go for help

3

4

Note also:

5

6

smotre´t; za det;mi´

7

to look after children

8

9

40

1

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Exercise 11

Choose from the two alternatives in brackets (accusative or instrumental).

1 On napisaĺ kni´gu za (god / go´dom). 2 Oni´ 'ivu´t za´ (gorod /

gorodom). 3 Ona´ ves; den; provo´dit za (kni´goj, kni´gu). 4 My doĺgo sideĺi za (rabo´tu / rabo´toj). 5 Le´tom my poe´dem za (graniću / granićej). 6 Za (posle´dnee vre´mq / posle´dnim vre´menem) ona´ mno´go sdeĺala. 7 God za (god / go´dom) vse¨ ha´]e ide¨t do'd; v a´vguste. 8 Spasi´bo za (po´mo]; / po´mo];[).

Exercise 12

Translate into Russian.

1 Using personal connections is still the surest way of finding a job in Russia.

2 Unfortunately the conditions in your firm do not suit me.

3 She always liked working with people.

4 Can you start work in a week’s time?

5 With great difficulty she found a job as interpreter in a small firm.

6 You have to be very sociable and persistent if you want to be a sales manager.

7 Her best quality is her ability to work in a team.

8 My main duty in my new job is translating from English into Russian.

1111

2

9 DEMOGRAFIQ

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

In this unit you will learn:

3

◗ about Russia’s demographic problems

4

◗ how to form and use numerals

5

6

◗ how to use nu'en meaning ‘to need’

7

◗ about words with the roots rod, mu', 'en-, mert-, brak 8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

According to demographers the present situation in Russia is cata-5

strophic. The serious economic crisis of the 1990s led to a huge 6

reduction in the birth rate while mortality was on the increase, and 7

not only amongst the elderly. The slow increase in life expectancy 8

which began in the 1960s halted and, for the first time in 1992, the 9

number of deaths exceeded the number of births. According to 30

government forecasts the population of Russia will decrease by a 1

further eight per cent in the next decade. Russia already lags behind 2

developed countries in life expectancy. Population decline presents 3

Russia with a strategic problem. Large areas of the country are 4

already under-populated and, ultimately, there may be too few 5

Russians to retain their existing territory. It is the central regions of 6

Russia which are declining fastest. Of the major cities, only Moscow 7

is expanding, due to immigration. In many other major cities the 8

number of deaths exceeds the number of births by two or three to 9

one. The politically unstable Caucasus region is the only major area 40

of population growth.

1

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Text 1

Naw mu'hińa <sverxsmeŕten>

Rezul;ta´tom demografi´heskoj revol[

ćii, proiswe´dwej v 20

stole´tii, by

ĺo groma´dnoe uveliheńie sre´dnej

prodol'i´tel;nosti 'iźni. Vo mno´gix raźvityx strańax ona´

prevy

śila 75 let, a v ne´kotoryx – 80 let. Do seredińy 60-x

godo´v Rossi´q wla o´b]im pute¨m. V 1964–65 goda´x sre´dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni byla´ 69,6 go´da, odna´ko v 80–90 goda´x onaśtaĺa reźko sni'a´t;sq i sosta´vila v 1995 godu´ 65 let, a prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni mu'hiń voob]eúpaĺa do 58 let. V

konceśtole´tiq situaćiq okazaĺas; xu´'e, hem v 60 go´dy.

Pohti´ vo vsex strańax 'eń]iny 'ivu´t doĺ;we mu'hiń. No

nigdeńet tako´go groma´dnogo razry

´ va me´'du ni´mi, kak v Rossií

– 12-14 let. |to vdvoé boĺ;we, hem v bol;winstveŕaźvityx stran.

Osnovny

é prihińy vyso´koj smeŕtnosti mu'hiń – kureńie i

zloupotrebleńie alkogoĺem. Soglaśno statiśtike te, kto mno´go kuŕit, terq´[t 8 let po sravneńi[ s te´mi, kto nikogdańe kuŕit. Te, kto p;e¨t, e]e¨ let 8. Ustano´vleno to´'e, hto povyweńie obrazovańiq znahi´tel;no sni'aét smeŕtnost;:

zańqtye

preimu´]estvenno u´mstvennym trudo´m 'ivu´t doĺ;we lic

fizi´heskogo truda´. Siĺ;no prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni zaviśit i ot bra´hnogo sta´tusa. @ena´tye mu'hińy v voźraste 50 let, mo´gut e]e¨ pro'i´t; v sre´dnem 23 go´da, razvede¨nnye mo´gut rasshi´tyvat; toĺ;ko na 18 let. Fakti´heski, tut de´jstvuet ceĺaq gru´ppa prihiń, meńee obrazo´vannye boĺ;we kuŕqt i p;[t, ha´]e

zanima´[tsq fizi´heskim trudo´m, hem boĺee obrazo´vannye i t.d.

K tomu´ 'e, na´wi mu'hińy vedu´t malopodvi´'nyj o´braz 'iźni, a potomu´ terq´[t e]e¨ neśkol;ko let.

Kone´hno, demo´grafy davno´ vi´deli, hto Sove´tskij So[z dvi´'etsq k demografi´heskomu kriźisu. No \´togo ne vi´deli <vverxu´>. I odno´j iz prihiń tako´go polo'eńiq bylaóficiaĺ;naq dezin-formaćiq iz Ceńtra statisti´heskogo upravleńiq, kotoŕyj

razraba´tyval demografi´heskie prognoźy. |ti prognoźy by ĺi

sverxoptimisti´hnymi. K so'aleńi[, oni´ by

ĺi ne nau´hnymi, a

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2

politi´heskimi. Tak pośle peŕepisi 1970 go´da byl sdeĺan prognoź

3

do 2000 go´da. Soglaśno \´tomu prognoźu ro'daémost; v strane´

4

dol'na´ byla´ povywa´t;sq. |to ob#qsnqĺos; tem, hto v Rossií, 5

kotoŕaq pribli'aétsq k kommuniźmu, uŕoven; 'iźni postoqńno 6

raste¨t. Sle´dovatel;no, ro'daémost; ne mo´'et umen;wa´tsq.

7

Odna´ko <vverxuówi´blis;> primeŕno na 50 milliońov helove´k!

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9

Do six por v Rossií net demografi´heskoj poli´tiki, i

10

demografi´heskaq situaćiq plo´xo osoźnana o´b]estvom. A ved; 1

straneńu'ny

śro´hnye meŕy, nu'naŕacionaĺ;naq

2

demografi´heskaq poli´tika, i gla´vnoe napravleńie v nej pośle 3

povyweńiq ro'daémosti dol'no´

byt; sni'eńie mu'sko´j

4

sverxsmeŕtnosti.

5

6

7

Po materiaĺam <Literatuŕnoj gaze´ty>, 2001

8

9

Vocabulary ♦

20111

1

bra´hnyj sta´tus

marital status

2

'ena´tyj

married (man)

3

zloupotrebleńie alkogoĺem

alcohol abuse

4

idtió´b]im pute¨m

to follow the general trend

5

kureńie, kuri´t;

smoking, to smoke

6

malopodvi´'nyj

7

o´braz 'iźni

sedentary way of life

8

nau´hnyj

scientific

9

osozna´t;

to realise

30

peŕepis; ( f )

census

1

prevy

śit;

to exceed

2

preimu´]estvenno

chiefly

3

primeŕno

approximately

4

razvede¨nnyj

divorced

5

razry

´ v

gap

6

rasshi´tyvat; na (+ acc)

to count on

7

ro'daémost; ( f )

birthrate

8

sle´dovatel;no

consequently

9

smeŕtnost; ( f )

mortality

40

sni'a´t;sq, sni'eńie

to fall; fall

1

sre´dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost;

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( f ) 'iźni

average life span

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Demography

sro´hnye meŕy

urgent measures

u´mstvennyj trud

intellectual work

upaśt;

to fall

N.B. po sravneńi[ s – in comparison with; i t.d. (i tak daĺee) – and so on;

<vverxuówi´blis;> – mistakes were made at a high level; ustano´vleno – it has been established; Centr statisti´heskogo upravleńiq – Centre for Statistical Management

Exercise 1

Answer the following questions in Russian.

1 Kakovy´ byĺi rezul;ta´ty demografi´heskoj revol[ćii v 20 ve´ke?

2 Kakova´ bylaśre´dnqq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni v 60-x goda´x?

3 Kakovaŕaźnica me´'du prodol'i´tel;nost;[ 'iźni mu'hińy i

'eń]iny?

4 Kakié fa´ktory vliq´[t na prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni?

5 Pohemu´ mu'hińy vedu´t boĺee malopodvi´'nyj o´braz 'iźni?

6 Kto razraba´tyval demografi´heskie prognoźy v SSSR?

7 Kako´v byl prognoź rośta naseleńiq v SSSR k 2000 go´du?

8 Nu'naĺi Rossií demografi´heskaq poli´tika? Pohemu´?

Exercise 2

True or false?

1 Osnovnyé prihińy vyso´koj smeŕtnosti mu'hiń

(zloupotrebleńie alkogoĺem, upotrebleńie narko´tikov, tq'e¨lyj trud)?

2 Ro'daémost; zaviśit ot (\konomi´heskoj situaćii, sta´tusa

'eń]iny v o´b]estve, bra´hnogo sta´tusa)?

3 @ivu´t doĺgo te, kto (mno´go kuŕit, mno´go p;e¨t, zanimaétsq spoŕtom)?

4 Tipi´hnaq demografi´heskaq poli´tika napra´vlena na (povyweńie, sni'eńie, soxraneńie) ro'daémosti?

5 Smeŕtnost; sni'aétsq v rezul;ta´te (uluhweńiq o´braza 'iźni, vstupleńiq v brak, poluheńiq obrazovańiq)?

6 Demografi´heskij kriźis oznahaét (rost naseleńiq, padeńie ro'daémosti, sokra]eńie prodol'i´tel;nosti 'iźni)?

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Language points ♦

2

3

Numerals

4

When a written text, such as the one above on demography, contains 5

6

a lot of numerals it can be an aid to understanding. However, 7

producing correct Russian using numerals poses particular problems.

8111

First, there is the question of which case to put the noun into after 9

the numeral. Second, needed particularly when using numerals in 10

spoken Russian, there is the matter of which case the numeral itself 1

goes into.

2

3

Cases after cardinal numerals

4

5

By now you are probably familiar with the following:

6

odiń / odna´ / odno´ ‘one’ is an adjective and agrees in gender with 7

the following noun: odiń stol; odna´ kni´ga; odnoókno´. There is 8

even a plural for plural only nouns: odnińo´'nicy. Dva (masc.

9

and neut.) and dve (fem.) ‘two’; tri ‘three’; hetyŕe ‘four’ and o´ba 20111

(masc. and neut.) and o´be (fem.) ‘both’ are followed by the genitive 1

singular of the noun and genitive plural (masc. and neut.) or nomi-2

native plural (fem.) of the adjective: dva bol;wi´x stola´; tri 3

intereśnye kni´gi. Pqt; ‘five’ and above are followed by the geni-4

tive plural of both noun and adjective; pqt; bol;wi´x stolo´v. The 5

case following compound numerals is determined by the last element: 6

dva´dcat; dve intereśnye kni´gi.

7

However, these rules only apply if the numeral itself is in the nomi-8

native case, or the inanimate accusative. Numerals decline if the 9

structure of the sentence requires it, e.g., after prepositions. After a 30

numeral in a case other than the nom. / acc. the noun and adjective 1

will go into the plural of the same case: sem;qś pqt;[´ maĺen;kimi 2

det;mi´ ‘a family with five small children’. Only dva / dve, tri,

3

hety

ŕe, o´ba / o´be have an animate accusative, and this is not used in 4

compound numerals: q zna´[ dvux de´vuwek; q zna´[ dva´dcat; 5

dve de´vuwki. All elements of a compound number decline: s 6

pqti´desqti pqti´ do westi´desqti hetyre¨x ‘from fifty-five to 7

sixty-four’; v voźraste pqti´desqti vos;miĺet ‘at the age of fifty-8

eight’. Numerals used to tell the time similarly decline: v dva hasa´

9

‘at two’; s dvux haso´v ‘since / from two o’clock’. The complete 40

declension of cardinal numerals is in the grammar summary.

1

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Exercise 3

Write out the numerals putting the nouns and adjectives in the correct case.

1 @eń]iny sostavlq´[t 53 (proceńt), a mu'hińy 47 (proceńt) naseleńiq Rossií. 2

V 1992 goduśokra]eńie naseleńiq

otmehaĺos; na 44 (territoŕiq) Rossií, a v 93 goduú'e´ v 68 iz 79 (rossi´jskij regioń). 3 V periód s 1897 go´da po 1924 god prirośt naseleńiq sosta´vil boĺee 22 (millioń) helove´k. 4 Sem;qś 3–5 (rebe¨nok) bol;wa´q re´dkost; v Rossií. 5 Bez migraćii hiślennost; naseleńiq Rossií sokratiĺas; by do 140 (millioń) helove´k u'e´ k 2000 go´du. 6 Soglaśno demo´grafam hiślennost; naseleńiq Rossií sniźitsq k 2010 godu´ do 133 (millioń) helove´k.

7 Ne´vskij \kspreśs sposo´ben razviva´t; skoŕost; do 200 km. v has.

8 Stoímost; aviabile´ta v Moskvuót 199 (doĺlar). 9 Mne o´hen; nra´vitsq kni´ga <Ot 2 do 5>.

Collective numerals

Collective numerals dvoé ‘two’; troé ‘three’; he´tvero ‘four’, are followed by the genitive plural. They can conveniently be used with plural only nouns that have no genitive singular: troé haso´v ‘three clocks’; he´tvero su´tok ‘four days and nights’. Collective numerals cannot be used in compounds, so paŕa or wtu´ka is used: dva´dcat; tri paŕy haso´v ‘twenty-three clocks’.

Forms also exist for five to ten: pq´tero, weśtero, se´mero, voś;mero, de´vqtero, deśqtero. Collective numerals are often found with animate masculine nouns, with l[´di, lico´ and de´ti: dvoé mu'hiń ‘two men’; troé l[de´j ‘three people’; pq´tero dete´j ‘five children’; weśtero druze´j ‘six friends’.

Note also the expressions: nas byĺo troé ‘there were three of us’; my / nas dvoé ‘we two’; ko´mnata na dvoi´x ‘room for two’; na svoi´x dvoi´x ‘on your own two feet / on foot’.

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2

Exercise 4

3

4

Replace cardinal numerals by collective ones.

5

1 V sem;e´ (hetyŕe rebe¨nka). 2 My rabo´tali (dva dnq i dve no´hi).

6

3 Sredińas byĺo (tri de´vuwki). 4 (Pqt; solda´t) byĺi poślany 7

8111

v Hehn[

´ . 5 (Sem; sportsmeńov) poluhiĺi medaĺi. 6 (West; 9

studeńtov) zapisaĺis; na kuŕsy ruśskogo qzyka´.

10

1

Quantitative nouns

2

3

These consist of edinića ‘one’; dvo´jka ‘two’; tro´jka ‘three’; 4

hetve¨rka ‘four’; pqte¨rka ‘five’; weste¨rka ‘six’; seme¨rka ‘seven’; 5

vos;me¨rka ‘eight; devq´tka ‘nine’; desq´tka ‘ten’. They are used prin-6

cipally for playing cards: desq´tka tref, bu´ben, herve´j, pik ‘the 7

ten of clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades’ and in the five point Russian 8

marking scale where tro´jka is satisfactory and pqte¨rka is excellent.

9

Note also how seme¨rka is used to translate ‘the Seven (advanced 20111

industrial nations)’.

1

2

3

Other numerical expressions

4

You may find the following expressions useful:

5

6

vdvoé / vtroé boĺ;we

7

twice / three times as much

8

v dva / tri / hety

ŕe raźa boĺ;we

9

twice / three / four times as big

30

1

Contrast the expressions vdvoe¨m,

vtroe¨m meaning ‘two / three

2

together’:

3

4

oni´ 'ivu´t vdvoe¨m

the two of them live together

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

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Exercise 5

Insert the right word dvoé, vdvoe¨m, vdvoé.

1 Oni´ poe´xali v Rossi´[ . . . 2 V \´tom godu´ v Rossi´[ prie´xalo

. . . boĺ;we be´'encev, hem v prowlo´m godu´ . . . 3 sportsmeńov zańqli peŕvoe meśto.

troé, vtroe¨m, vtroé

4 . . . druze´j rewiĺi poe´xat; na Kavkaź. 5 Oni vse¨ deĺa[t . . .

6 Ee¨ zarpla´ta . . . boĺ;we, hem ego´.

Indefinite numerals

Neśkol;ko ‘several’, skoĺ;ko ‘how many’ and stoĺ;ko ‘how many’

decline like plural adjectives and agree with the nouns they describe: iz neśkol;kix dańnyx ‘from several statistics’. Mno´go ‘many, much’ and nemno´go ‘not many’ decline in both the singular and the plural; vo mno´gom ‘in many respects’; vo mno´gix mesta´x ‘in many places’. Maĺo ‘few’ does not decline.

Exercise 6

Put mno´go, nemno´go, neśkol;ko, skoĺ;ko in the right case.

1

Po mneńi[ (neśkol;ko) demo´grafov Rossií grozi´t

demografi´heskaq katastro´fa. 2 Vo (mno´go) raźvityx strańax prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni o´hen; vyso´kaq. 3 Proble´ma bylaŕewena´ v teheńie (neśkol;ko) dnej. 4 (Neśkol;ko) se´m;qm my pomogli´ den;ga´mi i ode´'doj. 5 U (mno´go) be´'encev net da´'e ode´'dy. 6 Na konfereńcii q poznako´milas; s (neśkol;ko) no´vymi ruśskimi. 7 So (skoĺ;ko) studeńtami vy razgovaŕivali?

8 Egoí´mq izveśtno (mno´go). 9 U (nemno´go) studeńtov est; takié vozmo´'nosti.

Helove´k after numerals

After neśkol;ko, skoĺ;ko and stoĺ;ko use helove´k as the genitive plural of helove´k and after maĺo, mno´go, nemaĺo, nemno´go use l[de´j. Helove´k is also used after numerals where there is no

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adjective, l[de´j is more common where there is an adjective: deśqt; 2

helove´k ‘ten people’; deśqt; xoro´wix l[de´j ‘ten good people’.

3

4

5

Exercise 7

6

7

Decide when to use helove´k or l[de´j.

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9

1 Naseleńie Rossií 140 mln . . . 2 Mno´go . . . pogi´blo vo vre´mq 10

vojny´. 3 Skoĺ;ko . . . u´hitsq v va´wem universite´te? 4 V na´wej 1

gru´ppe 12 . . . 5 U ne´kotoryx . . . net da´'e sa´mogo neobxodi´mogo.

2

6 U neśkol;kix . . . byĺo po tri kni´gi. 7 V Moskve´ q vstre´til 3

neśkol;ko . . . iz Anglii.

4

5

6

Fractions and decimals

7

8

The feminine form of the ordinal number is used to express a frac-9

tion, the words hast; or doĺq being understood: odna´ westa´q ‘one 20111

sixth’; west; desq´tyx ‘six tenths’. Tret; ‘a third’ and he´tvert; ‘a 1

quarter’ are commonly used instead of the corresponding fractions: 2

dve tre´ti instead of dve tre´t;ix ‘two thirds’; tri he´tverti 3

instead of tri hetve¨rtyx ‘three quarters’.

4

Decimals are expressed by using the fractions for tenths, 5

hundredths and thousands: odnaćeĺaq i pqt; desq´tyx ‘1.5’; 6

nol; ceĺyx i soŕok vośem; so´tyx ‘0.48’; west; ceĺyx i 7

hety

ŕesta vośem;desqt sem; tyśqhnyx ‘6.487’.

8

Fractions and decimals are always followed by the genitive 9

singular: 69,6 go´da. Note that Russian uses a comma instead of a 30

decimal point.

1

2

3

4

Exercise 8

5

6

Write down in full the fractions in the first column (from the table 7

on page 172) (Vse¨ naseleńie) and answer the questions in Russian.

8

9

1 V kako´j straneśa´maq vyso´kaq prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni?

40

2 Kako´j razry´v me´'du prodol'i´tel;nost;[ 'iźni mu'hiń i 1

'eń]in v Qpońii, v Itaĺii, Velikobritańii, v Rossií?

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3 Gde sa´myj bol;wo´j razry´v?

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Demography

TABLICA 1

Prodol'itel;nost; 'izni v Rossii v sravnenii s

krupnejwimi \konomiheski razvitymi stranami

(strany <seme¨rki>)

Strany

Vse¨ naselenie

Mu'hiny

@en]iny

Qponiq

78,8

75,9

81.8

Franciq

76.9

72.8

80.9

SWA

76.5

73.0

80.0

Italiq

76.4

73.2

79,7

Kanada

76,4

73.0

79.8

Velikobritaniq

75.2

72.4

78,0

Germaniq

75.1

71.8

78.3

Rossiq

1989–1990gg.

69.0

64.0

74.0

1993g.

65.1

58.9

71.9

1995

65,0

58,0

72,0

Po dańnym Goskomsta´ta

N.B. Goskomsta´t – Gosudaŕstvennyj komite´t po statiśtike – State Committee of Statistics

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a sociologist and a demographer SOCIOĹOG

Xorowoízveśtno, hto demografi´heskaq situaćiq v

Rossií o´hen; ser;e¨znaq. Ro'daémost; pa´daet,

naseleńie sokra]aétsq. No ved; Rossi´q ne

iskl[heńie. To 'e sa´moe proisxo´dit v drugi´x

strańax. Po-moému, \´to xorowo´.

DEMO´GRAF

Da, kone´hno. L[

´ di staĺi boĺee otve´tstvennymi i

sa´mi planiŕu[t svo[

śem;[´. Molodyé l[´di xotq´t

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8111

9

10

1

2

3

4

poluhi´t; obrazovańie i stat; samostoq´tel;nymi. K

5

so'aleńi[, v Rossií situaćiq druga´q. V raźvityx

6

strańax smeŕtnost; umen;waétsq, a v Rossií

7

uveli´hivaetsq i u'e´ prevywaét ro'daémost;. Tako´go

8

rań;we ne´ bylo.

9

SOCIOĹOG

Oby´hno \´to ob#qsnq´[t tq'e¨lym \konomi´heskim

20111

polo'eńiem. No mo´'no li vseöb#qsni´t; toĺ;ko

1

\konomi´heskim kriźisom?

2

DEMO´GRAF

Kone´hno, net. Taka´q situaćiq ne toĺ;ko sle´dstvie

3

\konomi´heskix fa´ktorov. Zdes; mno´go drugi´x prihiń.

4

Tut i revol[

ćiq, i gra'dańskaq vojna´, a ta´k'e

5

staĺinskie repreśsii 30-x godo´v. Soglaśno

6

7

demo´grafam toĺ;ko v Veli´koj ote´hestvennoj vojne´

8

Rossi´q poterqĺa pohti´ 27 mln. helove´k.

9

SOCIOĹOG

No mo´'et byt;, prihińa v tom, hto na´we o´b]estvo

30

staĺo urbaniziŕovannym? Bol;winstvońaseleńiq

1

tepeŕ; gorodskoé. A v gorodski´x se´m;qx maĺo dete´j,

2

dvoé dete´j ne boĺ;we.

3

DEMO´GRAF

Urbanizaćiq – o´hen; va´'naq prihińa. No druga´q, ne

4

meńee va´'naq prihińa – povyweńie ob]eśtvennogo

5

sta´tusa 'eń]iny. Ved; u 'eń]iny tepeŕ; est; vy´bor.

6

Onaśamaŕewaét skoĺ;ko, kogda´, s kaki´m intervaĺom

7

i ot kogoŕo'a´t;.

8

SOCIOĹOG

Zna´hit, po-va´wemu, demografi´heskaq situaćiq

9

40

zaviśit ot mno´gix fa´ktorov?

1

DEMO´GRAF

Nesomneńno. Na´do uhi´tyvat; vse fa´ktory, eśli vy

421111

xoti´te ponq´t; demografi´hesku[ situaći[ v Rossií.

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Demography

Vocabulary ♦

Veli´kaq Ote´hestvennaq Vojna´

Great Patriotic War (World War 2)

gra'dańskaq vojna´

civil war

ob]eśtvennyj sta´tus

social status

pa´dat;

to fall

ro'a´t;

to give birth

sle´dstvie

consequence

uhi´tyvat;

to take into consideration

Exercise 9

Answer the following questions in English.

1 What demographic process is taking place throughout the world?

2 What is the demographic situation in Russia?

3 What are the differences and similarities between the

demographic situation in Russia and Europe?

4 Why is the number of children per family falling?

5 What explains the overall reduction in the population in the 1930s, 1940s and 1980s?

6 What does the fall in the birth-rate depend on?

TABLICA 2

Ob]ie ko\fficienty ro'daemosti, smertnosti i

estestvennogo prirosta v Rossii

(na 1000 helovek naseleniq)

Gody

1926

1949

1960

1980

1989

1991

1992

1993

Hislo

44,7

33

23,2

15,9

14,6

12,1

10,7

9,4

rodivwixsq

Hislo

21,3

20,6

7,4

10,6

10,6

10,4

12,2

14,4

umerwix

Estestvennyj

23,4

12,4

15,8

5,3

4

1,7

–1,5

–5

prirost

Po dańnym Goskomsta´ta

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2

Exercise 10

3

4

Answer the questions in Russian.

5

1

6

V kako´m goduńabl[daĺsq sa´myj bol;wo´j prirośt naseleńiq v 7

Rossií?

2

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Kogda´ prirośt naseleńiq stal otrica´tel;nym?

3

9

Kak vy mo´'ete ob#qsni´t; takoé qvleńie?

10

1

Language points ♦

2

3

Nu´'en

4

5

Nu´'en ( m), nu'na´ ( f), nu´'no ( n), nu'ny

´ ( pl. ) is a short adjective.

6

Used together with the dative it translates ‘to need’:

7

Nam nu´'no lu´hwee zdravooxraneńie.

8

We need a better health service.

9

20111

Klińike nu'ny

ó´pytnye vrahi´.

The clinic needs experienced doctors.

1

2

In the past and future tense the form of the verb byt; ; will vary 3

according to the subject:

4

Klińike nu'ny

´ bu´dut o´pytnye vrahi´.

5

The clinic will need experienced doctors.

6

7

Another way of expressing the same idea is to use the verb to need 8

nu'da´t;sq v (+ prep).

9

Rossií nu'na´ demografi´heskaq poli´tika.

30

Rossi´q nu'daétsq v demografi´heskoj poli´tike.

1

Russia needs a demographic policy.

2

3

4

Exercise 11

5

6

7

Decide who needs what by putting nu´'en in the right form.

8

1 Mne . . . vre´mq. 2 Emu´ . . . slovaŕ;. 3 Nam . . . viźa. 4 Im . . .

9

40

'urnaĺy. 5 Bol;niće . . . no´voe oboru´dovanie. 6 Mne . . . uhe´bnik 1

ruśskogo qzyka´. 7 Tea´tru . . . akte¨ry. 8 Emuńe . . . gaze´ta.

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9 Rossií . . . demografi´heskaq poli´tika.

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Demography

Now put these sentences first in the past and then in the future tense.

Exercise 12

From 9–16 October 2002 Russia held a national census. Fill in the questionnaire by giving information about yourself in Russian. (See page 177.)

Word building

Words with the root rod ‘birth, tribe, nature’

Note that d changes to ' or 'd in some words.

Nouns: rod ‘family, tribe, type’; ro´dy ‘childbirth’; naro´d ‘people’; poro´da ‘breed’; ro´dina ‘native land’; rodnq´ ‘relatives’. Note the use of suffixes on the following nouns, indicating a person: rodi´tel;

‘parent’; ro´dstvennik ‘relative’.

Abstract nouns: rodstvo´ ‘relationship’; ro'daémost; ‘birthrate’.

Action: ro'deńie ‘birth’.

Adjectives: rodno´j ‘native’; rodovo´j ‘ancestral’.

Verbs: rodi´t; ‘to give birth’; rodi´t;sq ‘to be born’; ro'a´t; ‘to give birth’.

Note the prefixes on the following words, all of which give a clue to their meaning: vozro'deńie ‘rebirth, renewal, renaissance’; vozrodi´t; ‘to regenerate’ (voz- / vos- ‘up’); zarodi´t;sq ‘to be conceived’;

zaro´dyw

‘embryo’ (za- ‘start of an action’);

pererodi´t;sq ‘to be transformed, regenerate’ (pere- ‘trans-, re-’); bezro´dnyj ‘without kin’ (bez- / bes- ‘without’); priro´da ‘nature’

(pri- ‘beside, attached’); uro´d ‘monster’ (u- ‘away’).

Rod combined with other roots

odnoro´dnyj ‘homogeneous’; inoro´dnyj ‘foreign (ino´j ‘other’); dvo[

ŕodnyj brat ‘first cousin’ (dva ‘two’); detoro´dnyj voźrast (de´ti ‘children’) ‘childbearing age’.

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177

1111

2

AЯ ПEPEПИC

3

K

Ь

C

Н

4

ЙИ

А

ANKETA

C

5

C C

E

Voprosy perepisi dlq vsex gra'dan Rossii

Л

6

O P

E

E 2002 НИ

7

C

B

•

Я

8111

9

FIO

Pol

Data ro'deniq

hislo ispolnivwixsq

10

familiq, imq, othestvo

mu'skoj

god, mesqc, hislo

let vo vremq perepisi

1

'enskij

2

............ ............ ............

........./......../.........

.................

3

4

Mesto ro'deniq

Gra'danstvo

Nacional;nost;

5

nazvanie derevni, goroda, oblasti,

esli dvojnoe,

ili \tniheskaq

6

strany

ukazat; oba

gruppa

7

......................................................................

................................

........................................

8

......................................................................

................................

........................................

9

20111

Rodnoj qzyk

Semejnoe polo'enie

1

a tak'e drugie qzyki, kotorymi

sostoite ili sostoqli v brake

2

svobodno vladeete

skol;ko let

3

......................................................................

imeete, ne imeete detej

4

......................................................................

skol;ko

5

Obrazovanie

@ili]nye usloviq

6

nahal;noe, srednee, vyswee

qvlqetes; li sobstvennikom (doma,

7

......................................................................

kvartiry, dahi),

8

zakonhennoe, nezakonhennoe

(esli neskol;kix, ukazat; vse),

9

.....................................................................

..............................................................................

30

.....................................................................

..............................................................................

1

2

Uroven; \konomiheskoj

Istohniki sredstv k 'izni

3

aktivnosti

rabota, stipendiq, pensiq, posobie,

4

zanqtye, bezrabotnye, studenty,

sbere'eniq, doxod ot sdahi v naem

5

pensionery, vedu]ie domawnee

imu]estva i t.d.

6

xozqjstvo

..............................................................................

7

.....................................................................

..............................................................................

8

9

40

1

N.B. pol – sex; poso´bie – benefit; isto´hniki sre´dstv k 'iźni – sources of 421111

income; sbere'eńiq – savings; sda´ha v nae¨m imu´]estva – renting of property

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Some other roots that appear in this unit

Words with the root mu' ‘man, male’

Nouns: mu' ‘husband’; mu'hińa ‘man’; mu'i´k ‘peasant’ mu´'estvo

‘courage’.

Adjectives: mu'sko´j ‘men’s, male, masculine’; mu´'estvennyj

‘courageous’.

Verbs: mu'a´t; ‘mature’; mu'a´t;sq ‘take heart’.

Combined with za-: ‘acquisition’: za´mu'em ‘married’ (of a woman); vy

´ jti za´mu' za + acc. ‘to marry’ (of a woman); zamu´'nqq ‘married woman’.

Words with the root 'en-

Nouns: 'ena´ ‘wife’; 'eń]ina ‘woman’; 'eni´x ‘bridegroom, fiancé’; 'eni´t;ba ‘marriage’.

Adjectives: 'eńskij ‘women’s, female’; 'eństvennyj ‘feminine’;

'ena´tyj ‘married’ (of a man).

Verbs: 'eni´t; ‘to marry (off)’; 'eni´t;sq na + prep. ‘to marry’ (of a man), ‘to get married’ (of a couple).

Combined with other roots: 'enonenaviśtnik ‘misogynist’

(neńavist; – ‘hatred’); 'enopodo´bnyj ‘effeminate’ (podo´bnyj

‘like’).

Words with the root -mert- ‘death’

Nouns: smert; ‘death’; smeŕtnyj ‘mortal’; smeŕtnost; ‘mortality’.

Adjectives: me¨rtvyj ‘dead’; smerteĺ;nyj ‘mortal, fatal’.

Verbs: umere´t; ‘to die’.

Words with the root brak ‘marriage’

(note where k changes to h)

Nouns: brak ‘marriage, married state’; brakosohetańie ‘marriage service’.

Adjective: bra´hnyj ‘marriage, conjugal’.

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1111

2

Exercise 13

3

4

Choose the right phrase or word to fill the gap in the following 5

sentences.

6

('eni´t;sq(po-), vy

´ jti za´mu', 'ena´tyj, zamu´'nqq, brak)

7

8111

1 V pro´wlom goduón . . . na znako´moj studeńtke. 2 Ona´ . . . za 9

no´vogo ruśskogo. 3 Nakoneć, oniŕewiĺi . . . 4 Govorq´t, hto . . .

10

mu'hińy 'ivu´t doĺ;we. 5 U . . . 'eń]in, po-pre´'nemu, maĺo 1

vre´meni na o´tdyx. 6 V Rossií sejhaś o´hen; populqŕny . . . s 2

inostrańcami.

3

4

5

Exercise 14

6

7

Translate into Russian.

8

9

1 The demographic situation in Russia is very serious: the birth rate 20111

is in decline and life expectancy is falling.

1

2 In many European countries the number of women is higher than 2

the number of men. That can be explained by the fact that female 3

life expectancy is several years greater than male.

4

3 According to the census conducted in the year 2001 the popula-5

tion of Britain constituted 70 million people.

6

4 In the opinion of demographers a high birthrate is characteristic 7

of developing countries. In developed countries the situation is 8

the opposite.

9

5 In order to stop the decline in population Russia needs a demo-30

graphic policy.

1

6 Smoking and drinking are the main reasons why Russian men 2

have such a low life expectancy.

3

7 We all should lead a healthy way of life. First of all, we should 4

give up smoking and drinking.

5

8 I do not believe that married men live longer than divorced men.

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

10 OBRAZOVANIE

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about education in Russia

◗ how to form and use the present passive participle

◗ more about the preposition po

◗ words with the root uh / uk

◗ about stress in the present and future of verbs

The Soviet Union rightly prided itself on the quality of its education system. Even now, despite declining investment in education, Russian students continue to demonstrate better mathematical and scientific skills than those in many western countries. Russia still boasts universal basic education and a literate workforce. However, reform is essential if Russian education is to respond to the demands of the market economy. There is a need to move away from a pedagogical approach which emphasises the acquisition of knowledge rather than problem-solving skills. Capital investment, which has been in serious decline since the collapse of the Soviet Union, needs to be increased to repair decrepit buildings and replace outdated equipment. Previously free for all students, about two thirds of students in higher education now pay some contribution to the cost of their education, but this has little impact on the universities’ need for greater funding to improve infrastructure and increase teachers’

lamentably low pay.

Obrazovanie

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1111

Text 1

2

3

4

Refoŕma obrazovańiq

5

6

V Rossií prowlaŕefoŕma obrazovańiq. 2 puńkta v nej vy

źvali

7

mno´go spoŕov. Peŕvyj – tak nazyvaémyj edińyj gosudaŕstvennyj 8111

\kza´men, provodi´myj vzameń vypuskny

´ x i vstupi´tel;nyx

9

\kza´menov. Vse vypuskniki´, ka´'dyj v svoe´j wkoĺe, v odiń i tot 10

'e den; otveha´[t na odiń i tot 'e test. Rezul;ta´ty testiŕovaniq 1

qvlq´[tsq osnovańiem ne toĺ;ko dlq poluheńiq attesta´ta ob 2

3

okonhańii wkoĺy, no i dlq postupleńiq v vuz. Vypusknikiśda[

´ t

4

dva obqza´tel;nyx \kza´mena: matema´tiku i ruśskij qzy

´ k, ostal;nyé

5

tri \kza´mena sda[

´ tsq v zaviśimosti ot specializaćii. Vyśwaq

6

oceńka – 100 baĺlov. Po \´tim baĺlam vypuskniki´ prinima´[tsq 7

v institu´t.

8

Odna´ko mno´gie obespokoény sami´m fa´ktom vvedeńiq tako´go 9

\kza´mena. <Rossi´q sli´wkom bol;wa´q strana´ dlq hego´ by to ni´

20111

bylo edińogo>, utver'da´[t oni´. <Sli´wkom bol;wa´q raźnica 1

2

me´'du stoli´hnoj wkoĺoj i wkoĺoj gde´-nibud; za Uraĺom>, 3

govorq´t drugié. K tomu´ 'e edińyj test nesovmesti´m s 'e¨stkim 4

otboŕom. A otsu´tstvie otboŕa neizbe´'no sni'aét ka´hestvo obra-5

zovańiq.

6

Vtoro´j punkt –

pla´ta za obuheńie. Ka´'dyj vypuskni´k, v

7

zaviśimosti ot togo´, skoĺ;ko baĺlov on nabraĺ na teśte, poluhaét 8

ot gosudaŕstva hek. Tre´ti abiturieńtov, kotoŕye nabraĺi 9

naivy

świe baĺly, gosudaŕstvom vyda[´tsq deń;gi, dosta´tohnye

30

1

dlq opla´ty vsej uhe¨by v vuźe. Iny

´ mi slova´mi, oniú´hatsq

2

bespla´tno. Za pro´hix gosudaŕstvo vnośit toĺ;ko hast; (70–30%).

3

Ostal;noé vnośitsq iz so´bstvennogo karmańa. Koro´he, dlq dvux 4

tre´tej rossiqń vy

śwee obrazovańie staĺo pla´tnym.

5

Rań;we bespla´tnoe obrazovańie shitaĺos; dosti'eńiem v strane´.

6

Ka´hestvu sove´tskogo obrazovańiq zavi´dovali. Tepeŕ; osnovnoé 7

napravleńie – brat; deń;gi s naseleńiq. Po slova´m miniśtra obra-8

zovańiq, <b[d'e´tnyx sredstv ne xvataét. Po\´tomu neobxodi´mo 9

40

razviva´t; finansiŕovanie za she¨t privleheńiq vneb[d'e´tnyx 1

sredstv. V peŕvu[ o´hered;, za she¨t raswireńiq obrazova´ tel;nyx 421111

uslu´g>. A hto takoé obrazova´tel;nye uslu´gi? |to – pla´tnye

182

|

Education

otdeleńiq v universite´tax, na kotoŕye tepeŕ; nabira´[tsq dalekońe lu´hwie, a te, kto mo´gut plati´t;. |to podgotovi´tel;nye kuŕsy dlq postupa´[]ix v universite´t, to est;, to 'e pla´tnoe repeti´torstvo, rań;we osu]estvlqémoe prepodava´telqmi i opla´hivaemoe rodi´telqmi. Toĺ;ko tepeŕ; gosudaŕstvo vse uslu´gi bere¨t na sebq´.

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

Vocabulary ♦

abiturieńt

applicant (to university)

attesta´t ob okonhańii wkoĺy

school leaving certificate

ball

mark

brat; na sebq´

to take on

vzameń (+ gen)

instead of

vneb[d'e´tnye sre´dstva

extra, non-budgetary funding

vstupi´tel;nyj \kza´men

entrance examination

vuz (vy

śwee uhe´bnoe zavedeńie)

higher education institution (HEI)

vydava´t;

to give (out)

vy

źvat; spor

to provoke an argument

vypuskni´k

graduate

vypuskno´j \kza´men

final examination

edińyj gosudaŕstvennyj \kza´men

common state examination

'e¨stkij otboŕ

rigorous selection

zavi´dovat; (+ dat)

to envy

za she¨t (+ gen)

by means of

nabira´t; / nabra´t;

to collect, gain

neizbe´'nyj

inevitable

nesovmesti´myj

incompatible

pro´hij

other

obrazova´tel;naq uslu´ga

educational service

obqza´tel;nyj

compulsory

opla´hivat;

to pay

osu]estvlq´t;

to implement

otsu´tstvie

absence

oceńka

grade, mark

podgotovi´tel;nye kuŕsy

preparatory courses

privleheńie sredstv

attracting finance

raswireńie

broadening

repeti´tor

tutor

Obrazovanie

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183

N.B.

1111

tak nazyvaémyj – so-called; dlq hego´ by to ni´ bylo edińogo – for anything standardised;

2

iny

´ mi (drugi´mi) slova´mi – in other words; iz

so´bstvennogo karmańa – out of one’s own pocket; v zaviśimosti ot 3

(+ gen) – depending on; v peŕvu[ o´hered; – in the first place 4

5

6

Exercise 1

7

8111

Answer the following questions in Russian.

9

1 Hto oznahaét edińyj gosudaŕstvennyj \kza´men?

10

2 Pohemuégo´ vvedeńie bespokoít mno´gix?

1

3 Kakié \kza´meny obqza´tel;ny?

2

4 Kakié studeńty bu´dut uhi´t;sq bespla´tno?

3

5 Kto doĺ'en plati´t; za obrazovańie?

4

6 Pohemu´ vvo´ditsq pla´tnoe obrazovańie?

5

7 Hto oznahaét raswireńie obrazova´tel;nyx uslu´g?

6

7

8

Exercise 2

9

20111

Study this example from the examination in Russian language. See 1

how well you can do. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

2

3

4

EDINYJ |KZAMEN

5

Test po russkomu qzyku

6

7

Prohitajte predlo'eniq :

8

A. Ego qzyk udivitelen. B. Q pomn[, hto kogda q v pervyj raz 9

nahal hitat; Hexova, to snahala on pokazalsq mne kakim-to 30

strannym, kak by neskladnym. V. Blagodarq svoej iskrennosti, 1

Hexov sozdal novye, soverwenno novye po-moemu dlq vsego mira 2

formy pisaniq, podobnyx kotorym q ne vstrehal nigde. G. No kak 3

tol;ko q vhitalsq, \tot qzyk zaxvatil menq.

4

1. V kakom porqdke dol'ny sledovat; \ti predlo'eniq,

5

htoby poluhilsq tekst?

6

7

1) A,B,G.V. 2) B,G,A,V. 3) V,B,A,G. 4) G,V,A,B.

8

Uka'ite predlo'enie s punktuacionnoj owibkoj.

9

2. V kakom slove udarenie na 2-m sloge?

40

1

1) Obleghit;. 2) Prinql. 3) Peredannyj. 4) Baluetsq

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Education

Present passive participle

As with the participles discussed in earlier units, the present passive participle is a verbal adjective.

How to form present passive participles

Add -yj to the first person plural (my form) of the present tense of the verb: poluha´t; – poluhaém – poluhaémyj ‘(being) received’.

Nesti´ and vesti´ change the -e¨- in the first person plural ending to -o- in the participle: nesti´ – nese¨m – neso´myj ‘carried’. Verbs ending in -avat; take the ending -avaemyj: dava´t; – dae¨m –

davaémyj ‘(being) given’.

This participle is generally only formed from transitive verbs (i.e. those taking a direct object). However, there are a small number of verbs which govern the instrumental case which have present passive participles: rukovodi´t; – rukovodi´myj ‘led, directed’; upravlq´t; – upravlqémyj ‘managed’ ; komańdovat; –

komańduemyj ‘commanded’.

A considerable number of verbs do not have a present passive participle. These include:

– many monosyllabic verbs, e.g. bit; , brat; , est; , znat; , klast; , lit; , myt; , pet; , pit; ;

– irregular first conjugation verbs, e.g. pisa´t; , prq´tat; ;

– many second conjugation verbs: goto´vit; , der'a´t; , plati´t; , smotre´t; , sta´vit; , stroít; .

The problem of there being no present passive participle can frequently be overcome by forming the participle from a compound of the verb: plati´t; – opla´hivat; – opla´hivaemyj ‘being paid for’.

Exercise 3

Form present passive participles from the following verbs.

poluha´t;, privleka´t;, sozdava´t;, l[bi´t;, uva'a´t;, vnosi´t;, osu]estvlq´t;, opla´hivat;, vvozi´t;, predlaga´t;, provodi´t;, izuha´t;, finansiŕovat;, ispoĺ;zovat;

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185

1111

How to use present passive participles

2

They decline like adjectives and agree in number, gender and case 3

with the noun they describe:

4

5

Zarpla´ty, poluhaémoj rossi´jskim uhi´telem, haśto ne 6

xvataét da´'e na pi´]u.

7

The wages received by a Russian teacher are often not enough 8111

even for food.

9

Several present passive participles are now frequently used as adjec-10

tives:

1

2

l[bi´myj

favourite

3

tak nazyvaémyj

so-called

4

uva'aémyj

respected, dear

5

Some adjectives (usually negative) are formed like present passive 6

participles, but from the perfective verb:

7

8

nesovmesti´myj

incompatible

9

nepovtori´myj

unique

20111

nerazlihi´myj

indistinguishable

1

nedopusti´myj

not permissible

2

nesravni´myj

incomparable

3

nezaviśimyj

independent

4

(formed from the imperfective)

5

6

Edińyj test nesovmesti´m s 'e¨stkim otboŕom.

7

A single test is incompatible with rigorous selection.

8

Note the use of the short form. Present passive participles themselves 9

are rarely found in the short form.

30

Some present passive participles are used as nouns: obvinqémyj 1

‘the defendant’; slagaémoe ‘item, component’.

2

3

4

Exercise 4

5

6

Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate forms of the 7

present passive participle.

8

1 V 1985 goduńahalsqńo´vyj periód sove´tskoj istoŕii (nazyva´t;) 9

40

perestro´jkoj. 2 Ka´fedru ruśskogo qzyka´, (vozglavlq´t;) izveśtnym 1

lingviśtom, zna´[t vo vsej strane´. 3 Pu´wkin (l[bi´t;) l[d;mi´

421111

vsex voźrastov, sa´myj populqŕnyj po\´t v Rossií. 4 Meto´dika

186

|

Education

prepodavańiq inostrańnyx qzyko´v, (ispoĺ;zovat;) v \´tom universite´te, sa´maq sovremeńnaq. 5 Mno´gie tovaŕy, (vvozi´t;) v Rossi´[, oblaga´[tsq po´wlinoj. 6 V peha´ti mno´go govoriĺos; o no´vyx wkoĺ;nyx progra´mmax, (finansiŕovat;) gosudaŕstvom.

7 Su´mmy, (vnosi´t;) rodi´telqmi za obrazovańie dete´j, ves;maźnahi´tel;ny. 8 Stipeńdii, (poluha´t;) studeńtami, ne xvataét da´'e na uhe´bniki. 9

Obqza´tel;nyx \kza´menov, (sdava´t;)

studeńtami, vsego´ dva – ruśskij qzy´k i matema´tika.

Passive voice

Note that the present passive participle may not be used to form the passive voice. Use either the reflexive verb ( see unit 4) or the short form of the past passive participle ( see unit 8). Note the use of the instrumental when a reflexive verb is used to convey a passive meaning. It translates ‘by’:

Prepodava´teli pi´wut uhe´bnik.

The lecturers are writing a textbook.

Uhe´bnik pi´wetsq prepodava´telqmi.

The textbook is being written by lecturers.

Exercise 5

Replace the active construction by a passive.

Example: V kru´pnyx goroda´x Rossií stro´qt metro´ – V

kru´pnyx goroda´x Rossií stroítsq metro´.

1 Vhera´ po televiźoru peredavaĺi intereśnye no´vosti. 2 Ruśskij qzy´k prepoda[

´ t vo mno´gix angli´jskix universite´tax. 3 Lu´hwim studeńtam vyda[

´ t stipeńdi[. 4 V Rossií goto´vqt no´vu[ refoŕmu obrazovańiq. 5 Rodi´teli opla´hiva[t vyśwee obrazovańie v zaviśimosti ot ix doxo´da. 6 Lu´hwix studeńtov prinima´[t v institu´t bez \kza´menov. 7 Dlq stroi´tel;stva no´vyx zdańij mosko´vskij m\r priglawaét inostrańnyx specialiśtov.

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187

1111

Transitive and intransitive pairs

2

Remember that reflexive verbs are intransitive and cannot be followed 3

by a direct object:

4

5

Q nahina´[ rabo´tu v west;.

6

I start work at six.

7

Rabo´ta nahinaétsq v west;.

8111

Work starts at six.

9

10

1

Exercise 6

2

3

Decide which verb to use in the following sentences.

4

5

1 Situaćiq izmeniĺa / izmeniĺas; v lu´hwu[ stoŕonu. 2 On 6

okońhil / okońhilsq universite´t s otli´hiem. 3 Sre´dnqq zarpla´ta 7

v strane´

v posle´dnee vre´mq uveli´hila / uveli´hilas;. 4

8

|konomi´heskoe polo'eńie v Rossií bu´det uluhwa´t; / uluhwa´t;sq.

9

5 Refoŕma obrazovańiq prodol'aét / prodol'aétsq vyzyva´t; mno´go 20111

1

spoŕov. 6 Le´kcii nahina´[t / nahina´[tsq v 9 haso´v utra´. 7 S

2

ka´'dym go´dom gosudaŕstvo sokra]aét / sokra]aétsq rasxo´dy 3

na obraźovanie. 8 Zarpla´ta uhitele´j vse¨ vremq umen;waét /

4

umen;waétsq. 9 |kza´meny końhili / końhilis; v i[

ńe. 10 Edińyj

5

\kza´men skoŕo bu´det provodi´t; / provodi´t;sq po vsej strane´.

6

7

8

Dialogue 1

9

30

An interview with the Rector of

1

Moscow State Technical University,

2

I.B. Fyodorov

3

4

@URNALIŚT

V 1995 godu´ Vaw

5

universite´t poluhiĺ

6

sta´tus oso´bo ceńnogo

7

kul;tuŕnogo ob#e´kta

8

Rossi´jskoj Federaćii.

9

40

Hto \´to zna´hit dlq Vas?

1

RE´KTOR

|to bol;wa´q hest; i bol;wa´q otve´tstvennost;. Iz

421111

mosko´vskix vuźov sta´tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta za

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zaslu´gi v o´blasti obrazovańiq poluhiĺi toĺ;ko dva

vuźa – MGU i MGTU im. Baúmana.

@URNALIŚT

Doĺgoe vre´mq in'eneŕnoe obrazovańie shitaĺos;

nepresti´'nym. No v Va´wem universite´te vsegda´ byĺi

vyso´kie końkursy.

RE´KTOR

|to pra´vda. K na´wemu universite´tu vsegda´ byl

bol;wo´j intereś. Vse zna´[t, hto MGTU – odiń iz

lu´hwix vuźov. My goto´vim in'eneŕov, a ta´k'e

specialiśtov po in'eneŕnomu biźnesu. Ka´'dyj god

s[da´ prixo´dqt sa´mye <prodvińutye> abiturieńty,

zna´[]ie o ego´ vyso´kix tre´bovaniqx, o neobxodi´mosti

mno´go rabo´tat;. Dlq nix uhe¨ba zdes; – vozmo´'nost;

poluhi´t; otli´hnoe obrazovańie, intereśnu[

profeśsi[. Voob]e´, v posle´dnie go´dy presti´'

in'eneŕnogo deĺa v Rossií stal rasti´.

@URNALIŚT

Su]estvuét mneńie, hto uhi´t;sq v Va´wem

universite´te o´hen; tru´dno.

RE´KTOR

Da, uhi´t;sq nelegko´, no dalekońe tak stra´wno, kak

ob \´tom govorq´t. Na´wa progra´mma rasshi´tana na

helove´ka s oby´hnymi sposo´bnostqmi. Studeńtu

MGTU ne obqza´tel;no byt; geńiem, xotq´ takié u nas

to´'e est;. Ot nego´ tre´buetsq liw; odno´ – pose]a´t;

vse zanq´tiq i vo´-vremq sdava´t; doma´wnie zadańiq.

@URNALIŚT

Skoĺ;ko let u´hatsq v MGTU?

RE´KTOR

MGTU – ediństvennyj texni´heskij vuz Rossií, gde

srok obuheńiq sostavlqét 6 let.

@URNALIŚT

Hem, po-Va´wemu, ob#qsnqétsq Vaw uspe´x?

RE´KTOR

Uspe´x zaviśit ot tre¨x slagaémyx. Sovremeńnyj

uhe´bnyj plan, kvalifikaćiq prepodava´telej i

stremleńie studeńta k znańiqm. Esli odnoíz nix

otsu´tstvuet, ka´hestvo obrazovańiq sni'aétsq. No v

na´wem universite´te ime´[tsq vse tri slagaémyx

uspe´xa.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Stoli´hnoe obrazovańie>, 2001

Vocabulary ♦

vo´-vremq

in time

zaslu´ga

merit, service

Obrazovanie

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189

1111

in'eneŕnoe deĺo

engineering

2

otve´tstvennost; ( f )

responsibility

3

otsu´tstvovat;

to be absent

4

<prodvińutyj>

advanced

5

rasshi´tan na (+ acc)

aimed at

6

slagaémoe uspe´xa

component of success

7

srok obuheńiq

period of study

8111

stremleńie

striving

9

uhe´bnyj plan

curriculum

10

ceńnyj ob#ekt

valued institution

1

hest; ( f )

honour

2

3

Exercise 7

4

5

Answer the following questions in Russian.

6

7

1 Za hto dae¨tsq sta´tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta?

8

2 Kakié vuźy poluhiĺi tako´j sta´tus?

9

3 Kogo´ goto´vit MGTU?

20111

4 Pohemuśtudeńty xotq´t uhi´t;sq v MGTU?

1

5 Na kogoŕasshi´tana progra´mma MGTU?

2

6 Kako´j srok obuheńiq v MGTU?

3

7 Hem ob#qsnqétsq uspe´x MGTU?

4

5

6

Exercise 8

7

8

True or false?

9

30

1 Boĺ;we vsegośpoŕov v refoŕme obrazovańiq vyzyvaét (edińyj 1

gosudaŕstvennyj \kza´men, uhe´bnaq progra´mma, vvedeńie teśtov)?

2

2 Obqza´tel;nye \kza´meny vkl[ha´[t (matema´tiku, angli´jskij 3

qzy´k, geogra´fi[)?

4

3 Rań;we vyśwee obrazovańie shitaĺos; (bespla´tnym, pla´tnym, 5

ka´hestvennym)?

6

4 Obrazova´tel;nye uslu´gi vkl[ha´[t (podgotovi´tel;nye kuŕsy, 7

uslu´gi repeti´torov, haśtnye uro´ki)?

8

5 MGTU poluhiĺ sta´tus oso´bo ceńnogo ob#e´kta za zaslu´gi v 9

o´blasti (kul;tuŕy, iskuśstva, obrazovańiq)?

40

6 MGTU goto´vit (biznesmeńov, uhitele´j, in'eneŕov)?

1

7 Progra´mma MGTU rasshi´tana na (geńiev, sposo´bnyx studeńtov, 421111

sre´dnix studeńtov)?

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Exercise 9

Study this advertisement for Moscow State Technical University and answer the questions in English.

MOSKOVSKIJ GOSUDARSTVENNYJ

TEXNIHESKIJ UNIVERSITET

im. N.|. BAUMANA

Segodnqwnij mir – mir

professionalizma, i esli Vy

FAKUL:TETY:

xotite, htoby \to byl mir

Informatika i

dlq Vas, my priglawaem Vas

sistemy

na uhebu v MGTU im. N.|.

upravleniq,

Baumana

In'enernyj biznes

⇒

lider rossijskix

i mened'ment,

texniheskix universitetov

Mawinostroitel;ye

⇒

pervoklassnoe obrazovanie

texnologii,

v pervoklassnom universitete,

Robotexnika i

kotoromu prisvoen status osobo

kompleksnaq

cennogo kul;turnogo ob#ekta RF

avtomatizaciq,

⇒

gotovit in'enerov po vsem

osnovnym napravleniqm, a tak'e

Radio\lektronika i

in'enernomu biznesu i

lazernaq texnika,

mened'mentu

Biomedicinskaq

⇒

imeetsq vozmo'nost;

texnika,

poluheniq vtoroj special;nosti:

Special;noe

in'enera-mened'era, in'enera-

mawinostroenie,

\kologa, referenta-perevodhika,

|nergetiheskoe

bakalavra po informatike

mawinostroenie,

⇒

sistema obrazovaniq v

Optiko-\lektronnoe

MGTU – wirokaq \rudiciq pl[s

mawinostroenie,

vysokij professionalizm

A\rokosmiheskij,

⇒

dlitel;nost; osnovnogo

Radiotexniheskij,

kursa obuheniq 6 let

⇒

nawi vypuskniki

Raketno-kosmiheskoj

pol;zu[tsq postoqnnym sprosom

texniki

otehestvennyx i zarube'nyx firm

Obrazovanie

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1111

1 Name the different faculties of the Moscow State Technical 2

University.

3

2 How does the University characterise the education it offers?

4

3 What branches of engineering is it possible to specialise in?

5

4 What is the educational philosophy of the University?

6

5 How long do the basic courses last?

7

6 What are the prospects for graduates?

8111

9

10

Language points ♦

1

2

Word building

3

Note the following words with the root -uh- / uk-, all of which are 4

related to learning.

5

6

Nouns: uhe¨ba ‘studies’; uheni´k ‘pupil’; uhe´bnik ‘textbook’; nau´ka 7

‘science’; uhe¨nost; ‘learning’; uhi´tel; ‘teacher’; uheńie ‘studies’; 8

uha´]ijsq (participle in origin) ‘student’; uhiĺi]e ‘school, college’.

9

Adjectives: uhe¨nyj ‘learned’ (also used as the noun ‘scientist’); 20111

uhe´bnyj ‘educational’; uhi´tel;skij ‘teachers’; nau´hnyj ‘scien-1

tific’.

2

3

Verbs: uhi´t; (vy-) (+ acc. ) ‘to learn’; uhi´t; (na-) (+ acc. , + dat. ) 4

‘to teach’, uhi´t;sq (na-) (+ dat. ) ‘to learn’; uhi´t;sq v (+ prep. ) ‘to 5

study at’; otuhi´t;sq ‘to finish studies’; otuhi´t;sq ot (+ gen. )‘to 6

break the habit’.

7

8

9

Exercise 10

30

1

Select from the brackets the most appropriate word to complete each 2

sentence.

3

4

(obuheńie, uhi´t;sq, nauhiĺa, uhe´bnyx, uhiĺ, otuhiĺsq, 5

u´hatsq, uhe´bnogo, uhi´t;, uhitele´j)

6

1 Ne vse studeńty v Rossií . . . bespla´tno. 2 On . . . ot butyĺki 7

ra´di zdoro´v;q. 3 Pla´ta za . . . vyzyvaét tru´dnosti u tex, u kogo´

8

net sredstv. 4 Zarpla´ty . . . o´hen; niźkie. 5 Nelegko´ . . . v 9

40

presti´'nom vuźe, kak MGTU. 6 @izn; . . . menq´ \´tomu. 7 MGTU

1

odnoía sa´myx lu´hwix vyświx . . . zavedeńij v Moskve´. 8 Bez 421111

sovremeńnogo . . . plańa institu´t ne privlekaét studeńtov. 9 Mne

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Education

nra´vitsq . . . angli´jskij qzy´k. 10 20 let on . . . dete´j ruśskomu qzyku´.

Preposition corner

Po + dative

along, through, around

po doro´ge, po strane´, po poĺu, po uĺicam

along the road, through the country, around the floor, around the streets

down

vniz po reke´, po leśtnice

down the river, the staircase

by (means of)

po po´hte, po telefońu

by post, by telephone

by, through

po pra´vu, po proisxo'deńi[

by right, by origin

po glu´posti, po owi´bke, po ego´ vine´

through stupidity, by mistake, through his fault

po priglaweńi[, po profeśsii

by invitation, by profession

according to, in, for

po moi´m hasa´m, po moemu´ mneńi[

according to my watch, in my opinion

po Tolsto´mu, po kako´j prihińe?

according to Tolstoy, for what reason?

at

po kra´jnej meŕe, po kako´j cene´?

at least, at what price?

Obrazovanie

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193

1111

in, on the subject of

2

uhe´bnik po geogra´fii

3

textbook on geography

4

5

hempioń po teńnisu

6

tennis champion

7

specialiśt po ruśskomu qzyku´

8111

Russian language specialist

9

10

at, in, on, for (with the plural of the noun)

1

2

po utra´m, po vyxodny

´ m dnqm

3

in the mornings, at weekends

4

po praźdnikam, po ponedeĺ;nikam

5

on holidays, on Mondays

6

7

po ceĺym hasa´m

8

for hours on end

9

Note also:

20111

1

po a´dresu

concerning, directed towards

2

po po´vodu

on the subject of

3

sudi´t; po

to judge by

4

skuha´t; po

to miss

5

toskova´t; po

to long for

6

7

Po + accusative

8

9

up to (place)

30

po po´qs

1

up to the waist

2

3

up to and including (time)

4

5

po peŕvoe ma´q

6

up to and including 1st May

7

8

each

9

with numerals, especially 2, 3, 4

40

1

po dva stola´

421111

two tables each

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Education

po + dative is used with nouns

My poluhiĺi po pis;mu´.

We received a letter each.

numerals above five take accusative or dative with the noun in the genitive plural:

po pqt; / po pqti´ haso´v

five hours each

Po + prepositional

on, at the time of, after

po smeŕti, po prieźde, po vozvra]eńii

on the death of, on arrival, on return

po okonhańii kuŕsa, po poluheńii viźy

on finishing the course, on receipt of visa

Exercise 11

Put the nouns in the appropriate case after po.

1 U'e´ west; haso´v po (moi´ hasy´). 2 My plyve¨m vniz po (reka´).

3 Oniśideĺi po (po´qs) v vode´. 4 Ka´'dyj poluhiĺ po (podaŕok). 5 Po (poluheńie) paśporta on peree´xal v Ameŕiku.

6 Konfereńciq sostoi´tsq s peŕvogo po (tre´t;e) fevralq´.

Exercise 12

Study the chart (on page 195) showing the growth of higher educational institutions in Russia. What changes have occurred since 1993?

Obrazovanie

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195

1111

Kоличество высших

2

334

302

учебных заведений

3

244

193

в Pоссии

4

157

5

78

6

569

573

578

580

548

553

7

494

8111

9

10

государственные

1

150

негосударственные

2

72

3

годы

1914

1917

1980/81

93/94

94/95

95/96

96/97

97/98

98/99

4

По данным Госкомстата

Подготовил Сергей MAKCИМОBИЧ

5

<Argumenty i fakty> No 16, 2001.

6

N.B. po dańnym Goskomsta´ta – according to the data of the State Committee 7

of statistics

8

9

Language points ♦

20111

1

Stress

2

3

Present and future perfective of verbs

4

Fixed stress: where the infinitive is stressed on the stem the present 5

or future perfective is stressed throughout on the same syllable: 6

7

sta´vit;

– sta´vl[, sta´viw;, sta´vit, sta´vim, sta´vite,

8

sta´vqt

9

e´xat;

– e´du, e´dew;, e´det, e´dem, e´dete, e´dut

30

1

Generally verbs with monosyllabic infinitives have fixed stress, but 2

this may be on the ending or the stem:

3

byt;

– bu´du, bu´dew;, bu´det, bu´dem, bu´dete, bu´dut

4

5

vzqt;

– voz;mu´, vozme¨w;, voz;me¨t, voz;me¨m, voz;me¨te,

6

voz;mu´t

7

The exception is moh; – see below.

8

9

Where the infinitive is stressed on the ending the first person singular 40

will be stressed on the ending. In some verbs the stress then remains 1

throughout on the ending. This includes all regular and some irreg-421111

ular first conjugation verbs:

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|

Education

hita´t;

– hita´[, hitaéw;, hitaét, hitaém, hitaéte,

hita´[t

idti´

– idu´, ide¨w;, ide¨t, ide¨m, ide¨te, idu´t

Mobile stress: generally this conforms to one pattern. Many second conjugation and some irregular first conjugation verbs, stressed on the ending in the infinitive, are stressed on the ending in the first person singular but on the stem for the rest of the conjugation: pisa´t;

– piwu´, pi´wew;, pi´wet, pi´wem, pi´wete,

pi´wut

iska´t;

– i]u´, i´]ew;, i´]et, i´]em, i´]ete, i´]ut

prosi´t;

– prowu´, prośiw;, prośit, prośim, prośite,

prośqt

smotre´t;

– smotr[´, smo´triw;, smo´trit, smo´trim,

smo´trite, smo´trqt

Note also:

moh;

– mogu´, mo´'ew;, mo´'et, mo´'em, mo´'ete, mo´gut

The verb xote´t; is an exception to the above patterns: xohu´, xo´hew;, xo´het, xoti´m, xoti´te, xotq´t

Where a perfective verb has the prefix vy- it is always stressed: vy

´ pisat; – vy´piwu, vy´piwew;, vy´piwet, vy´piwem,

vy

´ piwete, vy´piwut

Exercise 13

Translate into Russian.

1 The introduction of a nation-wide Common State Examination worries many Russians. In their view the standard of education will inevitably fall.

2 Only those students who gained the highest marks in this exam will receive a grant and thus free education.

3 Russian parents now have a choice of which school to send their children to, of which textbooks to use, of which curriculum to follow.

Obrazovanie

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197

1111

4 Not all private schools are better than state schools. But they do 2

have one advantage: the number of children in each class is much 3

smaller.

4

5 The biggest change in the Russian educational system in the 90s 5

was the appearance and growth of fee-paying private educational 6

institutions.

7

6 Engineering education is becoming popular again. Competition 8111

for places at some technical universities is very high, up to 20

9

students per place.

10

7 In my opinion education should be free and accessible to all. I 1

am against private universities and private schools.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

11 ROSSIJSKOE OB}ESTVO

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about the structure of Russian society

◗ how to form and use the subjunctive

◗ how to create conditional clauses

◗ about stress on the past tense of verbs

One of the big debates about post-Soviet society is whether Russia now has a middle class. Certainly, it does not as yet have a middle class which resembles that of Western society. The collapse of the Soviet Union caused great poverty for many members of society: pensioners, unemployed, those in low-paid state employment, many of them highly qualified and educated. Many of these people now live below the poverty line. But one glance at the streets of Moscow and St Petersburg with their designer shops and expensive restaurants, will tell you that Russia most certainly has a rich elite. There is also a group between the two extremes which can only be thought of as Russia’s emergent middle class: highly qualified specialists in information technology, finance or the law, who can command better than average salaries. This group suffered badly at the time of the economic crisis of 1998, but is fighting its way back.

Rossijskoe obwestvo

|

199

1111

Text 1

2

3

4

5

Sre´dnij klass

6

Teŕmin sre´dnij klass oby

´ hno upotreblq´[t, ime´q v vidu´

7

ny

ńewnij sre´dnij klass v strańax Za´pada. Isxodqíz \´togo, 8111

haśto zaqvlq´[t, hto v Rossií net tako´go klaśsa. No tak ne byvaét.

9

10

Esli v Rossií est; boga´tye i be´dnye, zna´hit est; i sre´dnie 1

sloi´. Kone´hno, rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass ne tako´j, kak na 2

Za´pade, poskoĺ;ku v Rossií ne taka´q \kono´mika, ne tako´j 3

uŕoven; blagosostoqńiq.

4

Oficiaĺ;no priźnano, hto priźnaki sre´dnego klaśsa – nali´hie 5

so´bstvennosti, doxo´dy, obrazovańie, professionaliźm. No eśli 6

7

by my priznaĺi so´bstvennost; gla´vnym priźnakom, to k

8

sre´dnemu klaśsu na´do by

ĺo by otnesti´ pohti´ vsex goro'ań,

9

potomu´

hto oni´

privatiziŕovali kvartiŕy, na´do by

ĺo by

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

200

|

Russian society

vkl[hi´t; vsex selqń, potomu´ hto oni´ vlade´[t zemeĺ;nymi uhaśtkami. Esli by my opredelqĺi prinadle´'nost; k sre´dnemu klaśsu po doxo´dam, to v sre´dnem klaśse okazaĺos; by 30–50%

domoxozq´jstv. A eśli by my klassificiŕovali sre´dnij klass po priźnaku obrazovańiq, nam priwloś; by otnesti´ k nemu´

35–55% naseleńiq. No nevozmo´'no otnesti´ k sre´dnemu klaśsu vsex, u kogoést; vy

śwee obrazovańie, poskoĺ;ku doxo´dy \´tix

l[de´j haśto ne dostiga´[t da´'e pro'i´tohnogo mińimuma.

Rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass sformirovaĺsq v bańkovskoj sfeŕe, v finańsovom i rekla´ mnom se´ktorax, kotoŕye siĺ;no postradaĺi vo vre´mq kriźisa 1998 go´da. Kone´hno, eśli by ne´ bylo kriźisa, to ne sokratiĺos; by reźko koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest v \´tix se´ktorax, i sre´dnij klass byl by sejhaś goraźdo mnogohiślennee.

V nastoq´]ee vre´mq, soglaśno socioĺogam, 20–25% rossiqń ime´[t neobxodi´mye priźnaki no´vogo sre´dnego klaśsa. |to l[

´ di,

kotoŕye ne 'dut, kogda´ kto´-to ustroít im xoro´wu[ 'izn;.

Taku´[ 'izn; oniústraíva[t sebeśa´mi. Onióbrazo´vanny, vysoko´

professionaĺ;ny, hto pozvolqét im ime´t; poro´j ne odnuŕabo´tu, a dve i da´'e boĺ;we. Oni´ \konomi´heski samostoq´tel;ny, potomu´

hto blagodarqśvoi´m doxo´dam oni´ mo´gut ne prośto vy'iva´t;, no regulqŕno deĺat; poku´pki i sbere'eńiq, a to i vkla´dyvat; deń;gi v ceńnye buma´gi. Oni´-to i sostavlq´[t qdroŕossi´jskogo sre´dnego klaśsa.

No est; e]e¨ 40–45% naseleńiq: potenciaĺ;nyx predstavi´telej sre´dnego klaśsa. U \´tix l[de´j est; \konomi´heskie i

sociaĺ;nye priźnaki sre´dnego klaśsa, no \kono´mika ne dae¨t im garańtij pereme]eńiq v qdro´. Oniíme´[t neploxoé obrazovańie, no ne mo´gut najti´ dosto´jnu[ rabo´tu s xoro´wim zaŕabotkom.

Esli by rossi´jskaq \kono´mika zarabo´tala, u \´tix l[de´j poqviĺas; by vozmo´'nost; uveli´hit; svoi´ doxo´dy, i oni´ mogli´

by perejti´ v sre´dnij klass. No dver; v sre´dnij klass dlq nix pokaźakry

´ ta.

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Vre´mq no´vostej>, 2001

Rossijskoe obwestvo

|

201

1111

Vocabulary ♦

2

3

blagosostoqńie

wellbeing, prosperity

4

vkla´dyvat; v (+ acc)

to invest

5

domoxozq´jstvo

household

6

dosto´jnyj

worthy, repectable

7

zaŕabotok

salary, earnings

8111

zemeĺ;nyj uhaśtok

plot of land

9

nali´hie

presence

10

ny

ńewnij

present

1

otnesti k (+ dat)

to relate to

2

pereme]eńie

moving

3

poskoĺ;ku

as

4

poro´j

at times

5

predstavi´tel;

representative

6

priźnak

indication

7

pro'i´tohnyj mińimum

living wage

8

rekla´mnyj se´ktor

advertising sector

9

sbere'eńiq ( pl)

savings

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selqńin

villager

1

ustraívat;

to arrange, fix up

2

ceńnye buma´gi ( pl)

securities

3

qdro´

nucleus

4

5

N.B. ime´q v vidu´ – meaning, having in mind; isxodqíz \´togo – on this 6

basis

7

8

9

Exercise 1

30

1

Answer the following questions in Russian.

2

3

1

4

Pohemuŕossi´jskij sre´dnij klass ne tako´j, kak na Za´pade?

2

5

Kakovy´ tipi´hnye priźnaki sre´dnego klaśsa?

3

6

Gde sformirovaĺsq rossi´jskij sre´dnij klass?

7

4 Kako´j proceńt rossiqń ime´[t priźnaki no´vogo sre´dnego klaśsa?

8

5 Kak mo´'no oxarakterizova´t; taki´x l[de´j?

9

6 Kto sostavlqét qdroŕossi´jskogo sre´dnego klaśsa?

40

7 Hto predstavlq´[t sobo´j potenciaĺ;nye predstavi´teli sre´dnego 1

klaśsa?

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8 Pohemu´ dver; v sre´dnij klass dlq nix zakry´ta?

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Dialogue 1

Conversation between a journalist and a sociologist

@URNALIŚT

V gaze´tax mno´go pi´wut o rossi´jskix be´dnyx, o herte´

be´dnosti, no maĺo pi´wut o boga´tyx. Kto takié

rossi´jskie boga´tye?

SOCIOĹOG

Ponq´tie boga´tstva otnosi´tel;no. Po-nastoq´]emu

boga´tyx l[de´j tru´dno klassificiŕovat;. Po

rossi´jskim meŕkam, helove´k shitaétsq boga´tym, a po

za´padnym, on edva´ dotq´givaet do sre´dnego klaśsa. K

tomu´ 'e, est; predstavleńie be´dnyx o boga´tyx i

boga´tyx o sebe´.

@URNALIŚT

Hto 'e na´do ime´t;, htoby´ tebqótnesli´ k boga´tym?

SOCIOĹOG

Soglaśno socioĺogam, rossi´jskie boga´tye na peŕvoe

meśto sta´vqt za´gorodnyj dom, poto´m ide¨t presti´'naq

kvartiŕa. Daĺ;we –

li´hnaq oxrana, presti´'nyj

avtomobiĺ; i na posle´dnem meśte –

wikaŕnyj

vne´wnij vid.

@URNALIŚT

No tak oby´hno be´dnye l[

´ di predstavlq´[t sebe´

boga´tyx, sa´moe gla´vnoe – presti´'naq kvartiŕa i

doroga´q mawińa!

SOCIOĹOG

Da, sa´mi boga´tye du´ma[t o sebeína´he. Dlq nix sa´mye

gla´vnye priźnaki boga´tstva –

oxrańa i svqźi.

Bol;winstvośhita´[t, hto boga´tyj doĺ'en,

nepremeńno, ime´t; siĺ;nyx pokrovi´telej iz oŕganov

gosudaŕstvennoj vlaśti.

@URNALIŚT

Zna´hit, vse na´wi boga´tye razbogateĺi blagodarqśvoi´m

svqźqm?

SOCIOĹOG

Bo[

ś;, hto tak. Vo-peŕvyx, rossi´jskie boga´tye – \´to

te, kto imeĺ vlast; i v sove´tskoe vre´mq. |to

parti´jnye, komsomoĺ;skie rabo´tniki. Vo-vtory´x, \´to

<biznesmeńy> sove´tskix vreme¨n, te, kto rań;we byl svqźan s <tenevo´j> \kono´mikoj.

@URNALIŚT

Neu'eĺi net l[de´j, kotoŕye staĺi boga´tymi

blagodarqśvoi´m sposo´bnostqm?

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SOCIOĹOG

Kone´hno, est;, no maĺo. V Rossií, po mneńi[

2

socioĺogov, proceńtov 5 sredi´

predprinima´telej

3

mo´'no otnesti´ k \´toj kategoŕii.

4

Po materiaĺam gaze´ty <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

5

6

7

Vocabulary ♦

8111

dotq´givat; do (+ gen)

to extend as far as

9

za´gorodnyj dom

house in the country

10

komsomoĺ

young communist league

1

li´hnaq oxrańa

personal bodyguard

2

nepremeńno

obviously, definitely

3

oŕgan gosudaŕstvennoj vlaśti

organ of state power, the authorities

4

otnosi´tel;nyj

relative

5

pokrovi´tel;

patron

6

ponq´tie

idea, concept

7

predprinima´tel;

entrepreneur

8

razbogate´t;

to become rich

9

svqźi ( pl)

connections

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teneva´q \kono´mika

shadow economy

1

herta´ be´dnosti

poverty line

2

wikaŕnyj vid

smart appearance

3

4

N.B. po rossi´jskim / za´padnym meŕkam – by Russian / Western standards; vo-5

peŕvyx – firstly; vo-vtory

´ x – secondly

6

7

8

Exercise 2

9

30

Answer the following questions in Russian.

1

1 O he¨m pi´wut rossi´jskie gaze´ty?

2

2 Hto du´ma[t rossi´jskie boga´tye o sebe´?

3

3 Kakovo´ predstavleńie be´dnyx o boga´tstve?

4

4 Kak razbogateĺi rossi´jskie boga´tye?

5

6

7

Exercise 3

8

9

True or false?

40

1

1 Priźnaki sre´dnego klaśsa (obrazovańie, so´bstvennost;, bol;wié 421111

doxo´dy)?

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2 Sre´dnij klass Rossií sformirovaĺsq v (promy´wlennosti, seĺ;skom xozq´jstve, finańsovom se´ktore)?

3 Esli rossi´jskaq \kono´mika zarabo´taet, hisloĺ[de´j sre´dnego klaśsa (uveli´hitsq, umeń;witsq, ne izmeńitsq)?

4 Po mneńi[ be´dnyx, atribu´ty rossi´jskogo boga´tstva (presti´'naq kvartiŕa, doroga´q mawińa, deń;gi v bańke, wikaŕnyj vid)?

5 Po mneńi[ boga´tyx, attribu´ty boga´tstva (pokrovi´teli v oŕganax vlaśti, svoj dom, nali´hie so´bstvennosti)?

6 Rossi´jskie boga´tye – \´to (by´vwie parti´jnye rabo´tniki, l[´di s vyświm obrazovańiem, by´vwie spekulqńty)?

Exercise 4

How the Russian rich spend their holidays.

Gaze´ta <Komsomoĺ;skaq pra´vda>, 2001

Answer the questions in English.

1 Describe the wedding in Venice the rich aspire to.

2 What kind of fishing and hunting trips are described?

3 Which two trips to mountains are mentioned?

N.B. sva´d;ba – wedding; svq]eńnye mesta´ – holy places; ubla'a´t; to indulge

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Language points ♦

2

3

Subjunctive

4

The subjunctive in Russian is formed by putting the particle 5

by with

6

the past tense:

7

on napisaĺ by / pisaĺ by

8111

he would have written / he would write

9

10

It is possible for the by to precede the verb:

1

q by podu´mal

2

I should think

3

4

The subjunctive can be used to express desirability:

5

6

mne xoteĺos; by

7

I would like / I would have liked

8

vy by mne skazaĺi

9

you should have told me

20111

1

q powe¨l by

2

I would like to go / I would have gone

3

\´to by

ĺo by otli´hno

4

that would be excellent

5

6

7

Conditional clauses

8

Clauses introduced by

9

eśli ‘if’ fall into two types:

30

1. If the condition is capable of being fulfilled the subjunctive is not 1

used. Where the verb in the main clause is in the future then the verb 2

in the clause introduced by

3

eśli will also be in the future, unlike in

4

English, where it would be in the present:

5

My ne pojde¨m, eśli pojde¨t do'd;.

6

We won’t go if it rains.

7

8

It is, of course, possible to find tenses other than the future after 9

esli:

40

1

Esli te´be ne nra´vitsq [

´ bka, kupińo´vu[.

421111

If you don’t like the skirt buy a new one.

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Russian society

2. Where a condition is hypothetical the subjunctive mood is used in both the main clause and in the conditional clause. In this case the conditional clause is introduced by eśli by followed by the past tense. Remember that by is used only with the past tense: Esli by ne´ bylo kriźisa, to ne sokratiĺos; by

koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest.

If there had been no crisis, then the number of jobs would not have declined.

The use of to, ‘then’, to introduce the main clause in this kind of sentence is quite common.

It is possible for the main clause to precede the esli clause: Koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest ne sokratiĺos; by, eśli by ne´

bylo kriźisa.

Exercise 5

Create single sentences out of two simple sentences using the future tense.

Example: U menq´ deń;gi. Q e´du za graniću. – Esli u menq´ bu´dut deń;gi, (to) q poe´du za graniću.

1 Le´to 'aŕkoe. My 'ive¨m na da´he.

2 Q sda[´ matema´tiku. Q postupa´[ v texni´heskij universite´t.

3 Rossi´jskie doro´gi uluhwa´[tsq. V Rossi´[ eźdit mno´go turiśtov.

4 U nego´ xoro´waq zarpla´ta. On pokupaét kvartiŕu v ceńtre.

5 U menqést; she¨t v bańke. Q vkla´dyva[ kapitaĺ v ceńnye buma´gi.

6 Ona brosaét kuri´t;, Ee¨ zdoro´v;e lu´hwe.

7 Rossi´jskie gaze´ty nezaviśimye. Oni´

publiku´[t vs[

informaći[.

8 Na festivaĺe pokaźany rossi´jskie fiĺ;my. Zri´teli zna´[t, kak razvivaétsq kino´ v Rossií.

9 U menqést; vre´mq. Q e´du v kruiź po Voĺge.

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2

Exercise 6

3

4

Replace the future tense in the following sentences with the subjunc-5

tive.

6

Example: Esli u menq´ bu´det vre´mq, (to) q pojdu´

7

v kino´. – Esli by u menq´ by

ĺo vre´mq, (to)

8111

q powe¨l by (powla´ by) v kino´.

9

10

1 Esli \kono´mika zarabo´taet, to sre´dnij klass obqza´tel;no 1

uveli´hitsq. 2 Esli on okońhit universite´t, u nego´ bu´det xoro´waq 2

rabo´ta. 3 Esli ne bu´det defoĺta v \´tom godu´, rossi´jskij rubl; 3

stańet siĺ;nym. 4 Esli ne bu´det provedenaŕefoŕma obrazovańiq, 4

uŕoven; obrazovańiq upade¨t. 5 Esli bu´det vvedena´

pla´ta za

5

obrazovańie, postrada´[t mno´gie l[

´ di. 6 Esli gosudaŕstvo xo´het

6

povyśit; uŕoven; obrazovańiq, onośoxrani´t haśtnye wkoĺy. 7 Esli 7

\´tot vuz bu´det presti´'nym, v ne¨m bu´det bol;wo´j końkurs. 8 Esli 8

9

u studeńta est; stremleńie uhi´t;sq, on zakońhit universite´t s 20111

otli´hiem.

1

2

Exercise 7

3

4

5

Examine the survey, shown on page 208 conducted by Russia’s 6

Institute of Social and Economic Problems and answer the questions 7

in English.

8

9

N.B. ota´plivat; – to heat; vyŕezka – fillet; nedoeda´t; – not to have enough 30

food; sla´dosti – sweet things; ne mo´'et pozvoĺit; – can’t afford; po´xorony 1

– funeral

2

3

1 How do English and Russian concepts of poverty differ in 4

respect of food?

5

2 Contrast English and Russian views on leisure and poverty.

6

3 How do expectations in regard to purchase of clothing differ 7

between the Russian and the English?

8

4 What household appliances do each consider necessary?

9

5 Name two areas of life which Russians refer to but are not 40

mentioned in the English list at all.

1

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Russian society

Anglijskaq sem;q shitaet

Rossijskaq sem;q shitaet

sebq bednoj, esli:

sebq bednoj, esli:

• Ne mo'et otaplivat;

• V sem;e nedoeda[t.

'il;e.

• Edqt mqso ili rybu re'e

• Net v dome tualeta, duwa.

dvux raz v nedel[.

• Net krovati dlq ka'dogo.

• Ne mo'et priobretat; v

neobxodimom kolihestve

• Net dvux par obuvi dlq

predmety gigieny.

ka'dogo sezona.

• Net deneg dlq obnovleniq

• Net otdel;noj spal;ni dlq

i remonta ode'dy, obuvi.

ka'dogo rebenka.

• Net i ne mo'et priobresti

• Net kovrov dlq pola.

xolodil;nik, samu[

• Net vozmo'nosti

prostu[ mebel;, da'e

prazdnihno organizovat;

herno-belyj televizor.

Ro'destvo.

• Net deneg na 'iznenno

• Net stiral;noj mawiny.

va'nye lekarstva i

medicinskie pribory.

• Ne mo'et pokupat; novu[

ode'du dlq vsex hlenov

• Ne mo'et obra]at;sq k

sem;i.

platnym vraham.

• Ne mo'et pokupat;

• Ne mo'et organizovat;

vyrezku, est mqso ili rybu

poxorony.

tol;ko herez den;.

• Ne mo'et pokupat;

• Ne mo'et pozvolit;

frukty, sladosti detqm

nedel;nyj otdyx vne doma

da'e izredka.

ka'dyj god.

• Ne mo'et davat; detqm

• Ne mo'et pozvolit;

den;gi na pitanie v wkole,

rasxody, svqzannye s

oplahivat; detsad i qsli.

otdyxom ili xobbi.

• Ne mo'et pokupat; detqm

• Ne mo'et kupit;

novu[ ode'du i obuv; po

neobxodimyj

mere ix rosta.

sportinventar; dlq detej.

• Net sada pered domom.

Gaze´ta <Argumeńty i fa´kty>, 2001

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Language points ♦

2

3

Hto´by

4

Hto´by is followed either by the infinitive or the past tense. Hto´by 5

may not be followed by any other tense.

6

7

Hto´by + infinitive

8111

9

This construction is used to translate ‘in order to, so as to’: 10

Q pozvoniĺa, hto´by rasskaza´t; tebeńo´vosti.

1

I rang (in order) to tell you the news.

2

3

‘In order’ is often omitted in English. In Russian hto´by is sometimes 4

omitted after verbs of motion:

5

Q priwlaŕasskaza´t; tebeńo´vosti.

6

I came to tell you the news.

7

8

Hto´by + past tense

9

It can be seen from the above example that

20111

hto´by can only be used

with the infinitive where both clauses have the same subject. Where 1

the subject of each verb is different,

2

hto´by + past tense is used and

translates ‘so that, in order that’:

3

4

Q pozvoniĺa, hto´by ty rasskazaĺ mne no´vosti.

5

I rang so that you could tell me the news.

6

7

Hto´by + past tense after xote´t;

8

Note the difference between the two examples:

9

30

Q xohuŕabo´tat;.

1

I want to work.

2

Q xohu´, hto´by ty rabo´tal.

3

I want you to work.

4

5

In the first example the subject of the two verbs is the same and 6

xote´t; is followed by the infinitive. Where the subject of the verbs 7

is different, as in the second example, xote´t; is followed by hto´by 8

+ past tense.

9

Other verbs expressing desirability are similarly followed by hto´by 40

+ past tense when the subject of the two verbs is different. These 1

include: tre´bovat; / potre´bovat; ‘demand’; 'dat; ‘to wait for’; 421111

predlaga´t; / predlo'i´t; ‘to suggest’:

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Russian society

On potre´boval, hto´by my uwli´.

He demanded that we leave.

Note the construction after nastaívat; / nastoq´t; ‘to insist’: On nastoqĺ na tom, hto´by my uwli´.

He insisted that we leave.

After

prikaźyvat; / prikaza´t;

‘to order’ and sove´tovat; /

posove´tovat; ‘to advise’ it is possible to use either hto´by + past tense or dative + infinitive:

On prikazaĺ, hto´by my uwli´.

He ordered that we leave.

On prikazaĺ nam ujti´.

He ordered us to leave.

Similarly, after prosi´t; / poprosi´t; ‘to ask, request’, either the construction with hto´by or accusative + infinitive may be used: On poprosiĺ, hto´by my uwli´.

He asked that we leave.

On poprosiĺ nas ujti´.

He asked us to leave.

N.B.: do not confuse prosi´t; / poprosi´t; with spra´wivat; /

sprosi´t; ‘to ask a question’:

On sprosiĺ menq´, zna´[ li q Petra´.

He asked me if I know Peter.

Exercise 8

Change the sentences using xote´t; , hto´by. Make the noun in brackets the subject of the second verb.

Example: Q xohu´ poe´xat; v Rossi´[ (moj drug) – Q xohu´, hto´by moj drug poe´xal v Rossi´[.

1 Q xohu´ kupi´t; mawińu (moj mu'). 2 On xo´het postupi´t; v universite´t (ego´ doh;). 3 Ona xo´het priobresti´ pute¨vku v dom o´tdyxa (ee¨ rodi´teli). 4 On xo´het prinadle'a´t; k sre´dnemu klaśsu (vse uhitelq´). 5 My xoti´m kupi´t; da´hu (naw sose´d).

6 Oni´ xotq´t vkla´dyvat; deń;gi v ceńnye buma´gi (rabo´hie). 7 On xo´het poluhi´t; xoro´wee obrazovańie (vse de´ti).

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Hto´by + past tense after verbs of doubting or fearing and 2

negative verbs of thinking and believing

3

When somneva´t;sq ‘to doubt’; ne veŕit; ‘not to believe’; ne du´mat; 4

‘not to think’; ne o'ida´t; ‘not to expect’ refer to the past or present 5

they are followed by

6

hto´by + past tense:

7

Q ne veŕil, hto´by on priwe¨l.

8111

I didn’t believe that he would come.

9

10

For the future use the indicative:

1

Q ne veŕ[, hto on pride¨t.

2

I don’t believe he will come.

3

4

Boq´t;sq ‘to fear’ may be followed by either the indicative or htoby 5

+ ne + past tense:

6

7

Q bo[

ś;, hto on pride¨t.

8

I’m afraid he will come.

9

Q bo[

ś;, hto´by on ne prixodiĺ.

20111

I’m afraid he will not come.

1

2

Q bo[

ś;, hto on ne pride¨t.

3

I’m afraid he will not come.

4

5

6

Exercise 9

7

8

Put the following sentences into the subjunctive using hto´by + past 9

tense.

30

1

1 Q somneva´[s;, hto \´to pra´vda. 2 Q ne veŕ[, hto on pride¨t.

2

3 Q ne du´ma[, hto onaśdast \kza´men. 4 Q sove´tu[ vam podu´mat; 3

ob \´tom. 5 On prośil menq pogovori´t; s nej. 6 On prikazaĺ mne 4

poe´xat; v Lońdon.

5

6

7

Hto´by + past tense after impersonal expressions denoting 8

desirablity and undesirability

9

40

Expressions such as 'ela´tel;no ‘it is desirable’; va´'no ‘it is 1

important’; lu´hwe ‘it is better’; nevozmo´'no ‘it is impossible’; 421111

neveroq´tno ‘it is inconceivable’; ne mo´'et byt; ‘it cannot be’; na´do,

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Russian society

nu´'no ‘it is necessary’; gla´vnoe ‘the main thing is’ are also followed by hto´by + past tense:

@ela´tel;no, hto´by on ne priwe¨l.

It is desirable that he should not come.

Neveroq´tno, hto´by on priwe¨l.

It is inconceivable that he should come.

Gla´vnoe, hto´by emuńra´vilas; rabo´ta.

The main thing is that he should like the job.

Exercise 10

Complete the sentences using the phrase in brackets with hto´by +

past tense.

1 Ohen; va´'no (uhi´tel; obrazo´vannyj helove´k). 2 Ohen; va´'no (u dete´j ra´vnye vozmo´'nosti na obrazovańie). 3 Ohen; va´'no (studeńtam nra´vitsq uhi´t;sq). 4 Na´do (blagosostoqńie l[de´j povyśitsq). 5 Na´do (vse l[

´ di ime´[t rabo´tu). 6 Na´do (u l[de´j

sbere'eńiq). 7 Na´do (vse boga´tye pla´tqt nalo´gi). 8 Nevozmo´'no (v Rossií net xoro´wix doro´g). 9 Nevozmo´'no (on opozdaét na poézd. 10 Neveroq´tno (onańapi´wet romań). 11 Neveroq´tno (ona´

brośit kuri´t;). 12 Ne mo´'et byt; (u nego´ 'ena´). 13 Ne mo´'et byt; (u nee¨ net mu´'a).

Whoever, whatever etc.

Kto, hto, gde, kuda´, kak, kako´j combine with by + ni + past tense to translate ‘whoever, whatever, wherever (place), wherever (motion), however, whichever’:

Hto by ty ni skazaĺ, q ne soglawuś;.

Whatever you said I wouldn’t agree.

Gde by my ni 'iĺi, nam vse¨ boĺ;we nra´vitsq naw

rodno´j goŕod.

Wherever we have lived we still like our home town best.

Such sentences may also be rendered using the appropriate form of the indicative:

Hto ty ni ska´'ew;, q ne soglawuś;.

Whatever you say I won’t agree.

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2

Exercise 11

3

4

Translate the phrases in brackets into Russian.

5

6

1 (Whatever you say), vseöstae¨tsq pre´'nim.

7

2 (Wherever they worked), oni´ vsegda´ byĺi shaśtlivy.

8111

9

3 (Whenever she thinks about him), ona vsegdańahinaét pla´kat;.

10

1

4 (Wherever my husband goes), on vsegda´ posylaét mne otkry´tki.

2

5 (However difficult it was), my dol'nyńa´jti ego´.

3

4

6 (Whenever I saw her), ona´ vsegda bylaóde´ta po posle´dnej mo´de.

5

6

7

Exercise 12

8

9

To which class in your opinion do these people belong? Why?

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Gaze´ta <Komsomoĺ;skaq pra´vda> maj, 2001

8

9

N.B. ottqnuś; po poĺnoj progra´mme – I’ll chill out good and proper; 40

skupi´t;sq na (+ acc) – skimp on; ogoro´d – vegetable garden; rvanuĺa by k 1

he¨rtu na kuli´hki – I’d get the hell out of here! Berezo´vskij – Russian 421111

tycoon

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Russian society

Stress

Past tense of verbs

Fixed stress – the majority of verbs formed from a root verb with two or more syllables have stress fixed in the past tense on the same syllable as the infinitive: pisa´t; (pisaĺ, pisaĺa, pisaĺo, pisaĺi); rabo´tat; (rabo´tal, rabo´tala, rabo´talo, rabo´tali).

Some monosyllabic verbs have the stress on the stem throughout: pet; (pel, peĺa, peĺo, peĺi); klast; (klal, klaĺa, klaĺo, klaĺi); det; , est; , kryt; , myt; , sest; , stat; .

Mobile stress on feminine endings – some monosyllabic verbs are stressed on the feminine ending but on the stem in all other forms: pit; (pil, pila´, piĺo, piĺi); brat; (bral, brala´, braĺo, braĺi); byt; , vzqt; , dat; , 'it; , lit; , spat; .

Note also naha´t; (na´hal, nahala´, na´halo, na´hali).

Stress on the ending – verbs ending in -ti and -h; are stressed throughout on the ending: vesti (ve¨l, vela´, velo´, veli´); moh; (mog, mogla´, moglo´, mogli´), vezti´, nesti´, teh; .

Stressed on the prefix – all perfectives with the prefix vy- are stressed on the prefix: vy´pit; (vy´pil, vy´pila, vy´pilo, vy´pili).

Prefixed verbs are otherwise generally stressed in the same way as the root verb. But note these exceptions: zaby´t; (zabyĺ, zabyĺa, zaby

ĺo, zabyĺi); zada´t; (za´dal, zadala´, za´dalo, za´dali).

Exercise 13

Translate into Russian.

1 Sociologists are still arguing over whether a middle class exists in Russia.

2 There is a big difference between the Russian and British middle classes.

3 If the economic situation gets worse in Russia, many people will lose their jobs.

4 If only people knew how dangerous it is to walk at night.

5 If only I had money I would travel all over the world.

Rossijskoe obwestvo

|

215

1111

6 The majority of so-called new Russians became rich thanks to 2

their connections with the Soviet government.

3

7 I want my son to study at Moscow university; I want him to study 4

English.

5

8 He asked me to buy a Russian newspaper for him.

6

9 A Russian family considers itself poor if it cannot afford to buy 7

fruit and sweets for its children.

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9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

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12 ZDRAVOOXRANENIE

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about health care in Russia

◗ about a variety of impersonal expressions

◗ when to use the buffer vowel -o in prepositions

◗ about stress in short form adjectives

The Soviet Union provided universal and free health care for all its citizens. The health service had both its strengths and its weaknesses.

There were a very large number of doctors per head of population (43 per 10,000), about three times as many as in Britain. However, doctors were extremely badly paid. This resulted in the profession being female-dominated and in the expectation that patients would reward doctors with ‘gifts’. There were some centres of excellence, but, in general, hospitals were poorly equipped and the primary care delivered by polyclinics was impersonal. The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent economic crises had a devastating effect on the health service. However, it also opened the way to a burgeoning private health sector, delivering high quality care. Inevitably, these private clinics are located in major population centres.

Zdravooxranenie

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Text 1

2

3

4

5

Gla´vnoe – zdoro´v;e helove´ka

6

Haśtnye klińiki staĺi v Rossií absol[

´ tnoj neobxodi´most;[.

7

Odno´j iz naiboĺee izveśtnyx i peŕvyx haśtnyx klińik v

8111

Rossií qvlqétsq C|LT (Centr \ndoxirurgií i litotripsií).

9

10

Ego´ generaĺ;nyj dire´ktor profeśsor Aleksańdr Seme¨novih 1

Bronwte´jn s momeńta sozdańiq Ceńtra staraétsq osu]estvi´t; 2

svo[

´ mehtu´ – dostu´pnost; vysokoprofessionaĺ;nogo mediciń-

3

skogo obslu´'ivaniq dlq vsex rossi´jskix gra´'dan. I shitaét, 4

hto v ny

ńewnej situaćii v zdravooxraneńii sre´dstvom dlq

5

dosti'eńiq \´toj ceĺi mo´'et byt; toĺ;ko sozdańie se´ti haśtnyx 6

pla´tnyx klińik. Hto 'e predstavlqét sobo´j haśtnaq klińika v 7

Rossií?

8

9

V Rossií haśtnye bol;nićy – boĺ;we, hem kommeŕciq. Oni´ –

20111

al;ternati´va gosudaŕstvennoj struktuŕe. Pri kriźisnom

1

sostoqńii zdravooxraneńiq zdes; mo´'no razrewi´t; va´'nye dlq 2

zdoro´v;q proble´my, mo´'no poĺ;zovat;sq uslu´gami vysokokvali-3

ficiŕovannyx vrahe´j. Zdes; ne toĺ;ko ispoĺ;zu[t lu´hwie 4

dosti'eńiq me'dunaro´dnoj medicińy, no i razraba´ tyva[t 5

so´bstvennye, unikaĺ;nye texnolo´gii. Zdes; deĺa[t operaćii, 6

kotoŕye ne deĺa[tsq boĺ;we nigde´

v miŕe. I nove´jwie

7

texnolo´gii pozvolq´[t xiruŕgam v bol;winstveślu´haev

8

obxodi´t;sq bez no'a´.

9

30

Pacieńty provo´dqt v klińike dva-tri dnq. Za iskl[heńiem oso´bo 1

slo´'nyx slu´haev diagnośtika provo´ditsq v teheńie odnogo´ dnq, 2

a ne tre¨x nedeĺ;, kak \´to byvaét vo mno´gix bol;nićax. No uvy

´ ,

3

cenaúslu´g al;ternati´vnoj medicińy vysoka´. Da´'e v tom 4

slu´hae, kogda´ haśtnye klińiki osu]estvlq´[t gi´bku[ cenovu´[

5

poli´tiku. Vpro´hem, v klińike deĺa[t vse¨ vozmo´'noe, hto´by 6

7

leheńie ostavaĺos; dostu´pnym dlq vsex 'ela´ []ix. Prihe¨m reh; 8

ide¨t ne o boga´ tyx l[

´ dqx. Zdes; predostavlq´[t l;go´ty veterańam

9

vojny

´ , likvida´toram herno´byl;skoj avaŕii, voínam-afgańcam, 40

mnogode´tnym se´m;qm. Za odnuńedeĺ[ klińiku pose]a´[t

1

primeŕno 1200 helove´k, v god – 60 ty

śqh.

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Sejhaś prakti´heski vse 'aĺu[tsq na razli´hnogo ro´da proble´my.

No Aleksańdr Seme¨novih uverqét, hto proble´ma toĺ;ko odna´ –

emu´ 'al; ka´'dogo helove´ka, kotoŕyj prixo´dit v klińiku, potomu´, hto on doĺ'en plati´t;. K so'aleńi[, bez \´togo nevozmo´'no, poskoĺ;ku zatra´ty kolossaĺ;ny. Ta 'e areńda pome]eńiq stoít o´hen; doŕogo. Voob]e´, po´mo]; gosudaŕstva neobxodi´ma bol;nićam, v tom hisleí haśtnym. Kone´hno, u C|LTa est; spońsory, no se´jhas ix finańsovye vlo'eńiq

sokratiĺis;, tak hto klińika sodeŕ'it sebqśama´. Sego´dnq o´pyt klińiki Bronwte´jna shitaétsq unikaĺ;nym. Ceńtru udaloś; vy

´ 'it; da´'e v uslo´viqx o´b]ego kriźisa v strane´. I potomu´

mno´gie uhre'deńiq haśtnoj medicińy orientiŕu[tsq i´menno na o´pyt C|LTa.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <Delovyé l[

´ di>, 2001

Vocabulary ♦

avaŕiq

accident

areńda

rent

vlo'eńiq ( pl)

investments

voín-afgańec

veteran of the war in Afghanistan

vpro´hem

but then again

gi´bkij

flexible

'aĺovat;sq na (+ acc)

to complain about

'al;

sorry

zatra´ty ( pl)

expenses

zdravooxraneńie

health service, healthcare

leheńie

treatment

likvida´tor avaŕii

relief worker

mehta´

dream

mnogode´tnaq sem;q´

large family

obstoq´tel;stvo

circumstance

obxodi´t;sq bez no'a´

to do without the knife

orientiŕovat;sq na (+ acc)

to be based on

osu]estvlq´t; / osu]estvi´t;

to realise; implement

poĺ;zovat;sq uslu´gami

to use the services

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predostavlq´t; l;go´ty

to provide benefits

2

prihe¨m

moreover

3

set; haśtnyx klińik

network of private clinics

4

slo´'nyj slu´haj

complicated case

5

soder'a´t; sebq´

to support itself

6

sre´dstvo dlq dosti'eńiq

7

ceĺi

means to achieve a goal

8111

uverq´t;

to assure

9

uvy

´

alas

10

xiruŕg

surgeon

1

cenova´q poli´tika

pricing policy

2

3

N.B. v tom hisle´ – including

4

5

6

Exercise 1

7

8

Answer the questions in Russian.

9

20111

1 Hto takoé C|LT?

1

2 Kto vozglavlqét C|LT?

2

3 O he¨m mehtaét profeśsor Bronwte´jn?

3

4 Kakié proble´my mo´'no rewi´t; s po´mo];[ haśtnyx klińik?

4

5 Kakié operaćii deĺa[t xiruŕgi C|LTa?

5

6 Komu´ predostavlq´[tsq l;go´ty?

6

7 PohemuĆ|LT ne mo´'et sniźit; ceńy?

7

8 Kto orientiŕuetsq sejhaś na o´pyt C|LTa?

8

9

30

Exercise 2

1

2

Examine this advertisement for C|LT and answer the questions in 3

English.

4

5

1 What specialist surgeons are employed by C|LT?

6

2 How is it possible for operations to take place without using a 7

scalpel?

8

3 For what conditions do they offer traditional surgery?

9

40

1

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CENTR |NDOXIRURGII I

LITOTRIPSII

XIRURGIHESKOE

OTDELENIE

● \ndoxirurgiheskie operacii bez razrezov (herez 3-4 prokola s pomo];[

optiheskoj sistemy i special;nyx instrumentov)

● \ndoskopiheskie i tradicionnye (otkrytye) operacii pri ostrom i xroniheskom

appendicite

● v C|LTe rabota[t tak'e opytnejwie xirurgi

- xirurg \ndrokrinolog

(zabolevanie ]itovidnoj 'elezy)

- xirurg-proktolog

(gemorroj, anal;nye tre]iny, polipy)

- nejroxirurg

(opuxli spinnogo mozga, gry'i pozvonohnyx diskov)

- xirurg-travmotolog

(artroskopiq, operativnaq artroskopiq)

Dialogue 1

From an interview with Yurii Leonidovich Shevchenko, Minister of Health

KORRESPONDEŃT

Zdravooxraneńie, kotoŕym Vy rukovodi´te,

pere'ivaét sejhaś bol;wié tru´dnosti.

WEVHEŃKO

Vse o´trasli pere'iva´[t tru´dnosti v Rossií. No

zdravooxraneńie zanimaét oso´boe meśto. Ot togo´, v

kako´m sostoqńii zdoro´v;e naro´da, zaviśit

polo'eńie gosudaŕstva. Bez zdoro´v;q ne nu'nyńi

boga´tstvo, ni vlast;. Vot pohemuźdravooxraneńie

qvlqétsq va'ne´jwim priorite´tom.

Zdravooxranenie

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KORRESPONDEŃT

Oby´hno zdravooxraneńie nazyva´[t medicińskim

2

obslu´'ivaniem naseleńiq.

3

WEVHEŃKO

Da, ego otnośqt k sfeŕe obslu´'ivaniq. A e]e¨ k

4

sfeŕe obslu´'ivaniq otnośqt parikma´xerskie,

5

restorańy, gostińicy. Zdravooxraneńie – ne sfeŕa

6

obslu´'ivaniq, a sfeŕa 'izneobespeheńiq. Esli by

7

k zdravooxraneńi[ otnośilis;, kak k sfeŕe

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'izneobespeheńiq, v ne¨m ne slo'iĺas; by taka´q

9

situaćiq.

10

KORRESPONDEŃT

Kakova´ 'e situaćiq v rossi´jskom zdravooxraneńii?

1

WEVHEŃKO

Situaćiq o´hen; trevo´'naq. Ob]aq smeŕtnost; v

2

3

strane´ vyso´kaq. Raste¨t o´b]aq zabolevaémost;. Vnov;

4

poqviĺis; infe´kcii, kak tuberkule¨z. Vozni´kli

5

no´vye infe´kcii, kak SPID, xotq´ v Rossi´[ \´ta

6

<huma´ 20 ve´ka> priwla´ poź'e, hem v drugié strańy.

7

KORRESPONDEŃT

Pehaĺ;naq kartińa. No kak Vy sa´mi ob#qsnqéte

8

taku´[ situaći[?

9

WEVHEŃKO

Mno´goe mo´'no ob#qsni´t; tem, hto v strane´

20111

proizowliógro´mnye izmeneńiq. Mno´gie ne mo´gut

1

prisposo´bit;sq k 'iźni v no´vyx uslo´viqx. Ots[

´ da

2

rost zabolevańij, svqźannyx so streśsom.

3

KORRESPONDEŃT

Mne ka´'etsq, preśsa i televi´denie otrica´tel;no

4

vliq´[t na psixi´heskoe sostoqńie o´b]estva. Oni´

5

da[

´ t toĺ;ko negati´vnu[ kartińu 'iźni v Rossií.

6

7

WEVHEŃKO

|to pra´vda. Vse¨ vre´mq sly´wiw; po televiźoru

8

zaqvleńiq o vymirańii naćii, o kaki´x-to zlode´qx

9

i pro´hix u´'asax. A \´to zastavlqét naro´d 'it; v

30

o'idańii katastro´fy. Sostoqńie streśsa ne mo´'et

1

ne skaza´t;sq na zdoro´v;e.

2

KORRESPONDEŃT

Sejhaś vse¨ boĺ;we raswirqétsq pla´tnaq medicińa,

3

oso´benno v kru´pnyx goroda´x. Kak Vy otnośites; k

4

\´tomu?

5

WEVHEŃKO

Bespla´tnoj medicińy dol'no´ byt; kak mo´'no

6

boĺ;we. Pla´tnye medicińskie uslu´gi dol'ny´

7

razviva´t;sq. Pust; u helove´ka bu´det vy´bor, no za

8

dopolni´tel;nye uslu´gi na´do plati´t;. Voob]e´, na´do

9

po´mnit;, hto pla´tnaq medicińskaq po´mo]; ne

40

vsegdaĺu´hwe bespla´tnoj.

1

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Po materiaĺam <Nezaviśimoj gaze´ty>, 2001

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Vocabulary ♦

vymirańie

dying out, extinction

'izneobespeheńie

vital necessity

zabolevaémost; ( f ) /

incidence of disease /

zabolevańie

disease

zaqvleńie

statement

zlode´j

villain

o´trasl; ( f )

branch

parikma´xerskaq

hairdresser’s

prisposo´bit;sq k (+ dat)

to adjust to

skaza´t;sq na (+ acc)

to tell on, affect

slo'i´t;sq

to be formed

sostoqńie

state

SPID

AIDS

trevo´'nyj

alarming

huma´

plague

N.B. Kak Vy otnośites; k \´tomu? – What do you think about this? Pust; u helove´ka bu´det vy

´ bor – Let people have the choice

Exercise 3

Answer the questions in Russian.

1 Kto tako´j {rij Leoni´dovih Wevheńko?

2 Pohemuźdravooxraneńie zanimaét oso´boe meśto?

3 K kako´j sfeŕe otnośit Wevheńko zdravooxraneńie?

4 Kakovaśituaćiq v rossi´jskom zdravooxraneńii?

5 Kak Wevheńko ob#qsnqét situaći[?

6 Kak vliq´[t SMI v Rossii na sostoqńie o´b]estva?

7 Hto du´maet Wevheńko o pla´tnoj i bespla´tnoj medicińe?

Exercise 4

True or false?

1 Haśtnye klińiki v Rossii qvlq´[tsq (bespla´tnymi, pla´tnymi, dostu´pnymi dlq vsex)?

Zdravooxranenie

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2 L;go´ty v C|LTe predostavlq´[tsq (vsem l[´dqm, voeńnym, 2

mnogode´tnym se´m;qm)?

3

3 Zdravooxraneńie na´do otnosi´t; k sfeŕe (obslu´'ivaniq, 4

'izneobespeheńiq, obrazovańiq)?

5

4 Situaći[ v zdravooxraneńii mo´'no ob#qsni´t; (negati´vnym 6

vliqńiem SMI, raspa´dom SSSR, psixi´heskim sostoqńiem

7

o´b]estva)?

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9

10

Language points ♦

1

2

3

Impersonal expressions

4

There are a large number of impersonal constructions in Russian 5

which involve the use of the dative and / or the infinitive.

6

7

8

Expressions of possibility

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20111

Mo´'no / vozmo´'no ‘it is possible’

1

2

Mo´'no (vozmo´'no) poĺ;zovat;sq uslu´gami

3

vysokokvalificiŕovannyx vrahe´j.

4

It is possible to utilise the services of highly-qualified doctors.

5

Mo´'no (but not vozmo´'no) may also be used in the sense of ‘it is 6

permitted’:

7

8

Mo´'no zdes; kuri´t;?

9

May one smoke here?

30

1

Nel;zq´ / nevozmo´'no ‘it is impossible’

2

3

Nel;zq´ + perfective and nevozmo´'no mean ‘it is impossible’: 4

Nel;zq´ / nevozmo´'no razrewi´t; vse va´'nye dlq zdoro´v;q 5

proble´my.

6

It is impossible to resolve all important health problems.

7

8

Nel;zq´ + imperfective means ‘it is forbidden, not permitted’: 9

Nel;zq´ povywa´t; ceńy.

40

It is forbidden to raise prices.

1

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Exercise 5

Decide whether to use mo´'no or nel;zq´:

1 . . . govori´t; gro´mko v bibliote´ke. 2 . . . sozdava´t; haśtnye klińiki. 3 . . . vvodi´t; pla´tnoe obrazovańie. 4 . . . poĺ;zovat;sq uslu´gami haśtnyx vrahe´j. 5 . . . kuri´t; vo vre´mq pole¨ta. 6 . . .

zakaza´t; bile´t heŕez interne´t. 7 . . . eźdit; bez bile´ta.

Expressions of necessity

Na´do / nu´'no ‘it is necessary’

Nam na´do / nu´'no ulu´hwit; zdravooxraneńie.

We need to improve healthcare.

Note the use of byĺo / bu´det:

Nam na´do by

ĺo / bu´det ulu´hwit; zdravooxraneńie.

We had to / will have to improve healthcare.

In the negative na´do and nu´'no have differentiated meanings: Ne na´do otkryva´t; haśtnu[ klińiku.

One should not (it is necessary not to) open a private clinic.

Ne nu´'no otkryva´t; haśtnu[ klińiku.

It is not necessary to open a private clinic.

Prixodi´t;sq / prijtiś; ‘to be obliged to, to have to’

The third person singular neuter (ono´ form) is used impersonally with the dative:

Dire´ktoru prixo´ditsq zanima´t;sq finańsami klińiki.

The director has to deal with the finances of the clinic.

Im pride¨tsq najti´ pla´tnu[ klińiku.

They will have to find a fee-paying clinic.

Gosudaŕstvu priwloś; otmeni´t; finańsovu[ po´mo];

haśtnym klińikam.

The government was obliged to abolish help to private clinics.

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Sle´duet, sle´dovalo ‘ought to, should, it is fitting’

2

Similarly, the third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of sle´dovat; 3

(‘to follow’) is used impersonally with the dative:

4

5

Vam ne sle´duet tak govori´t;.

6

You should not talk like that.

7

8111

|togo sle´dovalo o'ida´t;.

It was to be expected.

9

10

Mne sle´dovalo by sdeĺat; \to neme´dlenno.

1

I should have done it straight away.

2

3

In contrast doĺ'en ‘must’, obqźan ‘obliged’ and vyńu'den ‘forced’

4

are not used impersonally, but agree in number and gender with the 5

subject:

6

Ona´ dol'na´ (byla´ / bu´det) rabo´tat; v gosudaŕstvennoj 7

bol;niće.

8

She must (had to / will have to) work in a state hospital.

9

20111

Vy dol'ny

´ byĺi by nas predupredi´t;.

1

You ought to have warned us.

2

Onióbqźany vam pomo´h;.

3

They are obliged to help you.

4

5

Vrah byl vy

ńu'den operiŕovat;.

6

The doctor was forced to operate.

7

8

9

Exercise 6

30

1

Replace doĺ'en by using the word in brackets in the right form and 2

tense.

3

4

1 Q doĺ'en e´xat; v Rossi´[ (prixodi´t;sq). 2 Oteć doĺ'en byl 5

kupi´t; bile´t na samole¨t (prijtiś;). 3 Mat; dol'na´ bu´det idti´

6

pewko´m (prijtiś;). 4 Ty ne dol'na´

vozvra]a´t;sq poźdno

7

(sle´dovat;). 5 Vy dol'nyśdat; \kza´men (obqźan). 6 Profeśsor 8

doĺ'en otkry´t; haśtnu[ klińiku (prixodi´t;sq). 7 On ne 9

40

doĺ'en byl soglawa´t;sq so mnoj (sle´dovat;). 8 Vrah doĺ'en 1

okaza´t; peŕvu[ po´mo]; (obqźan). 9 Vy ne dol'ny´ prixodi´t; s[da´

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(sle´dovat;). 10 Ty ne dol'na´ byla´ vstreha´t; ego´ (sle´dovat;).

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Expressions of success and luck

Certain of these expressions also use the third person of verbs impersonally with the dative.

Udava´t;sq / uda´t;sq ‘to be successful’

Nam udaloś; najti´ xoro´wu[ klińiku.

We succeeded in finding a good clinic.

Nade´[s;, hto tebeúdaśtsq rewi´t; \´tu proble´mu.

I hope that you will be successful in resolving this problem.

Note that udava´t;sq / uda´t;sq can also be used with a third person subject:

|ta proceduŕa ne vsegdaúdae¨tsq emu´.

He does not always have success with this procedure.

(lit. This procedure is not always successful for him.)

Veze¨t / povezlo´ ‘in luck, lucky’

The third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of vezti´/ povezti´ is also used with the dative to denote luck:

Emu´ povezlo´.

He was in luck.

Tebe´ veze¨t v 'iźni.

You are lucky in life.

Exercise 7

Replace the existing verb moh; / smoh; with the verb udava´t;sq /

uda´t;sq in the appropriate form.

Example: Onaśmogla´ dosta´t; bile´t na o´peru. – Ej udaloś; dosta´t; bile´t na o´peru.

1 Q smog kupi´t; maśsu knig. 2 Q du´ma[, hto profeśsor Brońwtejn smo´'et vy´'it; v uslo´viqx kriźisa. 3 My mo´'em dobe'a´t; do do´ma. 4 On mo´'et sxodi´t; v magaziń. 5 Vy smogli´

poza´vtrakat;? 6 Onańikogdańe mogla´ pisa´t; bez owi´bok.

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Expressions denoting feelings

2

You are already familiar with the use of short form neuter adjectives 3

used with the dative to express certain feelings: nam veśelo (from 4

vese¨lyj) ‘we are cheerful’; im xoĺodno (from xolo´dnyj) ‘they are 5

cold; mne sty´dno (from sty´dnyj) ‘I am ashamed’; studeńtam 6

sku´hno (from sku´hnyj) ‘the students are bored’; emu´ boĺ;no (from 7

bol;no´j ‘sore’) ‘it hurts him’.

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In addition there are a number of other impersonal predicates simi-9

larly used.

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@al; / 'aĺko ‘sorry for’

2

Emu 'al; bol;ny

´ x, de´vuwku.

3

He is sorry for the patients, the girl.

4

5

Note the use of the accusative for the person he is sorry for.

6

Mne 'al; smotre´t; na tebq´.

7

It grieves me to look at you.

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9

Len; ‘too lazy’

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Mne len; idti´.

1

I am too lazy / can’t be bothered to go.

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3

Pora´ ‘it is time’

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5

Nam poraídti´.

6

It is time for us to go.

7

Note that any of these expressions can be made past or future by 8

using byĺo / bu´det: emu´ byĺo boĺ;no ‘it hurt him’; nam bu´det 'al; 9

‘we will be sorry’.

30

There are also impersonal expressions denoting feelings formed 1

from the third person singular neuter (ono´ form) of verbs.

2

3

Nadoeśt; (perf.)

4

Mne nadoeĺo rabo´tat;.

5

I’m sick of working.

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7

Ne xvata´t; / xvati´t;

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Nam (or u nas) ne xvataét vre´meni.

9

We are short of time.

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|togo nam e]e¨ ne xvataĺo!

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That’s all we needed!

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Nedostava´t; / nedosta´t;

Emu nedostae¨t deńeg.

He is short of / lacks money.

Note the use of the genitive after ne xvata´t; and nedostava´t;.

In addition, several reflexive verbs can be used impersonally with the dative:

Mne xoteĺos; spat;.

I wanted to sleep.

Nam ka´'etsq, hto vse¨ v porq´dke.

It seems to us that every thing is in order.

Emu ostaĺos; toĺ;ko soglasi´t;sq.

All that was left to him was to agree.

Ej ispoĺnilos; 50 let.

She is fifty.

Exercise 8

Use the most appropriate word from those given below to complete the sentences.

(ostaĺos;, ispoĺnitsq, nadoeĺo, xo´hetsq, len;, 'al;, pora´, xvataét)

1 Iz-za 'ary´ mne byĺo . . . rabo´tat;. 2 U'e´ west; haso´v: . . . idti´.

3 Nam . . . toĺ;ko otkaza´t;sq ot \´togo plańa. 4 Turiśtam byĺo

. . . be´dnyx krest;qń. 5 Emuńe . . . o´pyta dlq tako´j rabo´ty. 6 Vo vtoŕnik mne . . . 21 god. 7 Mne o´hen; . . . uvi´det; \´tot fiĺ;m.

8 Emu´ . . . rabo´tat; tam i deĺat; sku´hnu[ rabo´tu.

Exercise 9

Study the advertisement for the Marina Mashenskaya dental clinic.

1 Give four reasons for choosing the Marina Mashenskaya clinic.

2 What is the advantage of taking the whole family along to the clinic?

3 What special programmes does the clinic offer?

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4 Which group in society is it targeting?

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5 What resistance to dental treatment is the advertisement trying 1

to overcome?

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4

Language points ♦

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6

Ne´kogo, ne´hego

7

These expressions meaning respectively ‘there is no one’ and ‘there 8

is nothing’ are used with the infinitive and may also be used with the 9

dative:

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1

Ne´kogo sprosi´t;.

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There is no one to ask.

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Ne´hego deĺat;.

There is nothing to do.

Emuńe´kogo sprosi´t;.

He has no one to ask.

Nam ne´hego deĺat;.

We have nothing to do.

Ne´kogo / ne´hego decline like kto and hto and their case depends on the verb governing them:

Ej ne´komu pomoga´t;.

She has no one to help.

Nam ne´hem zanima´t;sq.

We have nothing to occupy us.

When ne´kogo / ne´hego are used with a preposition it comes between ne and the rest of the word:

Emuńeś kem razgovaŕivat;.

He has no one to talk to.

Im neó hem du´mat;.

They have nothing to think about.

Note that the form ne´hto is used with prepositions taking the accusative, otherwise the accusative form is ne´hego: Nam neńa hto smotre´t;.

We have nothing to look at.

Nam ne´hego est;.

We have nothing to eat.

The word ne´kto means ‘someone’:

Ne´kto priwe¨l.

Someone has arrived.

Ne´gde, ne´kuda, ne´kogda

These adverbs, meaning respectively ‘there is nowhere’ (place); ‘there is nowhere’ (motion); ‘there is no time’, are used in the same way as ne´kogo / ne´hego:

Nam ne´gde 'it;.

We have nowhere to live.

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Im ne´kuda idti´.

2

They have nowhere to go.

3

Nam ne´kogda otdyxa´t;.

4

We have no time to relax.

5

6

Note that ne´kogda also means ‘once upon a time’: 7

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On ne´kogda 'il v Moskve´.

9

He once lived in Moscow.

10

All the above expressions can be made past or future by using byĺo 1

or bu´det:

2

3

Nam neś kem bu´det razgovaŕivat;.

4

We will have no one to talk to.

5

6

Im ne´kuda by

ĺo idti.

They had nowhere to go.

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Exercise 10

1

2

Choose an appropriate word from the list and then put the sentences 3

in the past and future tense.

4

5

(ne´kuda, ne´hego, ne´gde, ne´kogo, ne´kogda, ne´hem, neó hem, 6

neńa kogo, neś kem, ne´ k komu)

7

8

1 Mne . . . xodi´t;. 2 Emu´ . . . 'it;. 3 Ej . . . deĺat;. 4 Ma´teri 9

. . . smotre´t; televiźor. 5 Mne . . . govori´t; s tobo´j. 6 Emu´ da´'e 30

. . . pojti´ v pivnu´[. 7 Mne . . . priglasi´t; v kino´. 8 Rebe¨nku . . .

1

est; sup. 9 Mne . . . nade´qt;sq. 10 Ej . . . zajti´ po doro´ge domo´j.

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3

4

The buffer vowel -o in prepositions

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6

You will have noticed that the preposition v changes to vo, k to ko 7

and s to so before some words beginning with more than one conso-8

nant. Sometimes this happens when the beginning of the word repeats 9

the same or a similar sound to the preposition:

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so sredy

´

since Wednesday

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but v sre´du

on Wednesday

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vo Frańcii

in France

but k Frańcii

towards France

so stadiońa

from the stadium

but k stadiońu

towards the stadium

There are some combinations of consonants which result in -o being added to all of these prepositions.

These include: vr-, vs-, vt-, dn-, mn- : vo vre´mq, ko vre´meni, so vre´meni, vo vsex, ko vsem, so vse´mi, vo vtoro´m, ko vtoro´mu, so vtory

´ m, vo mno´gix, ko mno´gim, so mno´gix.

Exercise 11

Choose the correct form of the prepositions from the brackets to complete the sentence.

1 On prie´xal (v / vo) vtoŕnik. 2 Ona uwla´ (v / vo) sre´du. 3 (S / so) togo´ vre´meni vseïzmeniĺos;. 4 |to (v / vo) mno´gom zaviśit ot Vas.

5 Oniźajdu´t (k / ko) mne. 6 Ona podowla´ (k / ko) stadiońu.

Stress

Short form of adjectives

Fixed stress on the stem: krasi´v, krasi´va, krasi´vo, krasi´vy; intereśen, intereśna; ser;e¨zen, ser;e¨zna. This group includes most adjectives of four or more syllables.

There are three main types of mobile stress:

– Stress on the ending in the feminine and otherwise on the stem: gust, gusta´, guśto, guśty; dobr, dobra´; kre´pok, krepka´; glup, glupa´; 'iv, 'iva´; cel, cela´; mil, mila´.

– Stress on the ending in the feminine, neuter and plural: xoro´w, xorowa´, xorowo´, xorowi´; boĺen, bol;na´; le¨gok, legka´; ume¨n, umna´.

– Stress on the end in the feminine and plural and otherwise on the stem: vi´den, vidna´, vi´dno, vidny´.

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2

Exercise 12

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4

Translate into Russian.

5

6

1 At present the Russian health system is experiencing many diffi-7

culties. There are not enough doctors and nurses and conditions 8111

in hospitals are appalling.

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2 The cost of treatment in private clinics is very high but I do not 10

think we can do without private medicine in the present situa-1

tion.

2

3 State help is essential for all hospitals, both state and private.

3

4 I think medical treatment should remain accessible to all people.

4

But I do agree that people should have a choice.

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5 I am so sorry for old age pensioners in Russia; they worked hard 6

all their lives and now they cannot afford even basic medicines.

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6 I think Professor Bronstein succeeded in creating his famous clinic 8

thanks to his enormous energy and practical experience.

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7 I am so fed up with everything; I have nothing to do, nowhere 20111

to go, nobody to talk to.

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8 I hope the Russian government will succeed in getting out of its 2

present crisis.

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13 VYBORY V DUMU

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about the Russian electoral and party system

◗ how to form and to use perfective and imperfective gerunds

◗ how to write sentences in the negative

The fall of the Soviet Union also ended the role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) as the sole political party. However, it would be inaccurate to say that Russia has now moved to a properly functioning multi-party system. With the exception of the successor to the CPSU, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), other political groups are rather ill-defined movements, with no real party structure, economic programme or ideological position.

Alliances between these groups are constantly changing. For example, prior to the elections to the State Duma, (lower house of the Russian parliament) of December 1999, hundreds of small parties formed into 26 alliances. The real surprise of the election was that ‘Unity’, an alliance formed only a short while before the election, should come second to the communists in the popular vote and, because of other support it could call upon in the Duma, become, in effect, the dominant party.

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Text 1

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Neo'i´dannaq pobe´da

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Parla´mentskie vy

´ bory 19 dekabrq´ 1999 go´da byĺi odni´m iz

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gla´vnyx soby

´ tij v Rossií na rube'e´ tre´t;ego tysqhele´tiq. Ito´gi 1

vy

´ borov vseë]eöbsu'da´[tsq v preśse, podverga´qs; raźnym 2

oceńkam i vyzyva´ q spoŕy o bu´du]em rossi´jskoj demokra´tii.

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Sa´mym neo'i´dannym rezul;ta´tom vy

´ borov byla´ pobe´da no´vogo

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politi´heskogo dvi'eńiq <Ediństvo> (<Medve´dq>). Ono´

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okazaĺos; na vtoro´m meśte pośle kommuniśtov. Niktońikogda´

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ne predpolagaĺ, hto \´ta fra´kciq s minimaĺ;nym re´jtingom, 8

so´brannaq za nedeĺ[ do registraćii, mo´'et pobedi´t;. Ved; v 9

konceóktqbrqŕe´jting <Ediństva>, po dańnym VCIOM, byl 40

toĺ;ko 4%. A hto´by uhaśtvovat; v vy

´ borax na´do preodole´t; 5%-

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nyj bar;eŕ. Odna´ko naha´v s tako´go niźkogo uŕovnq, re´jting 421111

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Elections to the Duma

<Ediństva> postepeńno povywaĺsq i za meśqc do golosovańiq podowe¨l k 9%, hto by

ĺo u'e´ dosta´tohno, hto´by uhaśtvovat; v

izbira´tel;nyx gońkax. K koncu´ 'e noqbrq´, za 8–9 dnej do golosovańiq on u'e´ dostigaĺ 18%. Ryvo´k <Medve´dq> byl sdeĺan na sa´mom fińiwe izbira´tel;noj kampańii i prevzowe¨l vse o'idańiq, dosti´gnuv 23,2% goloso´v, po´dannyx izbira´ telqmi. Za dvi'eńie <Ediństvo> progolosovaĺa pohti´ he´tvert; izbira´telej, priwe´dwix na vy

´ bory.

Kone´hno, KPRF, po-pre´'nemu, lidiŕovala v vy

´ borax, nabra´v

27,7% goloso´v. I nesmotrqńa to hto neo'i´dannyj uspex

<Ediństva> ser;e¨zno izmeniĺ sootnoweńie sil, pobe´da kommuniśtov, v ceĺom, sostoqĺas;. No sensaciońnaq pobe´da

<Ediństva>, kazaĺos;, vy

ŕosla na pusto´m meśte. Ved;

<Ediństvo>, v otli´hie ot KPRF, ne imeĺo nikako´j opredele¨nnoj progra´ mmy, nikako´j he¨tkoj idealogi´heskoj pozićii.

U negońe´ bylo ni o´pytnyx li´derov, ni organizaciońnoj

struktuŕy. Kone´hno, dlq dosti'eńiq tako´go rezul;ta´ta byli mobilizo´vany kolossaĺ;nye administrati´vnye, materiaĺ;no-finańsovye i informaciońnye resuŕsy. No \´to ni v koém slu´hae ne mo´'et ob#qsni´t; rezul;ta´t tako´go maswta´ba za stol; koro´tkoe vre´mq. Kakovy

´ 'e prihińy tako´go uspe´xa?

Po mneńi[ politoĺogov, uspe´x <Ediństva> ob#qsnqétsq tem, hto o´b]estvo istoskovaĺos; po porq´dku, i obe]ańiq no´voj paŕtii navesti´ porq´dok i pokońhit; s korru´pciej okazaĺis; sozvu´hny nastroeńi[ rossiqń. A li´der dvi'eńiq, <Medve´d;> Serge´j Wojgu´, kotoŕyj ne imeĺ nikaki´x politi´heskix zaslu´g, no pro kotoŕogo xorowo´ by

ĺo izveśtno, hto on helove´k deĺa, ne vor i

ne mafioźi, okazaĺsq taki´m bliźkim bol;winstvuĺ[de´j. No kone´hno, gla´vnaq prihińa pobe´dy <Ediństva> – poddeŕ'ka Pu´tina. Onaókazaĺas; dlq blo´ka rewa´[]ej. |to Pu´tin s \krańa televiźora sove´toval izbira´telqm golosova´t; za <medve´dej>, hto i pozvoĺilo no´vomu blo´ku dogna´t; kommuniśtov.

Po materiaĺam <Nezaviśimoj gaze´ty>, 1999–2001

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Vocabulary ♦

2

3

vor

thief

4

goĺos / golosovańie

vote / voting

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dogna´t;

to catch up

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izbira´tel;

voter

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izbira´tel;naq kampańiq

election campaign

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istoskova´t;sq po porq´dku

to pine for, miss order

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maswta´b

scale

10

medve´d; ( m)

bear

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nabra´t; golosa´

to pick up, win votes

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navesti´ porq´dok

to bring order

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obe]ańie

promise

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podverga´t;sq oceńkam

to subject to assessment

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prevzojtió'idańiq

to exceed expectations

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predpolaga´t;

to suppose

7

preodole´t; bar;eŕ

to get through the barrier,

8

over the hurdle

9

progolosova´t;

to vote

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ryvo´k

spurt

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sozvu´hnyj nastroeńi[

in keeping with the mood

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sootnoweńie sil

correlation of forces

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he¨tkij

clear

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N.B. na rube'e´ tysqhele´tiq – on the brink of the millennium; ni v koém 5

slu´hae – on no account; v ceĺom – on the whole; VCIOM –

6

Vserossi´jskij centr po izuheńi[ ob]eśtvennogo mneńiq 7

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Exercise 1

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1

Answer the questions in Russian.

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1 O kaki´x vy´borax ide¨t reh;?

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2 Kako´v byl neo'i´dannyj rezul;ta´t vy´borov?

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3 Hto neobxodi´mo dlq uhaśtiq v vy´borax?

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4 Kako´v byl re´jting <Ediństva> do i pośle vy´borov?

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5 Skoĺ;ko izbira´telej progolosovaĺi za <Ediństvo>?

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6 Skoĺ;ko goloso´v nabrala´ KPRF?

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7 Pohemu´ vse byĺi udivleny´ pobe´de <Ediństva>?

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8 Kakovy´ prihińy uspe´xa <Ediństva>?

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9 Kto tako´j Serge´j Wojgu´?

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10 Kakova´ gla´vnaq prihińa pobe´dy blo´ka?

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Exercise 2

Examine the results of the poll for the period 29 October – 2

November 1999 a month and a half before the election on 19

December 1999 and then answer the questions in Russian.

Esli by vybory v Gosdumu sostoqlis; v bli'ajwee

voskresen;e, za kogo by vy progolosovali?

28% KPRF

4%

So[z pravyx sil

14% Otehestvo – Vsq Rossiq

3%

@en]iny Rossii

11% Qbloko

2%

Naw dom – Rossiq

4%

Edinstvo

3%

Protiv vsex

4%

Blok @irinovskogo

21% Zatrudnilis; otvetit;

1 Kako´v byl re´jting KPRF soglaśno oprośu?

2 Kako´v byl re´jting <Ediństva> soglaśno oprośu?

3 Skoĺ;ko goloso´v nabrala´ KPRF v vy´borax?

4 Skoĺ;ko goloso´v nabraĺo <Ediństvo> v vy´borax?

5 Hej re´jting povyśilsq? Hej re´jting poniźilsq?

6 H;q izbira´tel;naq kampańiq byla´ boĺee uspe´wnoj?

Dialogue 1

A conversation between a journalist and political commentator

@URNALIŚT

Su´dq po koli´hestvu na´brannyx goloso´v, sa´maq

populqŕnaq paŕtiq v Rossií – paŕtiq kommuniśtov.

I sa´maq kru´pnaq fra´kciq v Du´me kommunisti´heskaq.

POLITOĹOG

K so'aleńi[, \´to tak. KPRF – ediństvennaq paŕtiq,

kotoŕu[ mo´'no nazva´t; paŕtiej. U neeëst; svoj

\lektora´t. Srediée¨ \lektora´ta preoblada´[t po'ilyé

l[

´ di, pensioneŕy, veterańy vojny´, be´dnye sloińaseleńiq, kotoŕye s nostal;giéj vspomina´[t pro´wloe. Onié]e¨ veŕqt, hto pri kommuniśtax byĺo

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lu´hwe. KPRF populqŕna v rossi´jskoj provińcii, gde

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\konomi´heskoe polo'eńie tq'e¨loe.

3

@URNALIŚT

A kakié drugié paŕtii populqŕny v Rossií? Mogut

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li oni´ konkuriŕovat; s KPRF?

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POLITOĹOG

Navrq´d li, k nim podxo´dit slo´vo <paŕtiq>. |to

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skoreé predvy´bornye ob#edineńiq, dvi'eńiq, kotoŕym

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e]e¨ na´do ofoŕmit;sq v paŕti[. Takovy´ dvi'eńie

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<Ediństvo>, OVR (<Ote´hestvo – Vsq Rossi´q>), SPS

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(<So[

ź pra´vyx sil>). Ix struktuŕa o´hen; razmy´taq.

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Oni´, kak pra´vilo, ob#edinq´[t neśkol;ko fra´kcij,

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predstavlq´q sobo´j koalićii.

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@URNALIŚT

Tem ne meńee dvi'eńie <Ediństvo> oder'aĺo pobe´du, 4

nabra´v pohtiśtoĺ;ko 'e goloso´v, skoĺ;ko nabraĺi

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kommuniśty. Kak \to moglo´ proizojti´?

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POLITOĹOG

Dlq menq´ \´to taka´q 'e zaga´dka, kak dlq vsex. Nikto´

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ne mog predpolo'i´t;, hto \´ta <paŕtiq> mo´'et

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rasshi´tyvat; na pobe´du. Ved; onańe zaqviĺa ni odno´j

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kru´pnoj ideí, u nee¨ ne´ bylo nikaki´x progra´mmnyx

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prińcipov. I vdrug onaókazaĺas; pobedi´telem.

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@URNALIŚT

Mo´'et byt;, vse¨

deĺo v sre´dstvax massovo´j

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informaćii. Televi´deni[ udaloś; organizova´t;

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informaciońnu[ kampańi[, sozda´t; veŕsi[

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populqŕnosti blo´ka i poddeŕ'ki Pu´tina. A \´to

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6

privlekloízbira´telej.

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POLITOĹOG

Kone´hno, televi´denie – ogro´mnaq siĺa. I onośygraĺo

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svo[

ŕol;.

9

@URNALIŚT

S drugo´j storony´, ni odna´ paŕtiq ne smoglaóder'a´t;

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nastoq´]ej pobe´dy v vy´borax. Ni KPRF, ni

1

<Ediństvo> ne mo´gut byt; pra´vq]ej paŕtiej. Ne

2

udivi´tel;no, hto onií´]ut so[

źnikov, hto´by

3

ob#edini´t;sq?

4

POLITOĹOG

Imenno \´to i proizowlo´. Pu´tin zaqviĺ, hto na´do

5

umeń;wit; hislo´ paŕtij. <Ediństvo> i <Ote´hestvo> 6

u'e ob#ediniĺis;. Ob#edini´vwis; v edińu[ paŕti[.

7

onińade´[tsq stat; paŕtiej vlaśti. Q du´ma[,

8

\´to peŕvyj wag na puti´ k tre¨xpartijnoj siste´me.

9

40

A tre¨xpartijnaq siste´ma, po-moému, ideaĺ

1

ob]eśtvennogo ustro´jstva.

421111

Po materiaĺam <Nezaviśimoj gaze´ty>, 2001

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Vocabulary ♦

zaga´dka

puzzle

konkuriŕovat; s (+ inst)

to compete

navrq´d li

hardly

ob]eśtvennoe ustro´jstvo

social structure

ob#edineńie / ob#edinq´t;

unification, union / to unite

Ote´hestvo

Fatherland

pra´vq]aq paŕtiq

ruling party

predvy

´ bornaq kampańiq

election campaign

preoblada´t;

to predominate, prevail

privle´h;

to attract

razmy

´ tyj

blurred

rasshi´tyvat; na pobe´du

to count on victory

so[

źnik

ally

su´dq po (+ dat)

judging by

N.B. pri kommuniśtax – under the Communists; but pod vlaśt;[

kommuniśtov – under the power of the Communists

Exercise 3

Answer the questions in English.

1 Which is the most popular party in Russia?

2 Who makes up its electorate?

3 What alliances are there in Russian politics?

4 Why was everyone surprised at the victory of ‘Unity’?

5 What role did the media play in this victory?

6 What was the principal reason for the victory?

7 Is there a ruling party in the Duma?

8 Why did the ‘Unity’ and ‘Fatherland’ movements decide to join forces?

Exercise 4

True or false?

1 V vy´borax 1999 go´da v Rossií oder'aĺi pobe´du (KPRF,

<Ediństvo>, <Ote´hestvo>)?

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1111

2

OTEЧECTBO

3

PEГИOHAПЬHOE ДBИЖЕН

Ж

4

E

ИE

M

5

“EДИНCTBO”

B

6

CЯ PОCCИ

7

8111

9

10

1

2

BCEPOCCИЙCKAЯ ПAPTИЯ

“EДИНCTBO И OTEЧECTBO”

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20111

2 Hto´by uhaśtvovat; v vy´borax, na´do preodole´t; (tre¨x-, pqti-, 1

desqti-) proceńtnyj bar;eŕ?

2

3 <Ediństvo> i <Ote´hestvo> ob#ediniĺis;, potomu´ hto oni´ xotq´t 3

byt; (pra´vq]ej, ediństvennoj, demokrati´heskoj) paŕtiej?

4

4 Sredi´

\lektora´ta KPRF preoblada´[t (po'ilyé l[

´ di,

5

molode¨';, intelligeńciq)?

6

5 Ideaĺ ob]eśtvennogo ustro´jstva (mnogoparti´jnaq,

7

odnoparti´jnaq, tre¨xparti´jnaq) siste´ma?

8

9

30

Language points ♦

1

2

Gerunds

3

4

Gerunds are verbal adverbs that can be substituted for adverbial 5

clauses beginning with ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘since’, ‘after’, etc. Like some 6

participles, they may be used to translate the English -ing form. Unlike 7

participles, they are indeclinable.

8

Rabo´taq v Moskve´, q zainteresovaĺas; poli´tikoj.

9

Working in Moscow, I became interested in politics.

40

1

The gerund rabo´taq, ‘working’, substitutes for the adverbial clause 421111

kogda´ q rabo´tala ‘when I was working’.

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The imperfective gerund

You will also find the imperfective gerund referred to as the present gerund.

How to form the imperfective gerund

Take the third person plural (oni´ form) of the present tense and replace the last two letters by -q:

rabo´tat; – rabo´ta[t – rabo´taq working

govori´t; – govorq´t – govorq´ talking

The imperfective gerund of verbs ending in -avat; ends in -avaq: dava´t; – da[

´ t – dava´q ‘giving’.

The imperfective gerund of reflexive verbs ends in -qs; : poĺ;zovat;sq – poĺ;zu[tsq – poĺ;zuqs; ‘using, enjoying’.

As a result of the spelling rule the ending is -a after ' , h, w, ]: der'a´t; – deŕ'at – der'a´ ‘holding’.

The imperfective gerund of byt; is bu´duhi.

The imperfective gerund is generally stressed on the same syllable as the first person singular (q form): du´ma[ – du´maq ‘thinking’.

There are, however, exceptions: si'u´ – si´dq ‘thinking’; sto[´ –

sto´q ‘standing’; le' u´ – le¨'a ‘lying’.

A considerable number of common verbs have no imperfective gerund. These include many verbs with monosyllabic infinitives: bit; , brat; (berq´ exists but is rarely used), est; , 'dat; , pet; , pit; and irregular verbs: be' a´t; , e´xat; , pisa´t; , xote´t;.

Where a verb does not have an imperfective gerund, it may be possible to form the gerund from one of its compounds without altering the meaning too much: (pit;) vypiva´t; – vypiva´q ‘drinking up’; ('dat;) o'ida´t; – o'ida´q ‘waiting for, expecting’.

How to use imperfective gerunds

An imperfective gerund is used to express an action performed at the same time and by the same subject as the main verb of the sentence: Razgovaŕivaq s ruśskimi ka´'dyj den;, on mno´go

uznae¨t o 'iźni v Rossií.

Talking to Russians every day he learns a lot about life in Russia.

The alternative construction, using an adverbial clause instead of a gerund would read:

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1111

Tak kak on razgovaŕivaet s ruśskimi ka´'dyj den;, on

2

mno´go uznae¨t o 'iźni v Rossií.

3

Since he talks to Russians every day, he learns a lot about life in 4

Russia.

5

It would also be possible to express the same idea using two main 6

clauses:

7

8111

On razgovaŕivaet s ruśskimi ka´'dyj den; i mno´go

9

uznae¨t o 'iźni v Rossií.

10

He talks to Russians every day and learns a lot about life in 1

Russia.

2

Provided the action of the gerund takes place at the same time as the 3

action of the main verb, an imperfective gerund may be used in a 4

sentence referring to events in the past and future, as well as the 5

present:

6

7

Razgovaŕivaq s ruśskimi ka´'dyj den;, on mno´go uznavaĺ 8

o 'iźni v Rossií.

9

Talking to Russians every day he was learning a lot about life 20111

in Russia.

1

Razgovaŕivaq s ruśskimi ka´'dyj den;, on mno´go bu´det 2

uznava´t; o 'iźni v Rossií.

3

Talking to Russians every day he will be learning a lot about life 4

in Russia.

5

6

There are some further examples in the text Neo'i ´dannaq pobe ´da 7

of imperfective gerunds:

8

Ito´gi vy

´ borov obsu'da´[tsq v preśse, podverga´qs;

9

raźnym oceńkam i vyzyva´q spoŕy.

30

The results of the elections are being discussed in the press, 1

subjected to (subjecting themselves to) varied assessment and 2

giving rise to arguments.

3

4

The above example shows that a Russian gerund will not always be 5

neatly translated by the English -ing form.

6

Note the use of the negative gerund to translate ‘without . . . ing’: 7

Oniśozdaĺi paŕti[, ne ime´q nikako´j opredele¨nnoj

8

progra´mmy.

9

They created a party without having any set programme.

40

1

Ona´ vy

´ wla iz ko´mnaty, ne govorqńi slo´va.

421111

She left the room without saying a word.

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Exercise 5

Form the imperfective gerund from the following verbs.

vspomina´t;, rasshi´tyvat;, sozdava´t;, hu´vstvovat;, blagodari´t;, idti´, prixodi´t;, nesti´, vozvra]a´t;sq, puteweśtvovat;, oka´-

zyvat;sq, l[bova´t;sq, stanovi´t;sq, golosova´t;, nabira´t;, byt;, naxodi´t;sq,

Exercise 6

Replace the adverbial clauses with imperfective gerunds.

1 Kogda´ q naxo'uś; v Rossií, q vsegda´ putewestvu´[ po

<Zoloto´mu kol;cu´>. 2 Xotqón 'il vs[ 'izn; v Ameŕike, on ostavaĺsq ruśskim pisa´telem. 3 Kogdaóniśozdavaĺi no´vu[

paŕti[, oniŕazrabo´tali no´vu[ progra´mmu. 4 Kogda´ dire´ktor razgovaŕivaet so studeńtami, on vsegdaśove´tuet mno´go rabo´tat;.

5 Kogdaón vozvra]aĺsq iz Moskvy´, on vspo´mnil, hto on zabyĺ paśport. 6 Pokaónaślu´waet muźyku, onaźabyvaét obo vse¨m.

7 Tak kak on uhiĺsq i rabo´tal za granićej, on ne znal rossi´jskix proble´m. 8 Tak kak on nenavi´del vojnu´, on otkazaĺsq uhaśtvovat; v nej. 9 Xotqónaĺ[

´ bit sla´dkoe, ona´ p;e¨t ko´fe bez sa´xara.

The perfective gerund

You will also find the perfective gerund referred to as the past gerund.

How to form the perfective gerund

The perfective gerund is formed by replacing the -l from the masculine singular form of the perfective past tense by -v: końhit; –

końhil – końhiv ‘having finished’.

Reflexive verbs take the ending -vwis; : podveŕgnut;sq –

podveŕgnulsq – podveŕgnuvwis; ‘having been subjected to’.

Verbs ending in -ti, including prefixed forms of vesti´, vezti´, idti´ and nesti´ have a perfective gerund ending in -q. Form it in the same way as the imperfective gerund, but using a perfective verb: podojti´ – podojdu´t – podojdq´ ‘having approached’; vy

´ vezti –

vy

´ vezut – vy´vezq ‘having exported’.

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2

Exercise 7

3

4

Form the perfective gerund from the following verbs.

5

sozda´t;, nabra´t;, progolosova´t;, stat;, skaza´t;, pojti´, prinesti´, 6

ue´xat;, okaza´t;sq, vernu´t;sq, vvezti´, s#est;, najti´, 'eni´t;sq, 7

8111

nazva´t;

9

10

How to use the perfective gerund

1

A perfective gerund is used to express an action performed by the 2

same subject as the main verb of the sentence prior to the action of 3

the main verb:

4

5

Vstre´tivwis; s ruśskimi, on mno´go uznaĺ o 'iźni v

6

Rossií.

7

Having met Russians he had learnt a lot about life in Russia.

8

The alternative construction using an adverbial clause would read: 9

20111

Pośle togo´ kak (tak kak) on vstre´tilsq s ruśskimi, on 1

mno´go uznaĺ o 'iźni v Rossií.

2

After (because) he had met Russians he knew a lot about life in 3

Russia.

4

Provided the action in the gerund takes place before the action of the 5

main verb, a perfective gerund may be used, whatever the tense of 6

the main verb:

7

8

Vstre´tivwis; s ruśskimi, on mno´go uznaét o 'iźni v

9

Rossií.

30

Having met Russians he will have learnt a lot about life in 1

Russia.

2

3

There are some further examples of perfective gerunds in the text 4

Neo'i ´dannaq pobe ´da: 5

Odna´ko naha´v s niźkogo uŕovnq, re´jting postepeńno

6

povywaĺsq.

7

However, having started from a low level, the ratings were 8

gradually climbing.

9

40

KPRF lidiŕovala v vy

´ borax, nabra´v 27.7% goloso´v.

1

The CPRF was leading in the elections, having picked up 27.7%

421111

of the votes.

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Note that for a gerund to be used, it is essential that the subject of the gerund be identical to the subject of the main verb. It is impossible to use a gerund to translate the following sentence into Russian: The CPRF having picked up only 28.7% of the votes, the ‘Unity’

movement came second.

Tak kak KPRF nabrala´ toĺ;ko 27.7% goloso´v,

<Ediństvo> zańqlo vtoroé meśto.

Exercise 8

Replace the adverbial clauses with perfective gerunds.

1 Esli vy prie´dete v Moskvu´, vy ne uznaéte goŕoda. 2 Pośle togo´

kak on vernuĺsq iz poeźdki po Rossií, xudo´'nik napisaĺ

prekraśnye kartińy. 3 Tak kak on rodiĺsq v Rossií, on xorowoźnal ruśsku[ kul;tuŕu. 4 Kogdaón poznako´milsq s nej, on byl pora'e¨n ee¨ znańiqmi. 5 Pośle togo´ kak ona´ vy´wla za´mu' za nego´, ona brośila svo[

ŕabo´tu. 6 Toĺ;ko kogda´ vy prohitaéte tekst, vy

smo´'ete otve´tit; na voprośy. 7 Esli ty sdaw; \kza´meny, ty postu´piw; v universite´t. 8 Tak kak oniótkazaĺis; uhaśtvovat; v sorevnovańiqx, oni´ byĺi vyńu'deny ue´xat; domo´j. 9 Tak kak ona´ pohu´vstvovala sebq´ plo´xo, onaĺeglańa krova´t;.

Exercise 9

Replace the underlined verbs with suitable gerunds (imperfective or perfective).

1 Vy´bory obsu'da´[tsq v preśse i podverga´[tsq raźnym oceńkam.

2 <Ediństvo> pobediĺo i okazaĺos; na vtoro´m meśte. 3 Re´jting

<Ediństva> povywaĺsq i podowe¨l za meśqc do golosovańiq k 9%.

4 Izbira´teli priwlińa vy´bory i progolosovaĺi za no´vu[ paŕti[.

5 <Ediństvo> ne imeét opredele¨nnoj progra´mmy i ne mo´'et byt; pra´vq´]ej paŕtiej. 6 Ona´ provo´dit vse kani´kuly na plq´'e i nihegońe deĺaet. 7 On prohitaĺ pis;moí zasmeqĺsq. 8 On ne skazaĺ ni slo´va i vy´wel iz ko´mnaty. 9 Fra´kcii ob#ediniĺis; i pobediĺi na vy´borax. 10 Paŕtiq oder'aĺa pobe´du i staĺa provodi´t; no´vu[ poli´tiku. 11

Mno´gie dvi'eńiq sejhaś

ob#edinq´[tsq i nade´[tsq sozda´t; siĺ;nu[ paŕti[. 12 Turiśty plyĺi na teploxo´de i l[bovaĺis; krasi´voj priro´doj. 13 Nabo´kov byl ruśskim po ro'deńi[ i nikogdańe zabyvaĺ Rossi´[. 14 On hitaĺ kni´gi o l[bvií vspominaĺ svo[

´ moĺodost;.

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Gerunds as prepositions

2

Some gerunds are used as prepositions. These include su´dq po +

3

dative ‘judging by’ (note the different stress on the gerund – sudq´); 4

blagodarq´ + dative ‘thanks to’ (note blagodarq´ + accusative – gerund 5

‘thanking’); nesmotrq´

na + accusative ‘despite’; iskl[ha´q +

6

accusative ‘including’; ne iskl[ha´q + genitive ‘excluding’; ne 7

shita´q + genitive ‘not counting’; shita´q s / ot + genitive ‘starting 8111

with’:

9

10

Su´dq po koli´hestvu goloso´v sa´maq populqŕnaq paŕtiq –

1

paŕtiq kommuniśtov.

2

Judging by the number of votes the most popular party is the 3

Communist Party.

4

Blagodarq´ poddeŕ'ke Pu´tina <Ediństvo> pobediĺo.

5

Thanks to Putin’s support, ‘Unity’ won.

6

7

8

Exercise 10

9

Examine the composition of the third State Duma as a result of elec-20111

tions on 19 December 1999 and answer the questions in Russian.

1

2

3

Дума 1999 года

4

29

5

6

76

CПC

7

8

Eдинство

9

111

30

22

1

ЯБЛОКО

KПРФ

2

3

4

OBP

о

5

ког

6

62

7

Независимые

кандидаты

8

Блок Жириновс

9

17

40

105

1

421111

KPRF Kommunistiheskaq partiq Rossijskoj Federacii OVR

Otehestvo - Vsq Rossiq

SPS

So[z pravyx sil

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1 U kogośa´moe bol;woé koli´hestvo mest v Du´me?

2 Kto zanimaét vtoroé meśto?

3 Kto zanimaét posle´dnee meśto?

4 Skoĺ;ko mest v Du´me u <Ediństva>, <Ote´hestva>, <So[źa pra´vyx sil>?

5 Skoĺ;ko mest budet u <Ediństva>, eśli onoób#edini´tsq s

<Ote´hestvom>?

The negative

Examine the following sentence taken from the text Neo'i ´dannaq pobe ´da:

Niktońikogdańe predpolagaĺ, hto \´ta fra´kciq mo´'et

pobedi´t;.

No one ever imagined that this faction could win.

What the sentence literally says in Russian is:

No one never did not imagine . . .

In a Russian negative sentence not only is the verb negated by the presence of ne, but all words such as anyone, anything, ever, anywhere, any, either . . . or are translated as nikto´ ‘no one’, nihto´

‘nothing’, nikogda´ ‘never’ nigde´/ nikuda´ ‘nowhere’, nikako´j ‘no /

not any’, ni . . . ni ‘neither . . . nor’.

Look at these other examples from the same text:

<Ediństvo> ne imeét nikako´j opredele¨nnoj progra´mmy.

‘Unity’ has no set programme.

Note the use of the genitive after the negative verb.

U negońet ni o´pytnyx li´derov, ni organizaciońnoj

struktuŕy.

It has neither experienced leaders nor an organisational structure.

The genitive also follows net meaning ‘there is not’.

When nikto´, nihto´ and nikako´j are used with a preposition the preposition comes between the first syllable and the rest of the word:

Q ni o kom ne du´ma[.

I am not thinking about anyone.

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2

Exercise 11

3

4

Answer these questions in the negative.

5

1 Gde vy byĺi vhera´? 2 Ty kuda´-nibud; xodiĺ ve´herom? 3 Za 6

kogo´ vy golosovaĺi na vy´borax? 4 Hto vy deĺali u´trom? 5 U

7

8111

<Ediństva> est; kaka´q-nibud; progra´mma? 6 U tebqést; brat, 9

sestra´? 7

Vy kogda´-nibud; he´m-nibud; iĺi ke´m-nibud;

10

uvlekaĺis;? 8 O he¨m vy du´maete? 9 K kako´j paŕtii vy 1

prinadle'i´te? 10 S kem vy xodiĺi v kino´? 11 Hemuóna 2

udivlqétsq? 12 Na kom on 'eniĺsq?

3

4

5

Exercise 12

6

7

Translate into Russian.

8

9

1 You cannot have a democratic society under a one-party system.

20111

Fortunately this system belongs to the past.

1

2 The new movement ‘Unity’ would like to be the ruling party in 2

Russia, but it is unlikely to achieve this goal without allies.

3

3 Having won a quarter of the votes in the parliamentary election, 4

the Communist Party began to work out a new programme of 5

action.

6

4 Despite the fact that ‘Unity’ enjoyed enormous success during the 7

election, the Communist Party still came first.

8

5 Unfortunately ‘Unity’ does not have any economic programme.

9

6 The success of ‘Unity’ is explained by the fact that President Putin 30

gave his support to the movement. He actually advised the elec-1

torate to vote for them.

2

7 Being the only party with its own electorate, the Communist Party 3

hopes to widen its influence.

4

8 The mass media played a decisive role in the last election.

5

Television succeeded in creating the myth of the popularity of the 6

‘Unity’ movement and many people believed it.

7

9 Judging by the methods used during the election campaign, Russia 8

is still a long way from democracy.

9

40

1

421111

14 INTERNET

In this unit you will learn:

◗ about the internet in Russia

◗ some more information on word building

◗ verbs with prefixes

◗ how to differentiate between certain verbs

The Russian language net, popularly called Runet because its addresses typically end ‘.ru’, underwent massive expansion in 2000.

Only in the following year did legislation giving protection for intellectual property rights and providing the framework for e-commerce catch up with this boom. The web also occupies a role in the political life of Russia. Vladimir Putin had a sophisticated campaign website during his presidential campaign. Sites were also used in the Duma elections to wage negative campaigns against rivals, notably ex-Prime Minister Primakov and Moscow Mayor Luzhkov. The Russian Government has a regularly updated official web page at www.pravitelstvo.gov.ru. There are also a number of news sites including: strana.ru; vesti.ru; smi.ru; gazeta.ru and lenta.ru.

Internet

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251

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Text 1

2

3

4

5

Rossi´jskomu Interne´tu

6

(Rune´tu) 10 let

7

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V Rossií sego´dnq boĺee 4 mln. akti´vnyx poĺ;zovatelej

9

Interne´ta, to est; tex, kto <xo´dit> v Set; postoqńno.

10

Mosko´vskie poĺ;zovateli sostavlq´[t pq´tu[ hast; (o´kolo 0,9

1

milliońa). Po dańnym G\lla´pa, Interne´tom v Moskve´

2

e'emeśqhno poĺ;zu[tsq 935 ty

śqh helove´k. Vsemiŕnaq Pautińa

3

oso´benno populqŕna sredi´

molode¨'i. Sa´moj znahi´tel;noj

4

qvlqétsq auditoŕiq v voźraste ot 25 do 34 let (25%). Raste¨t i 5

hisloínterne´thikov staŕwe 55 let: za posle´dnie dva go´da ono´

6

udvoílos;. @i´teli Interne´ta – \´to peredova´q hast; no´vogo 7

sre´dnego klaśsa. Bol;winstvoósvaívaet no´vyj o´braz 'iźni za 8

9

she¨t rabotoda´telq: boĺ;we polovińy vsex poĺ;zovatelej <xo´dqt> 20111

v Interne´t, ne vyxodqíz o´fisa. Da´'e eśli poĺ;zovatel; 1

trudogoĺik, u nego´ vse¨ ravnońa rabo´te okaźyvaetsq mno´go paúz, 2

kotoŕye zapolnq´[tsq Interne´tom. Za doma´wnij Interne´t na´do 3

iz svoego´ karmańa plati´t;, a na rabo´te pla´tit kontoŕa. No hislo´

4

doma´wnix poĺ;zovatelej to´'e raste¨t.

5

6

Po dańnym monitoring.ru, 24 proceńta naseleńiq Rossií

7

naxo´dqtsq v zońe vliqńiq Interne´ta. Naiboĺee akti´vno

8

poĺ;zu[tsq Interne´tom te, kto rabo´taet v sre´dstvax maśsovoj 9

informaćii, rekla´me, biźnese i finańsovom se´ktore. Sa´mye 30

populqŕnye razdeĺy –

sre´dstva maśsovoj informaćii i

1

razvleheńiq. V rabo´hie dni poseti´telej virtuaĺ;nyx gaze´t i 2

novostny

´ x lent vsegda´ boĺ;we, liw; v uik-eńd intereś k SMI

3

pa´daet, a k razvleheńiqm, naoboro´t, vozrastaét. Poĺ;zovatelej 4

Interne´ta oso´benno interesuét sve´'aq politi´heskaq i

5

sociaĺ;naq informaćiq. Im boĺ;we ne nu'na´ gaze´ta, kotoŕaq 6

sortiruét no´vosti. Oni´ poluhiĺi dośtup k novostny

´ m leńtam,

7

i sa´mi mo´gut proizvodi´t; otboŕ. Vozmo´'nosti dlq preśsy v Seti´

8

9

poiśtine bezgrani´hny. E'edne´vnaq pose]aémost; ne´kotoryx 40

Interne´t-SMI prevywaét tira'iób]enacionaĺ;nyx gaze´t.

1

Toĺ;ko za posle´dnij meśqc novostno´j sajt www.lenta.ru posetiĺi 421111

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boĺee 1 milliońa helove´k. |to sopostavi´mo s e'edne´vnym tira'o´m boĺee 300 ty

śqh \kzemplqŕov.

Sre´dnij doxo´d rossi´jskogo poĺ;zovatelq sostavlqét 200 doĺlarov na hleńa sem;i´, he´tvert; ot o´b]ego koli´hestva potrebi´telej interne´t-informaćii sostavlq´[t studeńty. Oni´ provo´dqt v Seti´

dovoĺ;no mno´go vremeni – 337 minu´t e'enedeĺ;no, pose]a´q, gla´vnym o´brazom, razvleka´tel;nye sa´jty (anekdo´ty, muźyka, ha´ty, i´gry).

Setevo´j biźnes – sa´myj progressiŕu[]ij v strane´. On sozdae¨t vse¨ boĺ;wee koli´hestvo rabo´hix mest. Interne´t-torgo´vlq raste¨t.

Razvivaétsq no´vyj vid proda´ ' – heŕez Interne´t. V Set; prixo´dqt vse¨ no´vye i no´vye l[

´ di, no´vye kompańii. Mnogomilliońnye

sdeĺki i investićii, sdeĺannye heŕez Interne´t, u'eńikogońe udivlq´[t.

Po materiaĺam 'urnaĺa <No´voe vre´mq>, 2000

Vocabulary ♦

bezgrani´hnyj

limitless

Vsemiŕnaq Pautińa

world-wide-web, www

dośtup

access

znahi´tel;nyj

significant

zońa vliqńiq

sphere of influence

kontoŕa

office

novostna´q leńta / novostno´j

sajt

news site

osvaívat;

to master

peredovo´j

progressive

poiśtine

indeed

poĺ;zovatel; Interne´ta

Internet-user

potrebi´tel;

consumer

proizvodi´t; otboŕ

to make a selection

razvleka´tel;nyj sajt

entertainment site

sdeĺka

deal

Set; ( f )

Network

sopostavi´myj

comparable

tira´'

circulation

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trudogoĺik

workaholic

2

udvoít;sq

to double

3

\kzemplqŕ

copy

4

N.B. vse¨ ravno´ – all the same; naoboro´t – the other way round; 5

po dańnym G\lla´pa – according to Gallup agency data 6

7

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Exercise 1

9

10

Answer the questions in Russian.

1

2

1 Hto takoé akti´vnyj poĺ;zovatel; Interne´ta?

3

2 Kak <xo´dqt> v Interne´t bol;winstvo´ poĺ;zovatelej?

4

3 Kakié razdeĺy oso´benno populqŕny v Interne´te?

5

4 Kakovy´ preimu´]estva poĺ;zovaniq novostny´mi sa´jtami?

6

5 Kako´v sre´dnij doxo´d rossi´jskogo poĺ;zovatelq?

7

6 Kakié sa´jty pose]a´[t studeńty boĺ;we vsego´?

8

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1

Dialogue 1

2

3

A conversation between a journalist and a sociologist 4

5

@URNALIŚT

Vse¨ ha]e v preśse poqvlq´[tsq soob]eńiq ne toĺ;ko o

6

7

poĺ;ze, no i o vrede´ komp;[

´ terov. Ne lu´hwe li nam

8

voob]eótkaza´t;sq ot komp;[

´ terov i zaby´t; pro

9

Interne´t?

30

SOCIOĹOG

No \´to nevozmo´'no. Komp;[

´ ter stal haśt;[ na´wej

1

'iźni. Esli sejhaś u vsex poĺ;zovatelej otobra´t;

2

komp;[

´ ter, to onióstańutsq <bez ruk>.

3

@URNALIŚT

Ne´kotorye utver'da´[t, hto l[

´ di, rabo´ta[]ie s

4

komp;[

´ terom boĺ;we podveŕ'eny streśsam, hem l[´di,

5

ne rabo´ta[]ie s komp;[

´ terom.

6

SOCIOĹOG

Po-moému, streśsam podveŕ'eny vse. I utver'da´t;,

7

hto v \´tom vinova´ty komp;[

´ tery, nel;zq´. L[´di vse

8

raźnye. V konce´ konco´v, stress mo´'et vozni´knut; i

9

40

iz-za oby´hnogo pereutomleńiq.

1

@URNALIŚT

V posle´dnee vre´mq stalo <mo´dnym> no´voe zabo-

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levańie – Interne´t-zaviśimost;. Q ime´[ v vidu´

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patologi´heskoe vleheńie k prebyvańi[ v Seti´. Ne

ka´'etsq li Vam, hto \´to prihinqét u]eŕb zdoro´v;[

kak fizi´heskomu, tak i psixi´heskomu.

SOCIOĹOG

Da, interne´t mo´'et zatqnu´t; v svoiśe´ti. |to kak

narko´tik: hem boĺ;we upotreblqéw;, tem sil;neé

xo´hetsq.

@URNALIŚT

I mo´'no li vyĺehit;sq ot tako´go <narko´tika>?

SOCIOĹOG

Kone´hno, I kudaĺe´ghe, hem ot narkomańii. Ot

Internet-zaviśimosti mo´'no vyĺehit;sq samomu´, bez

po´mo]i vrahe´j. Ved; kro´me Interne´ta su]estvuét

maśsa drugi´x zanq´tij: l[bi´maq rabo´ta, l[bi´myj

helove´k, a ta´k'e tea´try, kino´, konceŕty. Prośto, vo

vse¨m na´do znat; meŕu i vre´mq ot vre´meni

perekl[ha´t;sq na drugié ve´]i.

@URNALIŚT

No mne ka´'etsq, hto u nas v straneú'eśu]estvuét

informaciońnaq ugroźa. I my dol'nyógrani´hit;

dośtup k ne´kotorym sa´jtam.

SOCIOĹOG

Zdes; q s Va´mi soglaśen. Nam nu´'en zakoń, nu'ny´

meŕy za]i´ty. Na´do kontroliŕovat; sociaĺ;no opaśnye

sa´jty, te kotoŕye propagandiŕu[t narko´tiki, nasiĺie,

terroriźm.

Po materiaĺam <Literatuŕnoj gaze´ty>, 2000

Vocabulary ♦

vleheńie

attraction

vred

harm

vy

ĺehit;sq ot (+ gen)

to be cured of

zatqnu´t; v set;

to draw into, trap in the net

znat; meŕu

to know one’s limit

Interne´t-zaviśimost;

Internet dependence

meŕy za]i´ty

protection measures

nasiĺie

violence

ograni´hit;

to restrict

otobra´t;

to take away

perekl[ha´t;sq na (+ acc)

to switch to

pereutomleńie

exhaustion, overwork

podveŕ'ennyj streśsu

subject to stress

poiśtine

indeed

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poĺ;za

use, benefit

2

prebyvańie

stay

3

privleka´tel;nyj

attractive

4

prihinq´t; u]erb (+ dat)

to cause damage

5

sociaĺ;no-opaśnyj sajt

socially dangerous site

6

ugroźa

threat

7

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9

Exercise 2

10

1

Answer the questions in Russian.

2

3

1 Mo´'no li otkaza´t;sq ot komp;[´terov?

4

2 Pra´vda li, hto komp;[´ter poo]rqét stress?

5

3 Kak voznikaét stress?

6

4 Hto takoé Interne´t-zaviśimost;?

7

5 Kak mo´'no vyĺehit;sq ot Interne´t-zaviśimosti?

8

6 K kaki´m sa´jtam na´do ograni´hit; dośtup?

9

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1

Exercise 3

2

3

True or false?

4

5

1 Sa´mye akti´vnye poĺ;zovateli Interne´ta (po'ilyé l[´di, 6

wkoĺ;niki, molodyé l[

´ di)?

7

2 Bol;winstvo´ poĺ;zovatelej <xo´dit> v Set; (u sebq´ do´ma, na 8

rabo´te, v Interne´t-kafe´)?

9

3 Sa´mye populqŕnye sa´jty (razvleheńiq, SMI, ha´ty,

30

antikvaria´t)?

1

4 Studeńty boĺ;we pose]a´[t (novostnyé sa´jty, biźnes-sa´jty, 2

razvleka´tel;nye sa´jty)?

3

5 L[´di, rabo´ta[]ie s komp;[´terom, (nikogdańe bole´[t, mno´go 4

usta[

´ t, podveŕ'eny streśsu)?

5

6 Interne´t-zaviśimost; (psixi´heskoe zabolevańie, boleźn; seŕdca, 6

vleheńie k prebyvańi[ v Seti´)?

7

7 Hto´by vyĺehit;sq ot Interne´t-zaviśimosti na´do

8

(perekl[hi´t;sq na drugié zanq´tiq, vl[bi´t;sq, uvle´h;sq 9

tea´trom)?

40

8 Sa´mye opaśnye sa´jty – te, kotoŕye propagandiŕu[t (seks, 1

kureńie, terroriźm)?

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Exercise 4

Study the results of a poll conducted in Russia (shown opposite page) and answer the questions in English.

1 What was considered the third most dangerous kind of site?

2 What was considered next most dangerous after terrorist sites?

3 Why should some sites dealing with Russian history be controlled?

4 What kinds of intolerance might be propagated on web sites according to this list?

5 How might NATO figure in web sites?

6 What is the principal indication of Internet dependence?

7 What was considered a rather more significant indication than a tendency to stress and depression?

8 What was the least significant indication of Internet dependence?

Language points ♦

Word building

In previous units we have looked at common roots which connect words with similar meanings and at how these roots combine with prefixes to add to or qualify the meaning and suffixes which determine the part of speech. Many people learning Russian have difficulty in memorising vocabulary. It is often worthwhile breaking down a Russian word into its constituent parts as a way of making it more memorable or helping to decipher its meaning. The aim of this section is to give you some more tips about the way Russian words are put together to help you to continue to build your vocabulary.

Alternation of consonants

Sometimes it may be more difficult to recognise a familiar root in a word because the consonant is different. There are some common alternations of consonants in Russian:

d / ' / 'd:

vodi´t; ‘to lead’; vo'a´k ‘leader’; vo'd; ‘leader’

t / h:

doby

´ t; ‘to obtain’; doby´ha ‘booty, extraction’

t / ]:

pita´t; ‘feed’; pi´]a ‘food’

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2

I <Kakie samye informacionno <opasnye> web-sajty?> 3

(1)

Propagandiru[]ie narkotiki.

4

(2)

Propagandiru[]ie nasilie i \kstremizm.

5

(3)

Posvq]ennye texnologii izgotovleniq oru'iq.

6

7

(4)

Prestupnyx i terroristiheskix organizacij.

8111

(5)

Totalitarnyx sekt.

9

(6)

Pornografiheskie.

10

1

II <Kakie sajty v Internete sledovalo by

2

kontrolirovat;?>

3

(1)

Reklama antiob]estvennyx sajtov.

4

(2)

Iska'a[]ie istori[ Rossii.

5

(3)

Manipuliru[]ie lihnost;[, naruwa[]ie ee

6

nravstvennye osnovy.

7

(4)

Propagandiru[]ie bombe'ki stranami NATO

8

<nepokornyx> gosudarstv.

9

(5)

Soder'a]ie dokumental;nye kadry smertej.

20111

(6)

Propagandiru[]ie vra'du, nenavist;, nacional;nu[ i

1

klassovu[ neterpimost;.

2

3

III <Kakovy osnovnye proqvleniq Internet-zavisimosti?> 4

5

(1)

<Otvykanie> ot real;noj 'izni, <uxod> v virtual;nyj 6

mir.

7

(2)

Formirovanie potrebnosti <narkotiheskogo> xaraktera.

8

(3)

Poterq radosti ot 'ivogo ob]eniq.

9

(4)

Uvelihenie sklonnosti (do boleznennosti) k

30

komp;[ternym igram.

1

(5)

Povywennaq sklonnost; k stressovym i depressivnym

2

sostoqniqm.

3

(6)

O]u]enie trudnostej v izlo'enii myslej na bumage

4

ili v razgovore.

5

6

7

Gaze´ta <Mosko´vskie no´vosti>, 2001

8

9

N.B. iska'a´t; – to distort; naruwa´t; – violate; bombe¨'ka – bombing; 40

nepokoŕnyj – unruly; neterpi´most; – intolerance; potre´bnost; – need; 'ivoé 1

ob]eńie – live contact; izlo'eńie myślej – setting out thoughts; sklońnost; 421111

– tendency to

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s / w:

vyso´kij ‘high’; vy

´ we ‘higher’

z / ':

francuź ‘Frenchman’;

francu´'enka ‘Frenchwoman’

st / ]:

gusto´j ‘thick’; gu´]e ‘thicker’

c / h:

granića ‘border’ (noun); grani´hit; ‘border’ (verb) k / h:

reka´ ‘river’ (noun); rehno´j ‘river’ (adjective) x / w:

mu´xa ‘fly’ (noun); muwińyj ‘fly’ (adjective) g / ':

[g ‘south’ (noun); [

´ 'nyj ‘south’ (adjective)

Noun suffixes

The suffixes which identify adjectives and verbs are easily recognis-able. There are a whole variety of suffixes which indicate different kinds of nouns.

Profession, occupation

-tel; , -ik, -nik, -nica ( f ), -ak, -qk, -ar; , -arwa ( f ), -qr,

-hik, -hica ( f ), -]ik, -]ica ( f ), -ec, -tor pisa´tel; / pisa´tel;nica

writer

istoŕik

historian

bezdeĺ;nik

idler

uhi´tel;nica

woman teacher

ryba´k

fisherman

morq´k

sailor

bibliote´kar;

librarian

sekretaŕwa

secretary

stolqŕ

joiner

perevo´dhik / perevo´dhica

interpreter, translator

gardero´b]ik / gardero´b]ica

cloakroom attendant

prodaveć / prodav]ića

sales assistant

reda´ktor

editor

a´vtor

author

Nationality, religion, citizenship

-anin, -anka ( f ), -qnin, -qnka ( f ), -ec, -ka ( f ), -ih, -ihka ( f ) anglihańin

Englishman

anglihańka

Englishwoman

xristiańin / xristiańka

Christian

krest;qńin / krest;qńka

peasant

amerikańec / amerikańka

American

moskvi´h / moskvi´hka

Muscovite

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Actions

2

-anie, -enie, -;ba, -nq, -ka

3

4

pisańie

writing

5

povyweńie

increase

6

xod;ba´

walking

7

begotnq´

running

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9

Qualities

10

-ost;, -est;, -ota, -stvo

1

2

moĺodost;

youth

3

sve´'est;

freshness

4

temnota´

darkness

5

mu´'estvo

bravery

6

bessty

´ dstvo

shamelessness

7

Note that a large range of abstract nouns, not just denoting quali-8

ties, end in -stvo:

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ote´hestvo

fatherland

1

iskuśstvo

art

2

mno´'estvo

multitude

3

Diminutives

4

5

-ik, -ok, -e¨k, -hik -ka, -ohka, -uwka

6

do´mik

little house

7

gorodo´k

small town

8

ogone¨k

small light

9

stakańhik

little glass

30

re´hka

little river

1

de´vohka

little girl

2

derevu´wka

small village

3

4

Small animals

5

6

-e¨nok, -onok

7

kote¨nok

kitten

8

medve' ońok

bear cub

9

rebe¨nok

child

40

1

Note their plurals: kotq´ta, medve' a´ta, deti / rebqta (more com-421111

monly used in the sense of ‘lads, guys’).

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Exercise 5

What do you call a man who . . .

Example: uhi´t; ruśskomu qzyku´ – uhi´tel; ruśskogo qzyka´

pokupa´t; televiźory, prodava´t; komp;[

´ tery, perevodi´t; s

inostrańnogo qzyka´, rukovodi´t; zavo´dom, poĺ;zovat;sq komp;[

´ -

terom, 'it; v Moskve´, redaktiŕovat; gaze´tu, izdava´t; 'urnaĺ, rabo´tat; na zavo´de, prepodava´t; angli´jskij qzy´k.

Exercise 6

Choose between the two words (note -ost; generally denotes the state and -enie the action).

Example: prestu´pnost; ‘crime, criminality’

prestupleńie ‘crime, criminal offence’

1 (prestupleńie iĺi prestu´pnost;) Koli´hestvo . . . raste¨t s ka´'dym godom. Kak mo´'no pokońhit; s . . . v sovremeńnom o´b]estve?

2 (zabolevańie iĺi zabolevaémost;) Po mneńi[ miniśtra zdravooxraneńiq, o´b]aq . . . v Rossií, po-pre´'nemu, vyso´kaq.

Poqviĺos; no´voe . . . Internet-zaviśimost;.

3 (pereutomleńie iĺi pereutomlqémost;) Po-moému, u tebq´

tipi´hnoe . . . tebeńa´do otdoxnu´t;. Po-mneńi[ vrahe´j, . . .

sredi´ dete´j raste¨t.

4 (pose]eńie iĺi pose]aémost;) V posle´dnee vre´mq reźko vozrosla´ . . . Interne´t SMI. . . . tea´trov pomo´'et ulu´hwit; vaw ruśskij qzy´k.

5 (razdra'eńie iĺi razdra'i´tel;nost;) Mne ponq´tno tvoe¨

. . . : ved; on opq´t; opozdaĺ. Po-moému, on boĺen, ego´ . . . u'e´

prevosxo´dit vse granićy.

Verbs with prefixes

Prefixes are often added to imperfective verbs to make them perfective: pisa´t; (imperfective) / napisa´t; (perfective). Other prefixes can

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be added which, as well as making verbs perfective, modify their 2

meaning:

3

v- ‘in’

4

5

vpisa´t;

to insert, include

6

7

The imperfective is formed by inserting -yv-:

8111

vpiśyvat;sq / vpisa´t;sq

to fit in well

9

10

vy- ‘out of’

1

2

vypiśyvat; / vy

´ pisat;

to copy out, extract, prescribe

3

do- ‘finish’

4

5

dopiśyvat; / dopisa´t;

to finish (writing)

6

za- ‘for, begin’

7

8

zapiśyvat; / zapisa´t;

to note

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20111

nad- ‘over, above, super-’

1

nadpiśyvat; / nadpisa´t;

to superscribe, inscribe

2

3

o- ‘about, around’

4

5

opiśyvat; / opisa´t;

to describe (write about)

6

pere- ‘re-, over, across’

7

8

perepiśyvat; / perepisa´t;

to rewrite

9

perepiśyvat;sq

to correspond

30

1

pri- near

2

pripiśyvat; / pripisa´t;

to add

3

4

pod- ‘under, sub-’

5

podpiśyvat; / podpisa´t;

to sign (write under)

6

podpiśyvat;sq /

7

podpisa´t;sq na

to subscribe to (newspapers)

8

9

In the verb rabo´tat; the ‘o’ changes to an ‘a’ when -yv- is inserted: 40

1

zaraba´tyvat; / zarabo´tat;

to earn

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pereraba´tyvat; / pererabo´tat;

to process, rework

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Second conjugation verbs add -iv- rather than -yv-: do- ‘finish, complete’

dostraívat; / dostroít;

to finish building

perestraívat; / perestroít;

to rebuild

pri- ‘near, adjoining’

pristraívat; / pristroít;

to build onto

u- ‘impart a quality, away’

ustraívat; / ustroít;

to organise, arrange (impart

stroj ‘system, structure’)

Exercise 7

See if you can figure out the meaning of these verbs.

peredeĺyvat; / peredeĺat;; nadstraívat; / nadstroít;; dopiśyvat; /

dopisa´t;;

osma´trivat; / osmotre´t;;

predvi´det; (perfective only);

peredu´myvat; / peredu´mat;; vydu´myvat; / vy´dumat;; predskaźyvat;

/ predskaza´t;;

nadsma´trivat;

(imperfective only); dohi´tyvat; /

dohita´t;.

Exercise 8

Examine some Russian web-sites (see some examples, shown opposite page).

Molode¨'nyj portaĺ OM.Ru

1 What is the site devoted to?

2 What is the significance of its name?

3 What are the interactive features of the site?

4 What additional services does this site provide?

Informaciońno-spra´vohnyj centr

1 Give three kinds of information supplied by the site.

2 Give three advantages of the way the site operates.

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2

3

4

5

6

7

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9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

Portaĺ Moda.Ru & Fashion.Ru

6

7

1 How often is the site updated?

8

2 Who can post information on the site?

9

3 What level of expertise does it need to access the site?

40

4 What additional service does the site provide?

1

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Language points ♦

Some commonly confused verbs

‘To use’

ispoĺ;zovat; (impf., only) (+ acc. ) is a good general verb meaning

‘to use’:

Nado ispoĺ;zovat; vse sre´dstva v bor;be´ pro´tiv

terroriźma.

It is necessary to use all means in the struggle against terrorism.

Na´wa klińika ispoĺ;zuet lu´hwie dosti'eńiq

medicińy.

Our clinic uses the best medical advances.

On vse¨ vre´mq ispoĺ;zuet menq´ v svoi´x ceĺqx.

He always uses me for his own ends.

poĺ;zovat;sq / vospoĺ;zovat;sq (+ inst. ) means ‘to make use of’ as well as ‘to enjoy’ and ‘take advantage of’ and is commonly used with the nouns in the examples below:

Q vsegda´ poĺ;zu[s; slovare¨m.

I always use (make use of ) a dictionary.

Q du´ma[, vam na´do vospoĺ;zovat;sq uslu´gami ageńtstva.

I think that you should use / make use of the services of an agency.

On poĺ;zuetsq bol;wi´m avtorite´tom srediśvoi´x kolleg.

He enjoys great authority among his colleagues.

Note also: poĺ;zovat;sq uspe´xom ‘to enjoy success’: Poĺ;zuqs; slu´haem, q xoteĺ by vy

ŕazit; svo[´

blagodaŕnost;.

Taking advantage of the occasion, I should like to express my gratitude.

Note also: poĺ;zovat;sq vozmo´'nost;[ ‘to take advantage of the opportunity’.

Upotreblq´t; / upotrebi´t; (+ acc) translates ‘to use’ in certain specific contexts:

Mno´gie molody

é l[´di upotreblq´[t narko´tiki.

Many young people use drugs.

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Lu´hwe ne upotreblq´t; \´to slo´vo, ono´ pohti ne

2

upotreblqétsq v ruśskom qzyke´.

3

It is better not to use that word; it is almost never used in 4

Russian.

5

Primenq´t; / primeni´t; (+ acc. ) means ‘to apply, employ, use’: 6

7

V peŕvyj raz my primeniĺi \´tu texnolo´gi[ 10 let

8111

naza´d.

9

We first employed / used this technology 10 years ago.

10

Me´tod, primene¨nnyj in'eneŕami pri stroi´tel;stve

1

mosta´, ves;ma´ \ffekti´vnyj.

2

The method employed / used by engineers in the construction of 3

the bridge is highly effective.

4

5

Po-moému, pravi´tel;stvo dol'no´ primenq´t; sańkcii.

6

In my opinion the government should apply sanctions.

7

8

9

Exercise 9

20111

1

Choose the appropriate verb from those in brackets.

2

3

(poĺ;zovalas;, upotreblqét, poĺ;zovat;sq, primenq´t;, 4

upotreblq´t;, vospoĺ;zovalis;, poĺ;zu[tsq)

5

1 Ona´ haśto . . . \´tu fraźu, k so'aleńi[, haśto ne k meśtu. 2 Po-6

moému, my dol'ny´ . . . k prestu´pnikam bolee stro´gie meŕy. 3 On 7

8

ne razrewaét ej . . . ego´ komp;[

´ terom, u neeëst; svoj. 4 My . . .

9

vozmo´'nost;[ i poleteĺi A\roflo´tom. 5 Bol;winstvośtudeńtov 30

. . . Interne´tom. 6 Vse zna´[t, hto . . . narko´tiki – vre´dno dlq 1

zdoro´v;q. 7 V moĺodosti ona´ . . . ogro´mnym uspe´xom u mu'hiń.

2

3

‘To stop’

4

5

Ostana´vlivat; / ostanovi´t; is the transitive verb ‘to stop, halt’: 6

Iz-za avaŕii na 'eleźnoj doro´ge priwloś; ostanovi´t; 7

poézd.

8

Because of an accident on the railway line they had to stop the 9

train.

40

1

Ostanovi´te ego´, po'aĺujsta, on zaby

ĺ svoj paśport.

421111

Stop him, please, he has forgotten his passport.

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Ostana´vlivat;sq / ostanovi´t;sq is the intransitive partner of ostana´vlivat; :

Taksióstanoviĺos; u do´ma s kolońnami.

The taxi stopped by the house with the columns.

My ostanoviĺis; v gostińice.

We stopped in a hotel.

Perestava´t; / peresta´t; means ‘to cease / stop’ doing something and is generally followed by an infinitive:

Ona´ perestaĺa pisa´t; romańy.

She stopped writing novels.

Perestań; razgovaŕivat;!

Stop talking!

Do'd; perestaĺ.

The rain has stopped.

Prekra]a´t; / prekrati´t; means ‘to terminate / stop’: Obe stoŕony rewiĺi prekrati´t; peregovoŕy.

Both sides decided to stop the talks.

Oni´ prekratiĺi svo[

´ perepiśku (perepiśyvat;sq).

They stopped writing to each other.

Mewa´t; / pomewa´t; is ‘to stop’ in the sense of ‘to hinder’: Ty mewaéw; mne spat;.

You are stopping me from sleeping.

Brosa´t; / brośit; means ‘to stop’ in the sense of ‘to give up’: On brośil kuri´t; i pit;.

He gave up smoking and drinking.

Exercise 10

Choose the appropriate verb from the brackets.

(perestańew;, ostanoviĺas;, prekrati´, ostana´vliva[s;, perestaĺ, ostanoviĺsq, brośil, mewaét)

1 Kogda´ ty . . . vme´wivat;sq v moi´ dela´? 2 . . . , po'aĺujsta, \´ti glu´posti! 3 Tramva´j . . . na perekre¨stke. 4 Nakoneć-to, sneg . . . ,

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i my smoglié´xat; daĺ;we. 5 Iz-za boleźni dire´ktora rabo´ta . . .

2

6 Q vsegda´ . . . v \´toj gostińice. 7 On . . . mne smotre´t; televiźor.

3

8 Q tak ra´da, hto on . . . pit;.

4

5

6

Similar-sounding verbs

7

8111

Sostavlq´t; / sosta´vit; ‘to compile, draw up’:

9

10

Ceĺyj god ona sostavlqĺa bibliogra´fi[ proizvedeńij

1

Di´kkensa.

2

All year long she was compiling a bibliography of works by 3

Dickens.

4

Na´do sosta´vit; spiśok vsex prisu´tstvu[]ix.

5

It is necessary to draw up a list of all those present.

6

7

Sostavlq´t; / sosta´vit; also means ‘to constitute, make up’: 8

He´tvert; poĺ;zovatelej Interne´tom sostavlq[t

9

studeńty.

20111

Students make up a quarter of Internet users.

1

2

Soglaśno demo´grafam naseleńie miŕa skoŕo sosta´vit 10

3

milliaŕdov helove´k.

4

According to demographers the population of the world will 5

soon constitute a billion people.

6

Note also sostavlq´t; kompańi[ komu´-nibud; ‘to keep someone 7

company’.

8

9

Sostoq´t; iz (+ gen. ) ‘to consist of, comprise’: 30

Fil;m sostoi´t iz dvux seŕij.

1

The film consists of two parts.

2

Auditoŕiq sostoqĺa v osnovno´m iz studeńtov.

3

The audience consisted basically of students.

4

5

Sostoq´t; v (+ prep. ) ‘to be, to be a member of’: 6

Proble´ma sostoi´t v tom, hto v Rossií do six por net 7

zakońa ob \migraćii.

8

The problem is that up till now there was no law on emigration 9

in Russia.

40

1

V moĺodosti on sostoqĺ v Kompaŕtii.

421111

In his youth he was a member of the Communist Party.

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Sostoq´t; v bra´ke ‘to be married’:

Toĺ;ko 5% studeńtov sostoqĺi v bra´ke.

Only 5% of the students were married.

Sostoq´t; (+ instr.) or na doĺ'nosti (+ gen. ) ‘employed as’: Pohti´ 10 let on sostoqĺ na doĺ'nosti dire´ktora

(sostoqĺ dire´ktorom) zavo´da.

For almost 10 years he was a director of the factory.

Sostoq´t;sq means ‘to take place’:

Konfereńciq sostoqĺas; v konce´ maŕta.

The conference took place at the end of March.

Prem;eŕa fiĺ;ma sostoi´tsq v no´vom kinoteátre.

The premiere of the film will take place in the new cinema.

Exercise 11

Decide which verb to use.

1 @eń]iny . . . 53 proceńta naseleńiq Rossií. 2 Proble´ma . . .

v tom, hto ni´kto ne xo´het prinq´t; reweńie. 3 Slovaŕ;, kotoŕyj on . . . 7 let naza´d, vseë]e¨ populqŕen. 4 Na´wa kvartiŕa . . . iz 3

ko´mnat. 5 Vs[ 'izn; on . . . sekretare¨m pri re´ktore universite´ta.

6 V bu´du]em godu´ v Mośkve . . . teatraĺ;naq Olimpia´da.

Exercise 12

Translate into Russian.

1 The number of Internet-users is increasing all the time. E-commerce is the fastest developing sector of the Russian economy.

2 Most people in a recent poll felt that there should be control over socially dangerous sites.

3 In Russia, even in Moscow, use of the Internet lags behind that of Western countries. Nonetheless, the problem of Internet addiction already exists.

4 The Internet is still very expensive for many Russians; you have to pay 50 dollars a month for unlimited access.

Internet

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5 A businessman friend of mine uses the Internet daily in his work.

2

He says that he cannot survive without it.

3

6 Working at my computer I often get so carried away that I forget 4

about everything, even about food.

5

7 There is a lot of varied information on the Net, but I am mostly 6

interested in the mass media.

7

8 During the next election it will probably be possible to vote 8111

through the Internet.

9

9 I never thought that I would become an Internet addict but I 10

automatically switch the computer on as soon as I come home.

1

10 The most popular web-sites with students are entertainment and 2

games.

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

Grammar reference

Nouns

Masculine

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

nom.

stol

stoly

´

tramva´j

tramvaí

roqĺ;

roqĺi

acc.

stol

stoly

´

tramva´j

tramvaí

roqĺ;

roqĺi

gen.

stolaśtolo´v

tramva´q

tramvaév

roqĺq

roqĺej

dat.

stoluśtola´m

tramva´[

tramva´qm

roqĺ[

roqĺqm

instr.

stolo´m

stola´mi

tramvaém

tramva´qmi

roqĺem

roqĺqmi

prep.

stoleśtola´x

tramvaé

tramva´qx

roqĺe

roqĺqx

Feminine

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

nom. ry´ba

ry

´ by

voĺq

voĺi

paŕtiq

paŕtii

roĺ;

roĺi

acc.

ry

´ bu

ry

´ by

voĺ[

voĺi

paŕti[

paŕtii

roĺ;

roĺi

gen.

ry

´ by

ry

´ b

voĺi

voĺ;

paŕtii

paŕtij

roĺi

role´j

dat.

ry

´ be

ry

´ bam

voĺe

voĺqm

paŕtii

paŕtiqm

roĺi

rolq´m

instr. ry´boj ry´bami voĺej

voĺqmi paŕtiej

paŕtiqmi

roĺ;[

rolq´mi

prep. ry´be

ry

´ bax

voĺe

voĺqx

paŕtii

paŕtiqx

roĺi

rolq´x

Grammar reference

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271

1111

Neuter

2

3

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

sing.

pl.

4

nom. vino´

vińa

moŕe

morqźdańie

zdańiq

i´mq

imena´

5

acc.

vino´

vińa

moŕe

morqźdańie

zdańiq

i´mq

imena´

6

gen.

7

vina´

vin

moŕq

more´j

zdańiq

zdańij

i´meni

ime¨n

8111

dat.

vinu´

vińam

moŕ[

morq´m zdańi[

zdańiqm

i´meni

imena´m

9

instr. vino´m

vińami

moŕem

morq´mi zdańiem

zdańiqmi

i´menem

imena´mi

10

prep. vine´

vińax

moŕe

morq´x

zdańii

zdańiqx

i´meni

imena´x

1

2

3

4

5

6

Notes

7

8

1

The accusative singular of masculine animate nouns and the 9

accusative plural of both masculine and feminine animate nouns 20111

is the same as the genitive.

1

2

Some nouns have the fleeting vowel o or e in the nominative 2

which disappears when an ending is added: rebe¨nok – rebe¨nka; 3

koneć – konca´.

4

3

Some nouns ending in -a, -o, -q have a fill vowel -o- or -e-5

inserted in the genitive plural: studeńtka – studeńtok; okno´ –

6

o´kon; derevnq – dereveń; .

7

4

Spelling rules affect several endings:

8

● the genitive singular of some feminine nouns: kni´ga – kni´gi; 9

● the instrumental singular of some masculine and feminine 30

nouns: math – ma´them; gostińica – gostińicej; 1

● the nominative / accusative plural of masculine and feminine 2

nouns: qzy´k – qzyki´; kni´ga – kni´gi; 3

● the genitive plural of some masculine nouns: meśqc – meśqcev.

4

5

Stressed e becomes e¨ in:

5

● the instrumental singular of some nouns: rubl; – ruble¨m; 6

● the genitive plural of some nouns: sloj – sloe¨v.

7

6

Some masculine nouns take the prepositional ending -u´ after v 8

and na: v sadu´.

9

7

Some masculine nouns have an irregular nominative (accusative) 40

plural in -a´ or -q´: dom – doma´; uhitel; – uhitelq´.

1

8

Some masculine and neuter nouns have an irregular nominative 421111

(accusative) plural in -;q: stul – stuĺ;q; drug – druz;q´;

272

|

Grammar reference

deŕevo – dere´v;q. The genitive (accusative) plural of these nouns ends in -ej where it is stressed and -;ev where unstressed: stuĺ;ev, druze´j, dere´v;ev.

9

The genitive plural of nouns ending in -' , -h, -w, -] ends in

-ej: moskvi´h – moskvihe´j.

10 The instrumental plural of some nouns ends in -;mi: de´ti –

det;mi´; l[

´ di – l[d;mi´.

In all the following tables where a second alternative form is given for the accusative this is for use with animate nouns.

Adjectives

Hard

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

intereśnyj

intereśnaq

intereśnoe

intereśnye

acc.

intereśnyj / ogo

intereśnu[

intereśnoe

intereśnye / yx

gen.

intereśnogo

intereśnoj

intereśnogo

intereśnyx

dat.

intereśnomu

intereśnoj

intereśnomu

intereśnym

instr.

intereśnym

intereśnoj

intereśnym

intereśnymi

prep.

intereśnom

intereśnoj

intereśnom

intereśnyx

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

kruto´j

kruta´q

krutoé

kruty

é

acc.

kruto´j / o´go

krutu´[

krutoé

kruty

é / y´x

gen.

kruto´go

kruto´j

kruto´go

kruty

´ x

dat.

kruto´mu

kruto´j

kruto´mu

kruty

´ m

instr.

kruty

´ m

kruto´j

kruty

´ m

kruty

´ mi

prep.

kruto´m

kruto´j

kruto´m

kruty

´ x

Grammar reference

|

273

1111

Soft

2

3

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

4

nom.

dre´vnij

dre´vnqq

dre´vnee

dre´vnie

5

acc.

dre´vnij / ego

dre´vn[[

dre´vnee

dre´vnie / ix

6

gen.

7

dre´vnego

dre´vnej

dre´vnego

dre´vnix

8111

dat.

dre´vnemu

dre´vnej

dre´vnemu

dre´vnim

9

instr.

dre´vnim

dre´vnej

dre´vnim

dre´vnimi

10

prep.

dre´vnem

dre´vnej

dre´vnem

dre´vnix

1

2

3

4

5

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

6

nom.

7

tre´tij

tre´t;q

tre´t;e

tre´t;i

8

acc.

tre´tij / ;ego

tre´t;[

tre´t;e

tre´t;i / ;ix

9

gen.

tre´t;ego

tre´t;ej

tre´t;ego

tre´t;ix

20111

dat.

tre´t;emu

tre´t;ej

tre´t;emu

tre´t;im

1

instr.

2

tre´t;im

tre´t;ej

tre´t;im

tre´t;imi

3

prep.

tre´t;em

tre´t;ej

tre´t;em

tre´t;ix

4

5

6

7

8

Mixed (affected by the spelling rules)

9

30

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

1

nom.

ruśskij

ruśskaq

ruśskoe

ruśskie

2

acc.

3

ruśskij / ogo

ruśsku[

ruśskoe

ruśskie / ix

4

gen.

ruśskogo

ruśskoj

ruśskogo

ruśskix

5

dat.

ruśskomu

ruśskoj

ruśskomu

ruśskim

6

instr.

ruśskim

ruśskoj

ruśskim

ruśskimi

7

prep.

8

ruśskom

ruśskoj

ruśskom

ruśskix

9

40

1

421111

274

|

Grammar reference

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

kako´j

kaka´q

kakoé

kakié

acc.

kako´j / o´go

kaku´[

kakoé

kakié / i´x

gen.

kako´go

kako´j

kako´go

kaki´x

dat.

kako´mu

kako´j

kako´mu

kaki´m

instr.

kaki´m

kako´j

kaki´m

kaki´mi

prep.

kako´m

kako´j

kako´m

kaki´x

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

bol;wo´j

bol;wa´q

bol;woé

bol;wié

acc.

bol;wo´j / o´go

bol;wu´[

bol;woé

bol;wié / i´x

gen.

bol;wo´go

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´go

bol;wi´x

dat.

bol;wo´mu

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´mu

bol;wi´m

instr.

bol;wi´m

bol;wo´j

bol;wi´m

bol;wi´mi

prep.

bol;wo´m

bol;wo´j

bol;wo´m

bol;wi´x

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

xoro´wij

xoro´waq

xoro´wee

xoro´wie

acc.

xoro´wij / ego

xoro´wu[

xoro´wee

xoro´wie / ix

gen.

xoro´wego

xoro´wej

xoro´wego

xoro´wix

dat.

xoro´wemu

xoro´wej

xoro´wemu

xoro´wim

instr.

xoro´wim

xoro´wej

xoro´wim

xoro´wimi

prep.

xoro´wem

xoro´wej

xoro´wem

xoro´wix

Grammar reference

|

275

1111

Possessives

2

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

3

nom.

4

moj

moq´

moe¨

moi´

5

acc.

moj / moego´

mo[

´

moe¨

moi´ / moi´x

6

gen.

moego´

moe´j

moego´

moi´x

7

da.

moemu´

moe´j

moemu´

moi´m

8111

instr.

9

moi´m

moe´j

moi´m

moi´mi

10

prep.

moe¨m

moe´j

moe¨m

moi´x

1

Note: tvoj and svoj also decline like moj 2

3

4

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

5

nom.

6

naw

na´wa

na´we

na´wi

7

acc.

naw / na´wego

na´wu

na´we

na´wi / na´wix

8

gen.

na´wego

na´wej

na´wego

na´wix

9

dat.

na´wemu

na´wej

na´wemu

na´wim

20111

instr.

1

na´wim

na´wej

na´wim

na´wimi

2

prep.

na´wem

na´wej

na´wem

na´wix

3

Note: vaw also declines like naw.

4

5

6

Hej

7

8

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

9

nom.

hej

h;q

h;e¨

h;i

30

acc.

hej / h;ego´

h;[

h;e¨

h;i / h;ix

1

gen.

2

h;ego´

h;ej

h;ego´

h;ix

3

dat.

h;emu´

h;ej

h;emu´

h;im

4

instr.

h;im

h;ej

h;im

h;i´mi

5

prep.

h;e¨m

h;ej

h;e¨m

h;ix

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

276

|

Grammar reference

Demonstratives

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

\´tot

\´ta

\´to

\´ti

acc.

\´tot / \´togo

\´tu

\´to

\´ti / \´tix

gen.

\´togo

\´toj

\´togo

\´tix

dat.

\´tomu

\´toj

\´tomu

\´tim

instr.

\´tim

\´toj

\´tim

\´timi

prep.

\´tom

\´toj

\´tom

\´tix

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

tot

ta

to

te

acc.

tot / togo´

tu

to

te / tex

gen.

togo´

toj

togo´

tex

dat.

tomu´

toj

tomu´

tem

instr.

tem

toj

tem

te´mi

prep.

tom

toj

tom

tex

Ves;

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

ves;

vsq

vse¨

vse

acc.

ves; / vsego´

vs[

vse¨

vse / vsex

gen.

vsego´

vsej

vsego´

vsex

dat.

vsemu´

vsej

vsemu´

vsem

instr.

vsem

vsej

vsem

vsemi

prep.

vse¨m

vsej

vse¨m

vsex

Grammar reference

|

277

1111

Sam

2

3

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

4

nom.

sam

samaśamośa´mi

5

acc.

sam / samogośamuśamośa´mi / sami´x

6

gen.

7

samogośamo´j

samogośami´x

8111

dat.

samomuśamo´j

samomuśami´m

9

instr.

sami´m

samo´j

sami´m

sami´mi

10

prep.

samo´m

samo´j

samo´m

sami´x

1

2

3

4

5

Personal pronouns

6

7

nom.

8

q

ty

on / onoóna´

my

vy

oni´

9

acc.

menq´

tebqégoée¨

nas

vas

ix

20111

gen.

menq´

tebqégoée¨

nas

vas

ix

1

dat.

mne

tebeémuéj

nam

vam

im

2

instr.

3

mnoj /

tobo´j /

im

ej /

na´mi

va´mi

i´mi

4

mno´[

tobo´[

e´[

5

prep.

mne

tebeńe¨m

nej

nas

vas

nix

6

Note: Sebq´ declines like tebq´ from the accusative onwards.

7

8

9

Interrogative pronouns

30

1

2

nom.

kto

hto

3

acc.

kogo´

hto

4

gen.

kogo´

hego´

5

dat.

6

komu´

hemu´

7

instr.

kem

hem

8

prep.

kom

he¨m

9

40

1

421111

278

|

Grammar reference

Surnames

masculine

feminine

plural

nom.

Pu´tin

Pu´tina

Pu´tiny

acc.

Pu´tina

Pu´tinu

Pu´tinyx

gen.

Pu´tina

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinyx

dat.

Pu´tinu

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinym

instr.

Pu´tinym

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinymi

prep.

Pu´tine

Pu´tinoj

Pu´tinyx

Note: Surnames ending in -ev, -in, -yn follow this pattern. Surnames which have adjective endings, e.g. Dostoe´vskij, decline like adjectives.

Cardinal numerals

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

nom.

odiń

odnaódnoódniácc.

odiń / odnogoódnuódnoódni´ / odni´x

gen.

odnogoódno´j

odnogoódni´x

dat.

odnomuódno´j

odnomuódni´m

instr.

odni´m

odno´j

odni´m

odni´mi

prep.

odno´m

odno´j

odno´m

odni´x

m / n

f

m / f / n

m / f / n

m / f / n

m / f / n

m / f / n

nom.

dva

dve

tri

hetyre

pqt;

soŕok

pqt;desq´t

acc.

dva /

dve /

tri /

hetyre /

pqt;

soŕok

pqt;desq´t

dvux

dvux

tre¨x

hetyre¨x

gen.

dvux

tre¨x

hetyre¨x

pqtiśoroka´

pqti´desqti

dat.

dvum

tre¨m

hetyre¨m

pqtiśoroka´

pqti´desqti

instr.

dvumq´

tre´mq

hetyr;mq´

pqt;[

śoroka´

pqt;[

´ desqt;[

prep.

dvux

tre¨x

hetyre¨x

pqtiśoroka´

pqti´desqti

Grammar reference

|

279

1111

Notes

2

1 Numbers from west; to deśqt; , dva´dcat; and tri´dcat; 3

decline like pqt; , with the stress on the endings. Odińnadcat; 4

– devqtna´dcat; take the same endings, but are stressed on the 5

stem.

6

2 Sto declines like soŕok, with the stress on the endings and 7

devqnośto takes the same endings, but with the stress on the stem.

8111

3 west;desq´t – vośem;desqt decline like pqt;desq´t.

9

10

1

m / f / n

m / f / n

m / f / n

m / f / n

2

nom.

3

dveśti

triśta

hety

ŕesta

pqt;so´t

4

acc.

dveśti

triśta

hety

ŕesta

pqt;so´t

5

gen.

dvuxso´t

tre¨xso´t

hetyre¨xso´t

pqtiso´t

6

dat.

dvumsta´m

tre¨msta´m

hetyre¨msta´m

pqtista´m

7

instr.

8

dvumqsta´mi

tremqsta´mi

hetyr;rmqsta´mi

pqtista´mi

9

prep.

dvuxsta´x

tre¨xsta´x

hetyre¨xsta´x

pqtista´x

20111

1

2

Notes

3

4

1 West;so´t,

sem;so´t,

vosem;so´t,

devqt;so´t

decline like

5

pqt;so´t.

6

2 Tyśqha declines like a feminine noun, but has an alternative 7

instrumental tyśqh;[.

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

280

|

Grammar reference

Verbs

First conjugation regular verbs

Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

deĺat; ‘to do, make’

sdeĺat; ‘to do, make’

Present

q deĺa[

ty deĺaew;

on / ona´ / ono´ deĺaet

my deĺaem

vy deĺaete

oni´ deĺa[t

Future

q bu´du deĺat;

q sdeĺa[

ty bu´dew; deĺat;

ty sdeĺaew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det deĺat;

on / ona´ / onośdeĺaet

my bu´dem deĺat;

my sdeĺaem

vy bu´dete deĺat;

vy sdeĺaete

oni´ bu´dut deĺat;

oniśdeĺa[t

Past

q deĺal / deĺala

q sdeĺal / sdeĺala

ty deĺal / deĺala

ty sdeĺal / sdeĺala

on deĺal

on sdeĺal

ona´ deĺala

onaśdeĺala

ono´ deĺalo

onośdeĺalo

my deĺali

my sdeĺali

vy deĺali

vy sdeĺali

oni´ deĺali

oniśdeĺali

Subjunctive

q deĺal by / deĺala by

q sdeĺal by / sdeĺala by

ty deĺal by / deĺala by

ty sdeĺal by / sdeĺala by

on deĺal by

on sdeĺal by

ona´ deĺala by

onaśdeĺala by

ono´ deĺalo by

onośdeĺalo by

my deĺali by

my sdeĺali by

vy deĺali by

vy sdeĺali by

oni´ deĺali by

oniśdeĺali by

Grammar reference

|

281

1111

Imperative

deĺaj / deĺajte

sdeĺaj / sdeĺajte

2

Gerund

deĺaq

sdeĺav

3

Participles:

4

pres. act.

deĺa[]ij / aq / ee / ie

5

past act.

6

deĺavwij / aq / ee / ie

sdeĺavwij / aq / ee / ie

7

pres. pass.

deĺaemyj / aq / oe / ye

8111

past pass.

sdeĺannyj / aq / oe / ye

9

10

1

2

3

First conjugation – verbs with an irregular stem

4

ending in a vowel

5

6

Imperfective

Perfective

7

Infinitive

myt; ‘to wash’

vy

´ myt; ‘to wash’

8

(also pomy´t;)

9

Present

q mo´[

20111

1

ty moéw;

2

on / ona´ / ono´ moét

3

my moém

4

5

vy moéte

6

oni´ mo´[t

7

Future

q bu´du myt;

q vy

´ mo[

8

9

ty bu´dew; myt;

ty vy

´ moew;

30

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det myt;

on / ona´ / ono´ vy

´ moet

1

my bu´dem myt;

my vy

´ moem

2

vy bu´dete myt;

vy vy

´ moete

3

4

oni´ bu´dut myt;

oni´ vy

´ mo[t

5

Past

myl, my

ĺa, myĺo, myĺi

vy

´ myl, vy´myla, vy´mylo,

6

vy

´ myli

7

Subjunctive

myl by, my

ĺa by, myĺo by,

vy

´ myl by, vy´myla by,

8

my

ĺi by

vy

´ mylo by, vy´myli by

9

40

Imperative

moj / mo´jte

vy

´ moj / vy´mojte

1

Gerund

vy

´ myv

421111

282

|

Grammar reference

Participles:

pres.act.

mo´[]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

my

´ vwij / aq / ee / ie

vy

´ myvwij / aq / ee / ie

past pass.

vy

´ mytyj / aq / oe / ye

Note: Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will change to -e¨. See dava´t; below.

First conjugation – verbs with an irregular stem

ending in a consonant

Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

pisa´t; ‘to write’

napisa´t; ‘to write’

Present

q piwu´

ty pi´wew;

on / ona´ / ono´ pi´wet

my pi´wem

vy pi´wete

oni´ pi´wut

Future

q bu´du pisa´t;

q napiwu´

ty bu´dew; pisa´t;

ty napi´wew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det pisa´t;

on / ona´ / onońapi´wet

my bu´dem pisa´t;

my napi´wem

vy bu´dete pisa´t;

vy napi´wete

oni´ bu´dut pisa´t;

oni napi´wut

Past

pisaĺ, pisaĺa, pisaĺo, napisaĺ, napisaĺa,

pisaĺi

napisaĺo, napisaĺi

Subjunctive

pisaĺ by, pisaĺa by,

napisaĺ by, napisaĺa by,

pisaĺo by, pisaĺi by

napisaĺo by, napisaĺi by

Imperative

piwi´ / piwi´te

napiwi´ / napiwi´te

Gerund

napisa´v

Participles:

pres. act.

pi´wu]ij / aq / ee / ie

past act.

pisa´vwij / aq / ee / ie

napisa´vwij / aq / ee / ie

past pass.

napiśannyj / aq / oe / yj

Note: Where the ending is stressed on irregular 1st conjugation verbs of this type -e- will change to -e¨.

Grammar reference

|

283

1111

Second conjugation

2

3

Imperfective

Perfective

4

Infinitive

smotre´t; ‘to watch,

posmotre´t; ‘to watch,

5

look at’

look at’

6

Present

q smotr[

´

7

8111

ty smo´triw;

9

on / ona´ / onośmo´trit

10

my smo´trim

1

vy smo´trite

2

3

oniśmo´trqt

4

Future

q bu´du smotre´t;

q posmotr[

´

5

ty bu´dew; smotre´t;

ty posmo´triw;

6

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det smotre´t;

on / ona´ / ono´ posmo´trit

7

8

my bu´dem smotre´t;

my posmo´trim

9

vy bu´dete smotre´t;

vy posmo´trite

20111

oni´ bu´dut smotre´t;

oni´ posmo´trqt

1

Past

smotreĺ, smotreĺa, posmotreĺ, posmotreĺa.

2

smotreĺo, smotreĺi

posmotreĺo, posmotreĺi

3

Subjunctive

4

smotreĺ by, smotreĺa by,

posmotreĺ by, posmotreĺa

5

smotreĺo by, smotreĺi by

by, posmotreĺo by,

6

posmotreĺi by

7

Imperative

smotri´ / smotri´te

posmotri´ / posmotri´te

8

Gerund

smotrq´

posmotre´v

9

Participles:

30

pres. act.

1

smotrq´]ij / aq / ee / ie

2

past act.

smotre´vwij / aq / ee / ie

posmotre´vwij / aq / ee / ie

3

4

5

Notes

6

7

1 Some second conjugation verbs are also affected by the spelling 8

rules: der'a´t; – der'u´, deŕ'iw; . . . deŕ'at.

9

2 If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants 40

-d, -t, -s, -z, -st that consonant will change in the first person 1

singular (q form) only. Other forms are regular: vodi´t; – vo'u´, 421111

vo´diw; ; plati´t; – plahu´,

pla´tiw;; prosi´t; – prowu´,

284

|

Grammar reference

prośiw; ; vozi´t; – vo'u´,

voźiw; ; sviste´t; ‘to whistle’ –

svi]u´, svisti´w;. If the stem ends in -b, -v, -p, -f and -m, an

-l- is inserted between the stem and ending in the first person singular only: l[bi´t; – l[bl[´, l[´biw; ; sta´vit; – sta´vl[, sta´viw;.

Reflexive verbs

Imperfective –

Perfective –

regular 1st conjugation with

irregular

stem ending in a consonant

Infinitive

odeva´t;sq ‘to dress oneself’

ode´t;sq ‘to dress oneself’

Present

q odeva´[s;

ty odevaéwsq

on / ona´ / onoódevaétsq

my odevaémsq

vy odevaétes;

oniódeva´[tsq

Future

q bu´du odeva´t;sq

q odeńus;

ty bu´dew; odeva´t;sq

ty odeńew;sq

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det on / ona´ / onoódeńetsq

odeva´t;sq

my bu´dem odeva´t;sq

my odeńemsq

vy bu´dete odeva´t;sq

vy odeńetes;

oni´ bu´dut odeva´t;sq

oniódeńutsq

Past

odevaĺsq, odevaĺas;, odeĺsq, odeĺas;, odeĺos;,

odevaĺos;, odevaĺis;

odeĺis;

Subjunctive

odevaĺsq by, odevaĺas; by,

odeĺsq by, odeĺas; by,

odevaĺos; by, odevaĺis; by

odeĺos; by, odeĺis; by

Imperative

odeva´jsq / odeva´jtes;

odeń;sq / odeń;tes;

Gerund

odeva´qs;

ode´vwis;

Participles:

pres. act.

odeva´[]ijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

past act.

odeva´vwijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

ode´vwijsq / aqsq / eesq / iesq

Grammar reference

|

285

1111

Irregular verbs

2

3

4

Imperfective –

Perfective –

5

irregular 1st conjugation with

irregular

6

stem ending in a vowel

7

Infinitive

dava´t; ‘to give’

dat; ‘to give’

8111

Present

q da[

´

9

ty dae¨w;

10

1

on / ona´ / ono´ dae¨t

2

my dae¨m

3

vy dae¨te

4

oni´ da[

´ t

5

6

Future

q bu´du dava´t;

q dam

7

ty bu´dew; dava´t;

ty daw;

8

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det dava´t;

on / ona´ / ono´ dast

9

my bu´dem dava´t;

my dadi´m

20111

1

vy bu´dete dava´t;

vy dadi´te

2

oni´ bu´dut dava´t;

oni´ dadu´t

3

Past

davaĺ, davaĺa, davaĺo, dal,

dala´, daĺo, daĺi

4

davaĺi

5

Subjunctive

davaĺ by, davaĺa by,

dal by, dala´ by, daĺo by,

6

davaĺo by, davaĺi by

daĺi by

7

8

Imperative

dava´j / dava´jte

daj / da´jte

9

Gerund

dava´q

dav

30

Participles:

1

pres. act.

da[

´ ]ij / aq / ee / ie

2

3

past act.

dava´vwij / aq / ee / ie

da´vwij / aq / ee / ie

4

pres. pass.

davaémyj / aq / oe / ye

5

past pass.

dańnyj / aq / oe / ye

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

286

|

Grammar reference

Imperfective

Perfective

Infinitive

est; ‘to eat’

s#est; ‘to eat’

Present

q em

ty ew;

on / ona´ / onoést

my edi´m

vy edi´te

oniédq´t

Future

q bu´du est;

q s#em

ty bu´dew; est;

ty s#ew;

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det est;

on / ona´ / onoś#est

my bu´dem est;

my s#edi´m

vy bu´dete est;

vy s#edi´te

oni´ bu´dut est;

oniś#edq´t

Past

el, eĺa, eĺo, eĺi

s#el, s#eĺa, s#eĺo, s#eĺi

Subjunctive

el by, eĺa by, eĺo by,

s#el by, s#eĺa by, s#eĺo

eĺi by

by, s#eĺi by

Imperative

ew; / e´w;te

s#ew; / s#e´w;te

Gerund

s#ev

Participles:

pres. act.

past act.

e´vwij / aq / ee / ie

s#e´vwij / aq / ee / ie

past pass.

s#e´dennyj / aq / oe / ye

Grammar reference

|

287

1111

Imperfective –

Imperfective –

Imperfective –

2

perfective (s-)

perfective (po-)

perfective (za-)

3

Infinitive

moh; ‘to be able’

be'a´t; ‘to run’

xote´t; ‘to wish,

4

to want’

5

Present

6

q mogu´

q begu´

q xohu´

7

ty mo´'ew;

ty be'i´w;

ty xo´hew;

8111

on / ona´ / ono´ mo´'et

on / ona´ / ono´ be'i´t

on / ona´ / ono´

9

xo´het

10

my mo´'em

my be'i´m

my xoti´m

1

2

vy mo´'ete

vy be'i´te

vy xoti´te

3

oni´ mo´gut

oni´ begu´t

oni´ xotq´t

4

Future

q bu´du moh;

q bu´du be'a´t;

q bu´du xote´t;

5

ty bu´dew; moh;

ty bu´dew; be'at;

ty bu´dew;

6

xote´t;

7

8

on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det on / ona´ / ono´

9

moh;

be'a´t;

bu´det xote´t;

20111

my bu´dem moh;

my bu´dem be'a´t;

my bu´dem

1

xote´t;

2

vy bu´dete moh;

vy bu´dete be'a´t;

vy bu´dete xote´t;

3

oni´ bu´dut moh;

oni´ bu´dut be'a´t;

oni´ bu´dut

4

xote´t;

5

Past

6

mog, mogla´, be'aĺ, be'aĺa, xoteĺ, xoteĺa,

7

moglo´, mogli´

be'aĺo, be'aĺi

xoteĺo, xoteĺi

8

Subjunctive mog by,

be'aĺ by,

xoteĺ by,

9

mogla´ by,

be'aĺa by,

xoteĺa by,

30

moglo´ by, be'aĺo by,

xoteĺo by,

1

mogli´ by

be'aĺi by

xoteĺi by

2

Imperative

begi´ / begi´te

(xoti´ – colloquial)

3

Participles:

4

pres. act.

5

mogu´]ij / aq / ee / ie

begu´]ij / aq / ee / ie

6

past act.

mo´gwij / aq / ee / ie

be'a´vwij / aq / ee / ie

xote´vwij / aq / ee / ie

7

8

9

40

1

421111

Key to exercises

Unit 1

Exercise 1

Pervoe letopisnoe upominanie o Moskve otnositsq k 1147 godu. Osnovatel; Moskvy byl suzdal;skij knqz; {rij Vladimirovih Dolgorukij. |to on vybral mesto dlq stroitel;stva goroda. Gorod ros bystro, i u'e v 14-om veke stal centrom russkix zemel;. Moskva ostavalas; stolicej vplot; do 1713 goda kogda Pe¨tr Pervyj perene¨s stolicu v novyj gorod – Peterburg. Tol;ko v 1918

godu u'e posle Revol[cii Moskva snova stala stolicej, snahala Sovetskogo So[za, a potom Rossii.

Exercise 3

Interesnye moskovskie muzei; drevnie russkie kremli; strawnye istoriheskie sobytiq; slo'nye \konomiheskie problemy; nawi znamenitye istoriki.

Exercise 4

1 \tu molodu[ russku[ 'en]inu 2 malen;ku[ primorsku[ derevn[

3 sovremennu[ anglijsku[ p;esu, klassihesku[ russku[ operu 4 vs[ nedel[

5 Franci[, mesqc 6 vawu sestru, teatr 7 russku[ stolicu, Moskvu 8 kogo 9 ego.

Exercise 5

Zamehanij, perevorota, hlenov, byvwego Politb[ro, novoj demokratii i Gorbahe¨va, Gorbahe¨va, zagovora, svoix dejstvij, Gorbahe¨va, bol;woj politiheskoj vlasti, podder'ki naroda, sobytij, gosudarstvennogo perevorota, gazovoj i neftqnoj promywlennosti, vnutrennix cen, perevorota, El;cina i ego

Key to exercises

|

289

1111

soratnikov, aresta organizatorov putha, kogo, somnenij, perevorota, prihin 2

raspada Sovetskogo So[za.

3

4

Exercise 7

5

Sadovomu kol;cu, Belomu domu, radio, televideni[, poslednim soob]eniqm, 6

radio, soldatam, tolpe, puthistam, demokratam i El;cinu, prikazam, 7

puthistam, Gorbahevu, emu, vsem demokratam i El;cinu, nam, zdani[, nam, 8111

narodu, emu i ego soratnikam, obedu, vsem.

9

10

Exercise 9

1

2

Utrom, qsnoj, simvolom, ego rukovodstvom, kommunistiheskoj nomenklaturoj, 3

glavnoj prihinoj, takim obrazom, ego xarizmatiheskim avtoritetom i tve¨rdoj 4

uverennost;[, glavnoj politiheskoj siloj.

5

6

Exercise 10

7

1

8

centre, Krasnopresnenskoj nabere'noj 2 Krymu, beregu 3 zdanii 4 \tix 9

sobytiqx, vawej strane 5 plo]adi 6 kom, liderax, nix 7 Belom dome, Kremle.

20111

1

Exercise 12

2

Su]estvuet, qvlq[tsq, vxodqt, nazyvaetsq, sostoit, piwut, interesu[tsq, 3

doverq[t shita[, dumaete, mo'em, podder'ivaem, soglawaemsq.

4

5

Exercise 13

6

7

Sluhilsq, nahalsq, voznikat;, ponimalo, prineslo, nahalis;, vyzval, voznikla, 8

privela, podpisali.

9

30

1

2

Unit 2

3

Exercise 2

4

5

1 ostanovite 2 zaka'ite 3 porekomendujte 4 kupite 5 zakrojte 6 postrojte 6

7 poez'ajte 8 oplatite 9 provodite 10 prigotov;tes;.

7

8

Exercise 6

9

40

1 bolee interesnye 2 bolee nade¨'nym 3 na bolee bystryx, v bolee starom 1

4 boĺ;waq 5 po bolee nizkim 6 vyswee 7 s men;wim 8 bolee bogatye 9 bolee 421111

udobnym 10 mladwij, starwie.

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Exercise 7

1 molo'e 2 dlinnee 3 medlennee 4 xu'e 5 leghe 6 hi]e 7 ni'e 8 re'e 9 pozdnee (poz'e) 10 men;we 11 doro'e.

Exercise 8

1 tq'elee sumki 2 staree Peterburga 3 starwe materi 4 molo'e brata 5 wire Temzy 6 korohe marta 7 dewevle samole¨ta 8 glub'e ozera Ness 9 hi]e londonskogo metro.

Exercise 9

1 Hem medlennee avtobus, tem on dewevle. 2 Hem staree sobor, tem on interesnee.

3 Hem glub'e ozero, tem ono opasnee. 4 Hem starwe helovek, tem on umnee.

5 Hem dal;we doroga, tem trudnee ee¨ stroit;. 6 Hem hi]e vozdux, tem luhwe dlq zdorov;q. 7 Hem pro]e marwrut, tem on leghe. 8 Hem bystree poezd, tem korohe putewestvie. 9 Hem mqghe kreslo, tem ono udobnee. 10 Hem bogahe helovek, tem on xu'e.

Exercise 10

1 na ulicu 2 na lekcii 3 na budu]ej nedele 4 na poezde 5 na drugoj den; 6 na severe 7 na russkom qzyke 8 na roqle 9 na francuzskij qzyk 10 na russkoj 11 na vse voprosy 12 na mat;, na otca 13 na poezd.

Exercise 11

1 Vy mo'ete platit; za bilet nalihnymi ili kreditnoj kartoj. Q

predpohita[ platit; nalihnymi. 2 Pomogite mne, po'alujsta, najti stoqnku taksi. U menq mnogo baga'a. 3 Bilet na poezd v tri raza dewevle bileta na samole¨t (hem bilet na samole¨t). 4 Samoe glavnoe – skorost;. Skorostnye poezda gorazdo (namnogo) bystree teper;, i vremq v puti korohe. 5 |kologiheski

'eleznodoro'nyj transport vseë]e¨ hi]e drugix vidov transporta (hem drugie vidy transporta). 6 Hem bystree poezda, tem luhwe budet dlq vsex passa'irov (putewestvennikov). 7

Ezdit; (putewestvovat;) na bolee bystrom i bolee

udobnom poezde – udovol;stvie.

Unit 3

Exercise 5

1 xodit; 2 idut 3 edet / poexala 4 ezdila 5 edew; 6 we¨l.

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291

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Exercise 6

2

Vxod v metro; perexod herez ulicu; v xode peregovorov; doro'nye rasxody; 3

pewexodnaq zona; vxodnoj bilet; tur na teploxode; v vyxodnye dni.

4

5

Exercise 7

6

7

1 prixodqt v MGU 2 vyjti iz doma 3 pojde¨m na koncert 4 zajti v biblioteku 8111

5 ujti ot Vas 6 zaxodit; za mnoj, q pojdu odna 7 zawe¨l k drugu, on u'e uwe¨l 9

8 podowe¨l k kasse 9 dowli do lesa 10 prowli mimo 11 perexodit; herez reku 10

12 obowe¨l vokrug doma 13 prine¨s mne slovar;.

1

2

Exercise 8

3

a

Vybe'al iz komnaty, pribe'al na ostanovku, probegal, dobe'al do 4

universiteta, zabe'al v biblioteku, u'e ube'al, pribe'al ko mne, perebegat; 5

dorogu, vbe'al v zal. b Vyletaet iz Londona i priletaet v Moskvu, doletel 6

do a\roporta, obletel vokrug sveta, u'e uletel, pereletet; herez Atlantiheskij 7

okean.

8

9

Exercise 9

20111

1

Otplyl s rehnogo vokzala, priplyli v Tver;, doplyl do berega, pereplyl 2

Gol;fstrim, proplyl neskol;ko kilometrov, podplyla k beregu, uplyl daleko 3

v more.

4

5

Exercise 10

6

1

7

vyjti iz \togo krizisa 2 poxodit na svoego otca 3 vve¨l novyj zakon 4

8

nanesla Rossii 5 bystro proletelo 6 nado ix zavesti 7 sowla s uma ot gorq 8

9

ohen; podxodit 9 naxoditsq na beregu 10 pereve¨l vsego Dikkensa.

30

1

Exercise 11

2

1 q to'e govor[ 2 a tak'e park 3 to'e soglasilis; 4 to'e ne prixodil 3

5 a tak'e ohen; strannyj.

4

5

Exercise 13

6

7

1 V prowlom godu q (poexala) ezdila v kruiz vokrug sveta (v krugosvetnoe 8

putewestvie) i posetila mnogo interesnyx stran (mnogie interesnye strany).

9

2 Nawa ka[ta naxodilas; (razme]alas;) na verxnej palube, vid byl 40

potrqsa[]ij. 3 Vy dol'ny prijti (pribyt;) na rehnoj vokzal za has do 1

otplytiq teploxoda. 4 Po-moemu, luhwe vsego putewestvovat; po Zolotomu 421111

kol;cu na avtobuse ili na teploxode. Vy ne uvidite mnogo, esli vy poedete

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na poezde. 5 Vse¨ v Rossii interesuet menq, no osobenno drevnie istoriheskie goroda, kak Novgorod i Pskov. 6 Kak tol;ko teploxod nahal otplyvat;, my vse vywli na palubu.

Unit 4

Exercise 2

1 Ne kasaetsq li problema \migrantov Rossii? 2 Ne dumaete li Vy, hto on prav? 3 Ne uez'a[t li l[di po \konomiheskim motivam? 4 Ne edet li ona s Vami? 5 Su]estvuet li problema trudoustrojstva be'encev? 6 Rasskazal li on Vam o svoej poezdke v Rossi[? 7 Vse li studenty edut v Rossi[?

Exercise 5

1 nahali 2 otkrylas; 3 opravdalsq 4 konhaetsq 5 uluhwil 6 uvelihivaetsq 7 ukrepilas; 8 sokratilo 9 povysilsq 10 prodol'aetsq 11 sobira[tsq 12 konhil.

Exercise 7

1 Segodnq pervoe maq, sed;moe noqbrq, dvadcat; pqtoe dekabrq, dvadcat; tret;e fevralq, tridcatoe oktqbrq, hetve¨rtoe avgusta. 2 proizowla v tysqha devqt;sot semnadcatom godu, nahalas; v tysqha devqt;sot vosem;desqt pqtom godu, raspalsq v tysqha devqtsot devqnosto pervom godu, v dvuxtysqhnom godu prazdnovali, sluhitsq v dve tysqhi desqtom godu, umer v tysqha devqt;sot pqt;desqt tret;em godu. 3 Velikaq otehestvennaq vojna nahalas; dvadcat; vtorogo i[nq tysqha devqt;sot sorok pervogo goda, Devqtnadcatogo avgusta tysqha devqt;sot devqnosto pervogo goda v Rossii proizowe¨l puth. Puwkin rodilsq pervogo i[nq tysqha sem;sot devqnosto devqtogo goda. Pervyj sputnik byl zapu]en dvenadcatogo aprelq tysqha devqt;sot west;desqt pervogo goda.

Exercise 9

1 v sredu 2 v noqbre 3 v ploxu[ pogodu 4 v nahale vojny 5 v devqtnadcatom veke 6 v poslednij god vojny 7 v prowlom godu 8 v pervu[ nedel[ marta 9 v den; 10 v srednie veka 11 v dvadcatyx godax.

Exercise 10

1 na vostok 2 na dvoix 3 v pervyj den; poezdki 4 na drugoj den; 5 na ulicu 6 na 10 dnej 7 na vokzale 8 v q]ik 9 na ostrove Mal;ta.

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293

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Exercise 11

2

1 igra[t v volejbol 2 uhastvu[t v sorevnovanii 3 postuhal v dver; 3

4 somneva[s; v eeïskrennosti 5 postupil v universitet 6 ne ver[ v 4

kommunizm 7 nu'daemsq v den;gax 8 obvinili v korrupcii 9 smotrit v zerkalo 5

10 vstupil v parti[.

6

7

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Exercise 12

9

10

1 Sovetskij So[z perestal su]estvovat; dvadcat; pqtogo dekabrq tysqha 1

devqt;sot devqnosto pervogo goda. 2 Tysqhi be'encev iz byvwix respublik 2

SSSR prodol'a[t perexodit; (herez) rossijskie granicy. Mnogie begut ot 3

nacional;nyx konfliktov. 3 V devqnostyx godax (v devqnostye gody) 4

nelegal;naq immigraciq v Rossi[, osobenno iz Kitaq, uvelihilas; pohti v 5

dva raza (vdvoe). 4 |migraciq nanosit ogromnyj u]erb rossijskoj \konomike, 6

tak kak iz strany uez'a[t, v osnovnom, vysokokvalificirovannye specialisty.

7

5 Skol;ko migrantov priexalo v Rossi[ posle raspada SSSR? 6 Ne luhwe li 8

zakryt; vse rossijskie granicy?

9

20111

1

2

Unit 5

3

4

Exercise 5

5

6

1 kotorye 2 kotorogo 3 kotoryx 4 kotorye 5 na kotoryx 6 v kotoryx 7 s 7

kotorymi 8 o kotorom 9 kotoromu.

8

9

30

Exercise 6

1

1 s samoj novoj sportivnoj texnikoj 2 v samom zamehatel;nom bassejne 2

3 samyx sportivnyx l[dej 4 samyj luhwij sposob snqt; stress 5 samyj 3

bol;woj kajf.

4

5

6

Exercise 7

7

8

Odno iz starejwix zdanij; odna iz novejwix texnologij; odno iz glubohajwix 9

oze¨r; odin iz prostejwix voprosov; odna iz wirohajwix rek; odno iz 40

krasivejwix ime¨n; odna iz va'nejwix zadah; odin iz histejwix vidov 1

transporta; odin iz ser;e¨znejwix sluhaev; odna iz slo'nejwix problem; odna 421111

iz opasnejwix boleznej; odin iz velihajwix pisatelej.

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Exercise 9

1 s [ga 2 s velosipedov 3 iz dereva 4 s ulicy 5 ot direktora 6 odna iz vas 7 s desqtogo po dvadcatoe 8 iz Francii 9 s kakoj storony 10 s vokzala.

Exercise 10

1 ne verqt gorodskim vlastqm 2 rejs ne podxodit nam 3 ohen; ide¨t moemu otcu 4 sovetuet bol;nomu 5 ne razrewaet svoim detqm 6 doverqt; takomu heloveku 7 raduetsq vozmo'nosti 8 udivlq[s; tvoemu vyboru 9 pomogaet materi 10 sohuvstvu[ be'encam 11 Rossii ne grozit 12 q zavidu[ sovremennoj molode¨'i: budu]ee prinadle'it im 13 vsegda sleduem sovetam instruktora.

Exercise 11

1 Moj vrah posovetoval mne zanqt;sq sportom i vstupit; v sportivnyj klub.

On govorit, hto \to pomo'et mne snqt; stress. 2 Vy mo'ete porekomendovat; mne sportivnye klassy, kotorye podxodqt mne (dlq menq). 3 Kogda vy molody, vy gotovy idti na risk (riskovat; vsem). Vy ne dumaete ob opasnosti. 4 On stal kaskade¨rom, kogda emu bylo 20 let, i da'e v vozraste 40 let on vseë]e¨

vypolnqet opasnejwie tr[ki. 5 Vokrug Moskvy net vysokix gor, s kotoryx mo'no prygat; s paraw[tom. 6 U gorodskix vlastej mnogo problem s moskovskimi bajkerami, kotorye portqt grunt v gorodskix parkax.

Unit 6

Exercise 5

1 qvlqetsq rezul;tatom (predstavlqet rezul;tat) 2 qvlqetsq unikal;nym qvleniem (predstavlqet unikal;noe qvlenie) 3 qvlqetsq zadahej festivalq (predstavlqet zadahu festivalq) 4 qvlqetsq otlihitel;noj osobennost;[

(predstavlqet otlihitel;nu[ osobennost;) 5 qvlqetsq cel;[ festivalq (predstavlqet cel; festivalq) 6 qvlqetsq blagom dlq Rossii (predstavlqet blago dlq Rossii) 7 qvlqetsq stilem 'izni (predstavlqet stil; 'izni).

Exercise 6

Pol;zu[tsq uspexom, prodol'at; rukovodit; Malym teatrom, proslavilsq postanovkoj, stala potrqseniem, shitaetsq odnoj iz samyx sil;nyx v Rossii,

'ertvovat; svoej xudo'estvennost;[, riskovat; vsem, ostaetsq odnim iz samyx uspewnyx teatrov.

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295

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Exercise 7

2

Oceniva[]ij, ponima[]ij, igra[]ij, proisxodq]ij, naxodq]ijsq, 3

vedu]ij, blestq]ij, uhastvu[]ij, sozda[]ij, pol;zu[]ijsq, 4

prevra]a[]ijsq, isheza[]ij, voznika[]ij, stanovq]ijsq, upravlq[]ij, 5

6

Exercise 8

7

8111

1 kinofestival;, proxodq]ij v Moskve 2 mnogo fil;mov, pol;zu[]ixsq 9

uspexom 3 sredi akte¨rov, snima[]ixsq v fil;me 4 v truppe Dodina, sostoq]e 10

j iz ego uhenikov 5 predpohita[]ix xudo'estvennyj uspex 6 teatry, 1

razme]a[]iesq v malen;kix zalax 7 malo l[dej, pomnq]ix staru[ Moskvu.

2

3

Exercise 9

4

Ponqvwij, ocenivwij, sozdavwij, vy'ivwij, sygravwij, provedwij, 5

nawedwij, proiswedwij, stavwij, blestevwij, postavivwij, prevrativwijsq, 6

vospol;zovavwijsq, ishezwij, voznikwij, ostanovivwijsq.

7

8

Exercise 10

9

20111

1 s kritikami, ocenivwimi fil;m 2 o fil;me, poluhivwem pervyj priz 1

3 u aktrisy, igravwej rol; Anny Kareninoj 4 fil;m, wedwij po televizoru 2

5 teatral;naq olimpiada, prowedwaq v Moskve; 6 festival;, nahavwijsq v 3

i[le 7 arxitekturnyj stil;, ishezwij teper; 8 o prem;ere p;esy Hexova, 4

sostoqvwejsq na prowloj nedele.

5

6

Exercise 12

7

1 o syne 2 pro tebq 3 ob igruwku 4 o stol 5 pro l[bov;.

8

9

Exercise 13

30

1

1 Pobeditelem Moskovskogo me'dunarodnogo kinofestivalq byl amerikanskij 2

fil;m <Fanatik>. 2 Malyj teatr v Sankt-Peterburge qvlqetsq odnim iz 3

samyx interesnyx teatrov v Rossii, stavwim znamenitym (on stal znamenitym) 4

blagodarq xudo'estvennomu masterstvu re'isse¨ra L;va Dodina. 3 Bol;winstvo 5

hlenov '[ri, oceniva[]ix fil;my, byli professional;nye akte¨ry 6

(professional;nymi akte¨rami). 4 Vse gazety pisali o fil;me, poluhivwem 7

vyswij priz na kinofestivale. 5 Akte¨ry, igravwie (igra[]ie) glavnye roli, 8

qvno, prinadle'ali k wkole Stanislavskogo. 6 V Rossii mnogo l[dej, 9

cenq]ix teatral;noe iskusstvo (iskusstvo teatra). 7

Rossijskie teatry

40

stanovqtsq vse¨ bolee kommerheskimi: stavqtsq (oni stavqt) tol;ko p;esy, 1

garantiru[]ie polnyj zal. 8 Mnogie fil;my, uhastvu[]ie v konkurse, 421111

okazalis; inostrannymi. Sredi nix byl tol;ko odin rossijskij fil;m.

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Unit 7

Exercise 2

1 hto-to hitala 2 pisal komu-nibud; 3 kakaq-to devuwka 4 pohitat; hto-nibud; 5 kakoj-to qzyk 6 nauhit; ego hemu-nibud; 7 kakie-nibud; gazety 8 kak-nibud; my rewim 9 gde-to na Severe 10 s kem-to po telefonu 11 pojde¨m kuda-nibud; 12 kto-to sprawivaet.

Exercise 6

1 drug drugu 2 drug o druge 3 drug s drugom 4 daleko drug ot druga 5 pomo]; drug ot druga 6 drug drugom 7 drug druga.

Exercise 7

1 govoril o tom, hto 2 vidit to, hego 3 ver[ v to, hto 4 zakonhil rasskaz tem, hto 5 gordilas; tem, hto 6 ne vinovat v tom, hto 7 beda v tom, hto 8 somneva[tsq v tom, hto.

Exercise 8

A 1

obratilsq k toj, kto 2 'al; togo, komu 3 poznakomila s tem, kto 4 tot, kto govorit 5 otdat; knigu tomu, komu. B 1 my s temi, kto 2 kanal dlq tex, komu 3 zavisit ot tex, kto 4 bol;winstvo tex, kto 5 priglawenie tem, kto 6 sredi tex, kto smotrit 7 te, kogo interesuet.

Exercise 10

1 posle koncerta 2 posle togo kak ona okonhila kurs 3 posle togo kak my poluhili novosti 4 posle obeda.

Exercise 11

A 1

Iz-za tq'e¨logo \konomiheskogo polo'eniq 2

blagodarq

professional;nomu masterstvu vedu]ix 3 iz-za nedostatka deneg 4 blagodarq xorowemu nastroeni[, 5 iz-za cenzury 6 iz-za ploxoj pogody. B 1 Iz-za togo, hto v strane tq'e¨loe \konomiheskoe polo'enie 2 blagodarq tomu, hto u vedu]ix professional;noe masterstvo 3 iz-za togo, hto v strane nedostatok deneg 4 blagodarq tomu, hto u nego bylo xorowee nastroenie 5 iz-za togo, hto na televidenii teper; cenzura 6 iz-za togo, hto byla ploxaq pogoda.

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297

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Exercise 13

2

1 Q ne duma[, hto pressa mo'et byt; polnost;[ nezavisimoj: politika 3

gazety zavisit ot togo, kto vladelec gazety (zavisit ot vladel;ca gazety).

4

2 Bol;winstvo l[dej interesu[tsq novostqmi i smotrqt televizor, htoby 5

uznat; o politiheskoj i \konomiheskoj 'izni strany. 3 Mnogie l[di 6

somneva[tsq v tom, hto oni poluha[t tohnu[ informaci[ iz gazet.

7

4 Moq mat; vsegda govorit, hto televizor ploxo vliqet na ee¨ nastroenie.

8111

5 Na rossijskom televidenii mnogo programm, no moq l[bimaq programma 9

<Kukly>, satira na rossijskix politikov. 6 Nekotorye rossiqne govorqt, hto 10

oni smotrqt myl;nye opery, htoby zabyt; o real;noj 'izni v Rossii.

1

7 Blagodarq professional;nomu masterstvu vedu]ix kanal <Kul;tura> stal 2

ohen; populqrnym sredi tex, kogo interesuet iskusstvo (kto interesuetsq 3

iskusstvom). 8 Britanskoe i rossijskoe televidenie otliha[tsq drug ot druga 4

v tom, kak oni predstavlq[t novosti.

5

6

7

8

Unit 8

9

20111

Exercise 4

1

1 dlq rossijskogo rynka truda 2 novyj trudovoj kod 3 nado mnogo trudit;sq 2

4 vse trudq]iesq 5 reputaciq nastoq]ego tru'enika 6 sredi sotrudnikov 3

7 dogovor o sotrudnihestve 8 s bol;wim trudom 9 mnogo agenstv po 4

trudoustrojstvu 10 pomoga[t trudoustroit;sq.

5

6

Exercise 8

7

8

Osnovannyj, pokazannyj, oplahennyj, kuplennyj, ocene¨nnyj, postavlennyj, 9

ispol;zovannyj, predlo'ennyj, osu]estvle¨nnyj, perevede¨nnyj, priglawe¨nnyj, 30

podpisannyj, prigotovlennyj, razvityj, prinqtyj, priobrete¨nnyj, najdennyj, 1

vvede¨nnyj, zaregistrirovannyj, razrewe¨nnyj, otkrytyj, udovletvore¨nnyj.

2

3

Exercise 9

4

1 firma zanqta 2 bylo otdano 3 byla priglawena 4 budet projden; budet 5

predlo'ena 5 budet podpisan 6 najdeno mesto 7 byli kupleny vse gazety 6

8 bylo reweno 9 bylo otmeheno 10 byli priobreteny 11 budut pokazany.

7

8

Exercise 10

9

40

1 Universitetom ej (byla) predlo'ena xorowaq rabota. 2 Problema (byla) 1

rewena im s bol;wim trudom. 3 Nakonec, direktorom (byl) podpisan kontrakt.

421111

4 Nami (byli) osvoeny mnogie komp;[ternye programmy. 5 E[ (byl) perevede¨n

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roman Tolstogo. 6 Special;nyj sajt (byl) otkryt firmoj. 7 Ona (byla) rekomendovana sotrudnikami, kak otlihnyj specialist. 8 Predpriqtiem (bylo) opublikovano ob#qvlenie v gazete. 9 Rez[me (bylo) prislano e[ po faksu.

10 Fil;m (byl) ocene¨n kritikami kak slabyj. 11 Pravitel;stvom (byl) vvede¨n novyj zakon ob immigracii. 12 Samye presti'nye prizy (byli) zavoe¨vany kitajskimi sportsmenami.

Exercise 11

1 za god 2 za gorodom 3 za knigoj 4 za rabotoj 5 za granicu 6 za poslednee vremq 7 god za godom 8 za pomo];.

Exercise 12

1 Ustrojstvo <po blatu> – vseë]e¨ samyj vernyj sposob ustroit;sq na rabotu v Rossii. 2 K so'aleni[, usloviq v Vawej firme ne podxodqt mne (ne ustraiva[t menq). 3 Ej vsegda nravilos; rabotat; s l[d;mi. 4 Vy mo'ete pristupit; k rabote herez nedel[? 5 S bol;wim trudom ona nawla rabotu perevodhika v malen;koj firme. 6

Vy dol'ny byt; ob]itel;nym i

nastojhivym, esli Vy xotite byt; mened'erom po proda'am. 7 Ee¨ luhwee kahestvo – umenie rabotat; v komande. 8 Moq osnovnaq obqzannost; na novoj rabote – perevod s anglijskogo na russkij qzyk.

Unit 9

Exercise 3

1 pqt;desqt tri procenta, a mu'hiny sorok sem; procentov 2 v tysqha devqtsot devqnosto vtorom godu otmehalos; na soroka hetyre¨x territoriqx Rossii a v devqnosto tret;em godu u'e v westidesqti vos;mi iz semidesqti devqti rossijskix regionov 3 v period s tysqha vosem;sot devqnosto sed;mogo goda po tysqha devqt;sot dvadcat; hetve¨rtyj god 4 bolee dvadcati dvux millionov helovek 5 sem;q s tremq-pqt;[ det;mi sokratilas 6 by do sta soroka millionov helovek u'e k dvuxtysqhnomu godu 7 snizitsq k dve tysqhi desqtomu godu do sta tridcati tre¨x millionov helovek 8 skorost; do dvuxsot kilometrov v has 9 ot sta devqnosta devqti dollarov 10 ot dvux do pqti.

Exercise 4

1 hetvero detej 2 dvoe sutok 3 troe devuwek 4 pqtero soldat 5 semero sportsmenov 6 westero studentov.

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Exercise 5

2

1 poexali v Rossi[ vdvoe¨m 2 priexalo vdvoe bol;we be'encev 3 dvoe 3

sportsmenov 4 troe druzej 5 vse¨ dela[t vtroe¨m 6 zarplata vtroe bol;we, hem 4

ego.

5

6

Exercise 6

7

8111

1 po mneni[ neskol;kix demografov 2 vo mnogix razvityx stranax 3 v tehenie 9

neskol;kix dnej 4 neskol;kim se´m;qm 5 u mnogix be'encev 6 s neskol;kimi 10

novymi russkimi 7 so skol;kimi studentami 8 izvestno mnogim 9 u nemnogix 1

studentov.

2

3

Exercise 7

4

5

1 140 millionov helovek 2 mnogo l[dej 3 skol;ko helovek uhitsq 4 12 helovek 6

5 u nekotoryx l[dej 6 u neskol;kix helovek 7 neskol;ko helovek.

7

8

Exercise 8

9

20111

Sem;desqt vosem; i vosem; desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i devqt; desqtyx, 1

sem;desqt west; i pqt; desqtyx, sem;desqt west; i hetyre desqtyx, sem;desqt 2

west; i hetyre desqtyx, sem;desqt pqt; i dve desqtyx, sem;desqt pqt; i odna 3

desqtaq, west;desqt devqt;, west;desqt pqt; i odna desqtaq, west;desqt pqt;.

4

5

Exercise 11

6

1 nu'no (bylo, budet) vremq 2 nu'en (byl, budet) slovar; 3 nu'na (byla, 7

budet) viza 4 nu'ny (byli, budut) 'urnaly 5 nu'no (bylo, budet) novoe 8

oborudovanie 6 nu'en (byl, budet) uhebnik russkogo qzyka 7 nu'ny (byli, 9

budut) akte¨ry 8 ne nu'na (byla, budet) gazeta 9 nu'na (byla, budet) 30

demografiheskaq politika.

1

2

Exercise 13

3

4

1 on 'enilsq 2 ona vywla zamu' 3 oni rewili po'enit;sq 4 'enatye 5

mu'hiny 5 u zamu'nix 'en]in 6 braki s inostrancami.

6

7

Exercise 14

8

9

1

Demografiheskq situaciq v Rossii ohen; ser;e¨znaq:

ro'daemost;

40

umen;waetsq i prodol'itel;nost; 'izni padaet. 2 Vo mnogix evropejskix 1

stranax hislo 'en]in vywe, hem mu'hin. |to mo'no ob#qsnit; tem, hto 421111

prodol'itel;nost; 'izni sredi 'en]in na neskol;ko let vywe, hem sredi

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mu'hin. 3

Soglasno perepisi, provede¨nnoj v 2001 godu, naselenie

Velikobritanii sostavlqlo 70 mln. helovek. 4 Po mneni[ demografov, vysokaq ro'daemost; xarakterna dlq razviva[]ixsq stran. V razvityx stranax –

protivopolo'naq situaciq. 5 Htoby ostanovit; sokra]enie naseleniq, Rossii nu'na demografiheskaq politika (Rossiq nu'daetsq v demografiheskoj politike). 6 Kurenie i zloupotreblenie alkogolem – glavnye prihiny nizkoj prodol'itel;nosti 'izni sredi mu'hin v Rossii (glavnye prihiny togo, pohemu v Rossii takaq nizkaq prodol'itel;nost; 'izni sredi mu'hin).

7 My vse dol'ny vesti zdorovyj obraz 'izni. Pre'de vsego, my dol'ny brosit; kurit; i pit;. 8 Q ne ver[, hto 'enatye mu'hiny 'ivut dol;we, hem razvede¨nnye.

Unit 10

Exercise 2

1 BGAV, V 2 obleghit;.

Exercise 3

Poluhaemyj, privlekaemyj, sozdavaemyj, l[bimyj, uva'aemyj, vnosimyj, osu]estvlqemyj, oplahivaemyj, vvozimyj, predlagaemyj, provodimyj, izuhaemyj, finansiruemyj, ispol;zuemyj.

Exercise 4

1

nazyvaemyj perestrojkoj 2

vozglavlqemu[ izvestnym lingvistom

3 l[bimyj l[d;mi 4 ispol;zuemaq v \tom universitete 5 vvozimye v Rossi[

6 finansiruemyx gosudarstvom 7 vnosimye roditelqmi 8 poluhaemoj studentami 9 sdavaemyx studentami.

Exercise 5

1 peredavalis; interesnye novosti 2 russkij qzyk prepodae¨tsq 3 vydae¨tsq stipendiq 4 gotovitsq novaq reforma 5 vyswee obrazovanie oplahivaetsq roditelqmi 6

luhwie studenty prinima[tsq v institut 7

m\rom

priglawa[tsq inostrannye specialisty.

Exercise 6

1 izmenilas; 2 okonhil 3 uvelihilas; 4 budet uluhwat;sq 5 prodol'aet 6 nahina[tsq 7 sokra]aet 8 umen;waetsq 9 konhilis; 10 budet provodit;sq.

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Exercise 10

2

1 uhatsq besplatno 2 otuhilsq ot butylki 3 plata za obuhenie 4 zarplaty 3

uhitelej 5 uhit;sq v presti'nom vuze 6 nauhila menq 7 luhwix vyswix 4

uhebnyx zavedenij 8 sovremennogo uhebnogo plana 9 uhit; anglijskij qzyk 5

10 uhil detej russkomu qzyku.

6

7

8111

Exercise 11

9

1 po moim hasam 2 vniz po reke 3 po poqs v vode 4 po podarku 5 po poluhenii 10

pasporta 6 po tret;e fevralq.

1

2

3

Exercise 13

4

1 Vvedenie edinogo gosudarstvennogo \kzamena bespokoit mnogix rossiqn. Po 5

ix mneni[, uroven; obrazovaniq, neizbe'no, snizitsq (upade¨t). 2 Tol;ko te 6

studenty, kotorye nabrali (tol;ko studenty, nabravwie) naivyswie bally 7

poluha[t stipendi[ i takim obrazom, besplatnoe obrazovanie. 3 U roditelej 8

v Rossii teper; est; vybor, v kakie wkoly otpravlqt; svoix detej, kakimi 9

uhebnikami pol;zovat;sq, kakoj uhebnoj programme sledovat;. 4 Ne vse hastnye 20111

wkoly luhwe, hem gosudarstvennye (luhwe gosudarstvennyx). No u nix est; 1

odno preimu]estvo: hislo detej v ka'dom klasse namnogo (gorazdo) men;we.

2

5 Samoe bol;woe izmenenie v sisteme obrazovaniq Rossii v devqnostyx godax 3

(v devqnostye gody) bylo poqvlenie i rost platnyx hastnyx uhebnyx zavedenij.

4

6 In'enernoe obrazovanie stanovitsq snova populqrnym. Konkurs v nekotoryx 5

texniheskix universitetax ohen; vysokij: do dvadcati studentov na mesto.

6

7 Po-moemu, obrazovanie dol'no byt; besplatnym i dostupnym vsem. Q protiv 7

hastnyx universitetov i hastnyx wkol.

8

9

30

Unit 11

1

2

Exercise 5

3

4

1 Esli leto budet 'arkoe, (to) my budem 'it; na dahe. 2 Esli q sdam 5

matematiku, q postupl[ v texniheskij universitet. 3 Esli rossijskie dorogi 6

uluhwatsq, (to) v Rossi[ budet ezdit; mnogo turistov. 4 Esli u nego budet 7

xorowaq zarplata, (to) on kupit kvartiru v centre. 5 Esli u menq budet she¨t 8

v banke, (to) q vlo'u kapital v cennye bumagi. 6 Esli ona brosit kurit;, 9

(to) ee¨ zdorov;e stanet (budet) luhwe. 7 Esli rossijskie gazety budut 40

nezavisimymi, (to) oni opubliku[t vs[ informaci[. 8 Esli na festivale 1

budut pokazany rossijskie fil;my, (to) zriteli uzna[t, kak razvivaetsq kino 421111

v Rossii. 9 Esli u menq budet vremq, (to) q poedu v kruiz po Volge.

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Exercise 6

1 Esli by \konomika zarabotala, (to) srednij klass obqzatel;no by uvelihilsq.

2 Esli by on okonhil universitet, (to) u nego byla by xorowaq rabota. 3 Esli by ne bylo defolta v \tom godu, (to) rossijskij rubl; stal by sil;nym.

4 Esli by ne byla provedena reforma obrazovaniq, (to) uroven; obrazovaniq upal by. 5 Esli by byla vvedena plata za obrazovanie, (to) postradali by mnogie l[di. 6 Esli by gosudarstvo xotelo povysit; uroven; obrazovaniq, (to) ono soxranilo by hastnye wkoly. 7 Esli by \tot vuz byl presti'nym, to v ne¨m byl by bol;woj konkurs. 8 Esli by u studenta bylo stremlenie uhit;sq, (to) on zakonhil by universitet s otlihiem.

Exercise 8

1 htoby moj mu' kupil mawinu 2 htoby ego doh; postupila v universitet 3 htoby ee¨ roditeli priobreli pute¨vku 4 htoby vse uhitelq prinadle'ali k srednemu klassu 5 htoby naw sosed kupil dahu 6 htoby rabohie vkladyvali den;gi v cennye bumagi 7 htoby vse deti poluhili xorowee obrazovanie.

Exercise 9

1 Q somneva[s;, htoby \to byla pravda. 2 Q ne ver[, htoby on priwe¨l. 3 Q ne duma[, htoby ona sdala \kzamen. 4 Q sovetu[, htoby Vy podumali ob \tom.

5 On prosil, htoby q pogovoril(a) s nej. 6 On prikazal, htoby q poexal(a) v London.

Exercise 10

1 htoby uhitel; byl obrazovannyj helovek 2 htoby u detej byli ravnye vozmo'nosti 3 htoby studentam nravilos; uhit;sq 4 htoby blagosostoqnie l[dej povysilos; 5 htoby vse l[di imeli rabotu 6 htoby u l[dej byli sbere'eniq 7 htoby vse bogatye platili nalogi 8 htoby v Rossii ne bylo xorowix dorog 9 htoby on opozdal na poezd 10 htoby ona napisala roman 11 htoby ona brosila kurit; 12 htoby u nego byla 'ena 13 htoby u nee¨ ne bylo mu'a.

Exercise 11

1 hto by ty ni govoril 2 gde by oni ni rabotali 3 kogda by ona ni dumala o ne¨m 4 kuda by moj mu' ni ezdil 5 kak by trudno \to ni bylo 6 kogda by q ni videl ee¨.

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303

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Exercise 13

2

1 Sociologi vseë]e¨ sporqt o tom, su]estvuet li srednij klass v Rossii.

3

2 Su]estvuet bol;waq raznica me'du rossijskim i britanskim srednim 4

klassom. 3 Esli \konomiheskaq situaciq v Rossii uxudwitsq (stanet xu'e), 5

(to) mnogie l[di poterq[t rabotu. 4 Esli by tol;ko l[di znali, kak opasno 6

xodit; noh;[. 5 Esli by tol;ko u menq byli den;gi,(to) q by putewestvovala 7

po vsemu miru (vokrug sveta). 6 Bol;winstvo tak nazyvaemyx novyx russkix 8111

razbogateli blagodarq svoim svqzqm s sovetskim pravitel;stvom. 7 Q xohu, 9

htoby moj syn uhilsq v Moskovskom universitete; q xohu, htoby on izuhal 10

anglijskij qzyk. 8 On poprosil menq kupit; russku[ gazetu dlq nego 1

(poprosil, htoby q kupila russku[ gazetu dlq nego). 9 Rossijskaq sem;q 2

shitaet sebq bednoj, esli ona ne mo'et pozvolit; sebe pokupat; frukty i 3

sladosti dlq detej.

4

5

6

Unit 12

7

8

Exercise 5

9

20111

1 nel;zq govorit; 2 mo'no sozdavat; 3 mo'no vvodit; 4 mo'no pol;zovat;sq 1

5 nel;zq kurit; 6 mo'no zakazat; 7 nel;zq ezdit; bez bileta.

2

3

Exercise 6

4

1 Mne prixoditsq exat; v Rossi[. 2 Emu priwlos; kupit; bilet na samole¨t.

5

3 Materi pride¨tsq idti pewkom. 4 Tebe ne sleduet vozvra]at;sq pozdno. 5 Vy 6

obqzany sdat; \kzamen. 6 Professoru prixoditsq otkryt; hastnu[ kliniku.

7

7 Emu ne sledovalo soglawat;sq so mnoj. 8 Vrah obqzan okazat; pervu[ pomo];.

8

9 Vam ne sleduet prixodit; s[da. 10 Tebe ne sledovalo vstrehat; ego.

9

30

Exercise 7

1

2

1 mne udalos; kupit; 2 professoru Bronwtejnu udastsq vy'it; 3 nam udae¨tsq 3

dobe'at; 4 emu udae¨tsq sxodit; v magazin 5 vam udalos; pozavtrakat; 6 ej 4

nikogda ne udavalos; pisat; bez owibok.

5

6

Exercise 8

7

8

1 Iz-za 'ary mne bylo len; rabotat;. 2 U'e west; hasov: pora idti. 3 Nam 9

ostalos; tol;ko otkazat;sq ot \togo plana. 4 Turistam bylo 'al; bednyx 40

krest;qn. 5 Emu ne xvataet opyta dlq takoj raboty. 6 Vo vtornik mne 1

ispolnitsq 21 god. 7 Mne ohen; xohetsq uvidet; \tot fil;m. 8 Emu nadoelo 421111

rabotat; tam i deĺat; sku´hnu[ rabo´tu.

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Exercise 10

1 Mne nekuda xodit;. 2 Emu negde 'it;. 3 Ej nehego delat;. 4 Materi nekogda smotret; televizor. 5 Mne ne o hem govorit; s toboj. 6 Emu da'e ne s kem pojti v pivnu[. 7 Mne nekogo priglasit; v kino. 8 Rebe¨nku nehem est; sup.

9 Mne ne na kogo nadeqt;sq. 10 Ej ne k komu zajti po doroge domo´j.

Exercise 11

1 vo vtornik 2 v sredu 3 s togo vremeni 4 vo mnogom 5 ko mne 6 k stadionu.

Exercise 12

1 V nastoq]ee vremq sistema zdravooxraneniq v Rossii pere'ivaet (ispytyvaet) bol;wie trudnosti: ne xvataet vrahej i medseste¨r, i usloviq v bol;nicax u'asnye. 2 Stoimost; leheniq v hastnyx klinikax ohen; vysokaq, no q ne duma[, hto my mo'em obojtis; bez hastnoj mediciny v nynewnej situacii.

3

Pomo]; gosudarstva nu'na (neobxodima) vsem bol;nicam, kak gosudarstvennym, tak i hastnym. 4 Q shita[, hto medicinskoe obslu'ivanie dol'no ostavat;sq dostupnym dlq vsex l[dej. No q soglasen (soglasna), hto u l[dej dol'en byt; vybor. 5 Mne tak 'al; staryx pensionerov v Rossii: oni mnogo rabotali vs[ svo[ 'izn;, a teper; ne v sostoqnii priobresti da'e lekarstva. 6 Q duma[, hto professoru Bronwtejnu udalos; sozdat; svo[

znamenitu[ kliniku blagodarq ogromnoj \nergii i praktiheskomu opytu.

7 Mne vse¨ nadoelo: mne nehego delat;, nekuda idti, ne s kem govorit;. 8 Q

nade[s;, hto rossijskomu pravitel;stvu udastsq vyjti iz nastoq]ego krizisa.

Unit 13

Exercise 5

Vspominaq, rasshityvaq, sozdavaq, huvstvuq, blagodarq, idq, prixodq, nesq, vozvra]aqs;, putewestvuq, okazyvaqs;, l[buqs;, stanovqs;, golosuq, nabiraq, buduhi, naxodqs;.

Exercise 6

1 naxodqs; v Rossii 2 'ivq vs[ 'izn; v Amerike 3 sozdavaq novu[ parti[

4 razgovarivaq so studentami 5 vozvra]aqs; iz Moskvy 6 sluwaq muzyku 7 uhas; i rabotaq za granicej 8 nenavidq vojnu 9 l[bq sladkoe.

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305

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Exercise 7

2

Sozdav, nabrav, progolosovav, stav, skazav, pojdq, prinesq, uexav, okazavwis;, 3

vernuvwis;, vvezq, s#ev, najdq, 'enivwis;, nazvav.

4

5

Exercise 8

6

7

1 priexav v Moskvu 2 vernuvwis; iz poezdki 3 rodivwis; v Rossii 8111

4 poznakomivwis; s nej 5 vyjdq zamu' 6 prohitav tekst 7 sdav \kzamen 9

8 otkazavwis; uhastvovat; 9 pohuvstvovav sebq ploxo.

10

1

Exercise 9

2

1 podvergaqs; raznym ocenkam 2 okazavwis; na vtorom meste 3 podojdq za 3

mesqc do golosovaniq 4 pridq na vybory 5 ne imeq opredele¨nnoj programmy 4

6 nihego ne delaq 7 prohitav pis;mo 8 ob#edinivwis; 9 frakcii pobedili 5

10 oder'av pobedu 11 nadeqs; sozdat; sil;nu[ parti[ 12 plyvq na teploxode 6

13 buduhi russkim po ro'deni[ 14 hitaq knigi o l[bvi.

7

8

Exercise 11

9

20111

1 Q nigde ne byl(a) vhera. 2 Q nikuda ne xodil(a) veherom. 3 Q ni za kogo 1

ne golosoval(a) na vyborax. 4 Q nihego ne delal(a) utrom. 5 U <Edinstva> net 2

nikakoj programmy. 6 U menq net ni brata, ni sestry. 7 Q nikogda, nihem i 3

nikem ne uvlekalsq (uvlekalas;). 8 Q ni o he¨m ne duma[. 9 Q ne prinadle'u 4

ni k kakoj partii. 10 Q ni s kem ne xodil(a) v kino. 11 Ona nihemu ne 5

udivlqetsq. 12 On ni na kom ne 'enilsq.

6

7

Exercise 12

8

9

1 Nel;zq imet; demokratiheskoe ob]estvo pri odnopartijnoj sisteme. K

30

shast;[ \ta sistema prinadle'it prowlomu. 2 Novoe dvi'enie <Edinstvo> 1

xotelo by byt; pravq]ej partiej v Rossii, no navrqd li emu udastsq 2

dostignut; (dostih;) \toj celi bez so[znikov. 3 Zavoevav hetvert; golosov na 3

vyborax v Dumu, Kommunistiheskaq partiq nahala razrabatyvat; novu[

4

programmu dejstvij. 4

Nesmotrq na to, hto <Edinstvo>. pol;zovalos;

5

ogromnym uspexom vo vremq vyborov, Kommunistiheskaq partiq vse¨-taki zanqla 6

pervoe mesto. 5 K so'aleni[, u <Edinstva> net nikakoj \konomiheskoj 7

programmy. 6 Uspex <Edinstva> ob#qsnqetsq podder'koj prezidenta Putina 8

(tem, hto prezident Putin podder'al dvi'enie /

okazal podder'ku

9

dvi'eni[). On v (na) samom dele sovetoval \lektoratu golosovat; za nix.

40

7 Buduhi edinstvennoj partiej so svoim \lektoratom, Kommunistiheskaq 1

partiq nadeetsq raswirit; svoe¨ vliqnie. 8 Sredstva massovoj informacii 421111

igrali rewa[]u[ rol; na (v) poslednix vyborax. Televideni[ udalos; sozdat;

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Key to exercises

mif populqrnosti dvi'eniq <Edinstvo>, i mnogie poverili v \to (\tomu).

9 Sudq po metodam, ispol;zovannym vo vremq izbiratel;noj (predvybornoj) kompanii, Rossii e]e¨ daleko ot demokratii.

Unit 14

Exercise 5

Pokupatel; televizorov, prodavec komp;[terov, perevodhik s inostrannogo qzyka, rukovoditel; zavoda, pol;zovatel; komp;[tera, 'itel; Moskvy (moskvih), redaktor gazety, izdatel; 'urnala, rabohij zavoda, prepodavatel; anglijskogo qzyka.

Exercise 6

1

Kolihestvo prestuplenij, pokonhit; s prestupnost;[. 2

Ob]aq

zabolevaemost;, novoe zabolevanie Internet-zavisimost;.

3

Tipihnoe

pereutomlenie, pereutomlqemost; sredi detej. 4 Pose]aemost; Internet SMI, pose]enie teatrov. 5 Tvoe¨ razdra'enie, ego razdra'itel;nost;.

Exercise 9

1 Upotreblqet \tu frazu 2 primenqt; k prestupnikam bolee strogie mery 3 pol;zovat;sq ego komp;[terom 4 vospol;zovalis; vozmo'nost;[ 5 pol;zuetsq Internetom 6 upotreblqt; narkotiki 7 pol;zovalas; ogromnym uspexom.

Exercise 10

1 perestanew; vmewivat;sq v moi dela 2 prekrati, po'alujsta 3 tramvaj ostanovilsq 4 sneg perestal 5 rabota ostanovilas; 6 ostanavliva[s; v \toj gostinice 7 mewaet mne smotret; televizor 8 on brosil pit;.

Exercise 11

1 sostavlq[t 53% 2 problema sostoit v tom 3 sostavil 7 let nazad 4 sostoit iz 3 komnat 5 sostoql sekretare¨m 6 sostoitsq teatral;naq Olimpiada.

Exercise 12

1 Hislo pol;zovatelej Interneta vse¨ vremq uvelihivaetsq (raste¨t). Internet-torgovlq –

samyj razviva[]ijsq (progressiru[]ij) sektor rossijskoj

\konomiki. 2 Bol;winstvo l[dej v nedavnem oprose duma[t, hto sleduet kontrolirovat; social;no-opasnye sajty. 3

V Rossii, da'e v Moskve

pol;zovanie Internetom otstae¨t ot zapadnyx stran. Tem ne menee problema

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307

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Internet-zavisimosti u'e su]estvuet. 4 Internet vseë]e¨ sliwkom dorogoj 2

dlq mnogix rossiqn: nado platit; 50 dollarov v mesqc za bezlimitnyj 3

(bezgranihnyj) dostup v Set;. 5 Moj drug- biznesmen pol;zuetsq Internetom 4

e'ednevno (ka'dyj den;) v svoej rabote. On govorit, hto on ne vy'ivet bez 5

nego. 6 Rabotaq za komp;[terom, q hasto tak uvleka[s;, hto zabyva[ obo vse¨m, 6

da'e o ede. 7 V Seti mnogo raznoj informacii, no menq bol;we vsego 7

interesu[t sredstva massovoj informacii. 8 V sledu[]ie vybory, veroqtno, 8111

budet vozmo'no golosovat; herez Internet. 9 Q nikogda ne dumal(a), hto q 9

stanu Internet-addiktom, No q avtomatiheski vkl[ha[ komp;[ter, kak tol;ko 10

q prixo'u domoj. 10 Samye populqrnye web-sajty sredi studentov –

1

razvleheniq i igry.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

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421111

English–Russian vocabulary

The English–Russian vocabulary includes the words required for the English–Russian translations.

ability

umeńie, sposo´bnost; ( f )

access

dośtup

accessible to

dostu´pnyj (+ dat)

according to

soglaśno (+ dat)

action

de´jstvie

actually

na sa´mom deĺe

accurate

to´hnyj

achieve a goal

dostiga´t; / dosti´gnut; ceĺi

addict

addi´kt, poklońnik

addiction

addi´kciq

advantage

preimu´]estvo

advise

sove´tovat; (po-)

afford

pozvolq´t; / pozvoli´t; sebe´

after

pośle (+ gen)

again

sno´va

against

pro´tiv (+ gen)

age, at the ~

voźrast, v voźraste (+ gen)

agree with

soglaśnyj s (+ inst)

air ticket

bile´t na samole¨t

all

vse

ally

so[

źnik

almost

pohti´

always

vsegda´

among

sredi´ (+ gen)

appearance

poqvleńie

appalling

u'aśnyj

appreciate

ceni´t;

argue

spoŕit;

arrive

pribyva´t; / priby

´ t; , prixodi´t; / prijti´

around

vokru´g (+ gen)

art

iskuśstvo

artistic

xudo´'estvennyj

English–Russian vocabulary

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309

ask

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prosi´t; / po- (+ inf) or (+ gen)

~ a question

2

spra´wivat; / sprosi´t;

as soon as

3

kak toĺ;ko

authorities

4

vlaśti ( pl)

automatically

5

avtomati´heski

6

begin

7

nahina´t; / naha´t;

basic

8111

prosto´j

become

9

stanovi´t;sq / stat; (+ inst)

being

10

bu´duhi (+ inst)

believe

1

veŕit;

belong (to)

2

prinadle'a´t; (+ dat), k (+ dat) better

3

lu´hwe

best way

4

lu´hwij spośob

biker

5

ba´jker

birth rate

6

ro'daémost; ( f )

boat

7

teploxo´d

border

8

granića

buy

9

pokupa´t; / kupi´t;

20111

cabin

1

ka[

´ ta

carried away (get)

2

uvleka´t;sq / uvle´h;sq (+ inst)

cash

3

nali´hnye

cease

4

perestava´t; / peresta´t;

census

5

peŕepis; ( f )

change

6

izmeneńie

channel

7

kanaĺ

characteristic

8

xarakteŕnyj

cheap, ~er

9

dewe¨vyj, dewe´vle

children

30

de´ti

choice

1

vy

´ bor

city

2

goŕod, gorodsko´j

class

3

klass

clean, ~er

4

hiśtyj, hi´]e

clearly

5

q´vno

clinic

6

klińika

close

7

zakryva´t; / zakry

´ t;

collapse

8

raspa´d

come first

9

zanq´t; peŕvoe meśto

comfortable

40

udo´bnyj

commercial

1

kommeŕheskij

Common State Examination

421111

edińyj gosudaŕstvennyj \kza´men

310

|

English–Russian vocabulary

common way

veŕnyj spośob

competition

końkurs, sorevnovańie (sport)

completely

poĺnost;[

condition

uslo´vie

conduct

provodi´t; / provesti´

connections

svqźi

consider

shita´t;

consist of

sostoq´t; iz (+ gen)

constitute

sostavlq´t; / sosta´vit;

continue

prodol'a´t; , prodol'a´t;sq

control

kontroĺ; ( m); kontroliŕovat;

create

sozdava´t; / sozda´t;

credit card

kredi´tnaq kaŕta

crisis

kriźis

cross

perexodi´t; / perejti´ (heŕez + acc) cruise

kruiź

cost

stoímost; ( f )

country

strana´

curriculum

progra´mma

daily

e'edne´vno

damage

poŕtit; (is-)

danger

opaśnost; ( f )

dangerous

opaśnyj

deck

paĺuba

decisive

rewa´[]ij

decline

umen;wa´t;sq / umeń;wit;sq, umen;weńie

sokra]a´t; / sokrati´t; , sokra]eńie

democracy

demokra´tiq

demographer

demo´graf

depart

otpravlq´t;sq / otpra´vit;sq

otplyva´t; / otply

´ t; (boat)

departure

otpravleńie, otply

´ tie

depend on

zaviśet; ot (+ gen)

despite the fact

nesmotrqńa to, hto

developed, ~ing country

raźvitaq, razviva´[]aqsq strana´

differ

otliha´t;sq ot (+ gen)

difference

raźnica

difficult, ~y; with ~

tru´dn / yj, -ost; ( f ), s trudo´m director

re'isse¨r (theatre)

divorced

razvede¨nnyj

do without

obxodi´t;sq / obojtiś; bez (+ gen)

English–Russian vocabulary

|

311

doubt

1111

somneva´t;sq v (+ prep)

duty

2

obqźannost; ( f )

3

each

4

ka´'dyj

ecologically

5

\kologi´heski

economy

6

\kono´mika

education

7

obrazovańie

educational institution

8111

uhe´bnoe zavedeńie

energy

9

\neŕgiq

engineering

10

in'eneŕnoe deĺo

~ education

1

in'eneŕnoe obrazovańie

enjoy success

2

poĺ;zovat;sq uspe´xom

enough

3

dosta´tohno

(not) ~

4

ne xvata´t; (+ gen)

entertainment

5

razvleheńie

election

6

vy

´ bory ( pl)

election campaign

7

predvy

´ bornaq kampańiq

electorate

8

\lektora´t

enormous

9

ogro´mnyj

especially

20111

oso´benno

essential

1

neobxodi´myj

ethnic conflict

2

\tni´heskij (nacionaĺ;nyj) konfli´kt

European

3

evrope´jskij

everything

4

vse¨

exist

5

su]estvova´t;

experience; to ~

6

o´pyt, pere'iva´t; / pere'i´t;

explain

7

ob#qsnq´t; / ob#qsni´t;

express train

8

skorostno´j poézd

9

fall

30

pa´dat; / upaśt;

family

1

sem;q´

famous

2

znameni´tyj

fast

3

by

śtryj

fed up

4

nadoeĺo (+ dat)

feel

5

hu´vstvovat;

fee-paying

6

pla´tnyj

female

7

'eń]ina, 'eńskij

film festival

8

kinofestivaĺ; ( m)

find

9

naxodi´t; / najti´

~ a job

40

ustraívat;sq / ustroít;sq na rabo´tu

find out

1

uznava´t; / uzna´t;

first of all

421111

pre´'de vsego´

312

|

English–Russian vocabulary

flee

ubega´t; / ube'a´t; ot (+ gen)

follow

sle´dovat; (+ dat)

food

eda´

for

dlq (+ gen), za (+ acc)

foreign

inostrańnyj

forget

zabyva´t; / zaby

´ t;

former

by

´ vwij

fortunately

k shaśt;[

free

svobo´dnyj

~ education

bespla´tnoe obrazovańie

full house

poĺnyj zal

gain marks

nabira´t; / nabra´t; baĺly

game

igra´

get

poluha´t; / poluhi´t;

get out

vyxodi´t; / vy

´ jti iz (+ gen)

give up

brosa´t; / brośit;

go

xodi´t; , idti´; eźdit; , e´xat; Golden Ring

Zolotoé kol;co´

goal

cel; ( f )

government

pravi´tel;stvo

grant

stipeńdiq

growth

rost

guarantee

garantiŕovat;

harm, do ~

vred, nanosi´t; / nanesti´ vred (+ dat) health system

zdravooxraneńie

healthy

zdoro´vyj

help

pomoga´t; / pomo´h; , po´mo];

higher education

vy

śwee obrazovańie

highest

vy

świj

highly trained

vysokokvalificiŕovannyj

hope

nade´qt;sq na (+ acc)

hospital

bol;nića

illegal

nelegaĺ;nyj

important

va´'nyj, gla´vnyj

the most ~

sa´moe gla´vnoe

increase

uveli´hivat;sq / uveli´hit;sq

independent

nezaviśimyj

inevitably

neizbe´'no

influence

vliq´t; na (+ acc); vliqńie

English–Russian vocabulary

|

313

information

1111

informaćiq

interest, be ~ed

2

interesova´t; , interesova´t;sq (+ inst) international

3

me'dunaro´dnyj

Internet-user

4

poĺ;zovatel; Interne´ta

interpreter

5

perevo´dhik

introduction

6

vvedeńie

7

join a club

8111

stat; hleńom klu´ba, vstupi´t; v klu´b

judge (a film)

9

oceńivat; / oceni´t; (fil;m)

judging by

10

su´dq po (+ dat)

jury

1

'[ri´ ( n)

2

kind

3

vid, rod

4

lag behind

5

otstava´t; / otsta´t; ot (+ gen)

last

6

posle´dnij

last year

7

v pro´wlom godu´

lead a way of life

8

vestió´braz 'iźni

leave

9

pokida´t; / pokińut; , uez'a´t; / ue´xat;

20111

iz (+ gen)

life

1

'izn; ( f )

life expectancy

2

prodol'i´tel;nost; 'iźni

like

3

nra´vit;sq (+ dat)

long, ~er

4

doĺgo, doĺ;we

long way

5

daleko´

lose job

6

terq´t; (po-) rabo´tu

low

7

niźkij

lucky

8

veze¨t, povezlo´ (+ dat)

luggage

9

baga´'

30

magnificent

1

zameha´tel;nyj, potrqsa´[]ij

main part

2

gla´vnaq rol;

majority

3

bol;winstvo´

man

4

mu'hińa

married

5

'ena´tyj

mass media

6

sre´dstva maśsovoj informaćii

medical treatment

7

medicińskoe obslu´'ivanie

medicine

8

medicińa, lekaŕstvo

member

9

hlen

middle class

40

sre´dnij klass

migrant

1

migrańt

money

421111

deń;gi ( pl)

314

|

English–Russian vocabulary

monthly

e'emeśqhno

mood

nastroeńie

mostly

boĺ;we vsego´

mountain

gora´

movement

dvi'eńie

much

mno´go

(+ comparative)

namno´go, goraźdo

myth

mif

need

nu´'en, nu'na´, (etc. + dat)

nu'da´t;sq v (+ prep)

Net

Set; ( f )

news

no´vosti ( pl)

night, at ~

noh; ( f ), no´h;[

nonetheless

tem ne meńee

number

hislo´

nurse

medsestra´

old

staŕyj, dre´vnij

one-party

odnoparti´jnyj

only (the)

ediństvennyj

opinion, in the ~

mneńie, po -[

opposite

protivopolo´'nyj

order (in)

hto´by

own

svoj, so´bstvennyj

owner

vladeĺec

parachute jump

pry

´ gat; / pry´gnut; s paraw[´tom

parents

rodi´teli

parliamentary election

vy

´ bory v Du´mu

past

pro´wloe

pay for

plati´t; (za-) za (+ acc)

pensioner

pensioneŕ

people

l[

´ di

perform stunts

vypolnq´t; tr[

´ ki

persistent

nasto´jhivyj

personal connections

<blat>

place

meśto

pleasure

udovoĺ;stvie

policy

poli´tika

politician

poli´tik

poll

oproś

English–Russian vocabulary

|

315

poor

1111

be´dnyj

possible

2

vozmo´'no

practical

3

prakti´heskij

prefer

4

predpohita´t; / predpoheśt;

present, at ~

5

nastoq´]ij, v nastoq´]ee vre´mq

presenter

6

vedu´]ij

present the news

7

predstavlq´t; no´vosti

private

8111

haśtnyj

probably

9

veroq´tno

professional

10

professionaĺ;nyj

puppet

1

ku´kla

put on (play)

2

sta´vit; (po-) p;eśu

3

quality

4

ka´hestvo

quarter

5

he´tvert; ( f )

6

rail

7

'eleznodoro´'nyj

ready

8

goto´vyj

reality

9

reaĺ;nost; ( f )

reason

20111

prihińa

receive

1

poluha´t; / poluhi´t;

recent

2

neda´vnij

recommend

3

rekomendova´t; (po-)

refugee

4

be´'enec

relieve stress

5

snima´t; / snqt; stress

remain

6

ostava´t;sq / osta´t;sq (+ inst)

rich, become ~

7

boga´tyj, razbogate´t;

risk

8

riskova´t; (+ inst)

river station

9

rehno´j vokzaĺ

round the world

30

vokru´g sve´ta

ruling party

1

pra´vq]aq paŕtiq

Russian man, woman

2

rossiqń / in, -ka

3

sales manager

4

meńed'er po proda´'am

satire on

5

satiŕa (+ acc)

send

6

otpravlq´t; / otpra´vit; , posyla´t; / posla´t; serious

7

ser;e¨znyj

set sail

8

naha´t; otplyva´t;

several

9

neśkol;ko

short, ~er

40

koro´tkij, koro´he

site

1

sajt

situation

421111

situaćiq, polo'eńie

316

|

English–Russian vocabulary

skill

masterstvo´

smok / e, ~ing

kuri´t; , kureńie

soap opera

my

ĺ;naq o´pera

sociable

ob]i´tel;nyj

socially dangerous

sociaĺ;no-opaśnyj

society

o´b]estvo

so-called

tak nazyvaémyj

sociologist

socioĺog

soil

grunt, po´hva

sorry

'al; (+ dat)

speed

skoŕost; ( f )

standard

uŕoven; ( m)

start

nahina´t; / naha´t;

~ work

pristupi´t; k rabo´te

state

gosudaŕstvo, gosudaŕstvennyj

still

(vse¨) e]e¨

stop

ostana´vlivat; / ostanovi´t; (+ acc)

study (at)

uhi´t;sq v (+ prep)

~ a subject

izuha´t; (+ acc)

stunt

tr[k

stuntman

kaskade¨r

succeed

udava´t;sq / uda´t;sq (+ dat)

success

uspe´x

suit

podxodi´t; / podojti´ (+ dat), dlq (+ gen) support

poddeŕ'ivat; / podder'a´t; , poddeŕ'ka

give ~

okaźyvat; / okaza´t; poddeŕ'ku

sure way

veŕnyj spośob

survive

vy

´ 'it;

sweets

sla´dosti ( pl)

switch on

vkl[ha´t; / vkl[hi´t;

take part

uhaśtvovat;

take up sport

zanq´t;sq spoŕtom

taxi rank

stoqńka taksi´

team

komańda

television

televi´denie

textbook

uhe´bnik

than

hem

thanks to

blagodarq´ (+ dat)

thousand

ty

śqha

thus

taki´m o´brazom

time

vre´mq ( neut)

English–Russian vocabulary

|

317

three ~s

1111

tri raźa

top prize

2

vy

świj priz

train ticket

3

bile´t na poézd

translate from / into

4

perevodi´t; / perevestiś (+ gen), na (+ acc) translation

5

perevo´d

travel around

6

puteweśtvovat; vokru´g (+ gen), po (+ dat) travel time

7

vre´mq v puti´

traveller

8111

puteweśtvennik

treatment

9

leheńie

turn out

10

okaźyvat;sq / okaza´t;sq (+ inst)

twofold

1

v dva raźa

2

under

3

pri (+ prep)

unfortunately

4

k so'aleńi[

unlikely

5

navrq´d li

unlimited

6

bezlimi´tnyj

upper

7

veŕxnij

up to

8

vplot; do (+ gen)

use

9

ispoĺ;zovat; (+ acc), poĺ;zovat;sq (+ inst) use of the Internet

20111

poĺ;zovanie Interne´tom

1

varied

2

raźnyj

view

3

vid

visit

4

pose]a´t; / poseti´t;

vote

5

goĺos, golosova´t; za (+ acc)

6

way of life

7

o´braz 'iźni

web-site

web-

8

sajt

widen

9

raswirq´t; / raswiŕit;

win votes

30

zavoeva´t; (nabra´t;) golosa´

winner

1

pobedi´tel;

without

2

bez (+ gen)

woman

3

'eń]ina

work at

4

rabo´tat; za (+ inst)

work out

5

razraba´tyvat; / razrabo´tat;

world, all over the ~, round the ~

6

mir, svet; po vsemu´ miŕu / vokru´g sve´ta worry

7

bespokoít; (o-)

worsen, get worse

8

uxudwa´t;sq / uxu´dwit;sq

9

yesterday

40

vhera´

yet, not ~

1

e]e¨, e]e¨ ne

young

421111

molodo´j

Russian–English vocabulary

The Russian–English vocabulary includes all the key words found in the book, including those from the texts, dialogues and exercises, but not every word from the examples of realia.

abiturieńt

applicant (to university)

avaŕiq

accident

aktuaĺ;nyj

topical

anke´ta

questionnaire, form

areńda

rent

attesta´t ob okonhańii wkoĺy

school-leaving certificate

auditoŕiq

audience

ball

mark

baĺovat;sq

to fool around

be´dnost; ( f ), be´dnyj

poverty; poor

be´dstvie

disaster

be´'en / ec, ~stvo

refugee; refugee problem

bezvozvra´tnyj

permanent

bezgrani´hnyj

limitless

bezrabo´t / ica, ~nyj

unemployment; unemployed

bespla´tnyj

free

bespokoít; / o-

to worry

bla´go

good, benefit

blagosostoqńie

wellbeing, prosperity

blagotvori´tel;nyj

charity, charitable

blat

personal connections

blestq´]ij

brilliant

bli´'nee zarube´';e

near abroad

bliźkij

near

bogate´t; / raz-

to get rich

boga´t / stvo, ~yj

wealth; rich

boleźn; ( f )

illness

bole´t; / za- (+ inst)

to be ill (with)

bombe¨'ka

bombing

boq´t;sq (+ gen)

to be afraid

Russian–English vocabulary

|

319

1111

brak

marriage

2

brat; / vzqt; na sebq

to take on

3

broniŕovat; / za-

to book

4

brosa´t; / brośit;

to throw; stop

5

bu´duhi (+ inst)

being

6

bu´du]ee

the future

7

bukvaĺ;no

literally

8111

byva´t;

to happen

9

by

´ vwij

former

10

1

vvedeńie

introduction

2

vdrug

suddenly

3

vedu´]ij

leading; presenter

4

ved;

you see, after all

5

vek

century

6

veli´kij

great

7

veŕit; / po- (+ dat); v (+ acc) to believe

8

veŕno

true

9

veŕnyj spośob

sure way

20111

ves;ma´

quite

1

ve]ańie

broadcasting

2

vzameń (+ gen)

instead

3

vid

view, appearance; type

4

vinova´tyj v (+ prep)

guilty of

5

vkla´dyvat; / vlo'i´t; ; vlo'eńie

to invest; investment

6

vkl[ha´t; / vkl[hi´t;

to include

7

vladeĺec

owner

8

vlade´t; (+ inst)

to own

9

vlaśti ( pl); vlast; ( f )

authorities; power

30

vleheńie

attraction

1

vliqńie

influence

2

vliq´t; / po- na (+ acc)

to influence

3

vmewa´tel;stvo

interference

4

vne´wnie dańnye, vne´wnost; ( f )

appearance

5

vnov;

again

6

vnosi´t; / vnesti´

to put in; bring in

7

vnu´trennij rejs

domestic flight

8

vo´-vremq

in time

9

vodi´tel;skie prava´

driving licence

40

voeńnyj

wartime; serviceman

1

vozvra]a´t;sq / vernu´t;sq

to come back, return

421111

vozglavlq´t; / vozgla´vit;

to head

320

|

Russian–English vocabulary

voźdux

air

vozmo´'nost; ( f )

possibility; opportunity

voznika´t; / vozni´knut;

to arise

vozrasta´t; / vozrasti´

to grow

vojna´

war

volna´

wave

volnova´t;

to worry

voob]e´

on the whole, in general

vo-peŕvyx

firstly

vor

thief

voskreśnyj

Sunday

vosprinima´t; / vosprinq´t; vser;e¨z

to take seriously

vostoŕg

delight

vosto´hnyj

Eastern

vpervy

é

for the first time

vpolne´

fully, quite

vpro´hem

however, though

vred

harm

vre´mennyj

temporary

vre´mq ( neut)

time

vsego´

in all

vsemiŕnyj

world wide

vse¨ ravno´

all the same

vspomina´t; / vspo´mnit;

to remember

vstupi´tel;nyj \kza´men

entrance examination

vuz (vy

śwee uhe´bnoe zavedeńie)

institution of higher education

vybira´t; / vy

´ brat;

to choose, select, elect

vy

´ bor; vy´bory ( pl)

choice; election

vybraśyvat; / vy

´ brosit;

to emit

vydelq´t;sq / vy

´ delit;sq

to stand out

vy

ézd

departure

vy'iva´t; / vy

´ 'it;

to survive

vyzyva´t; / vy

źvat;

to provoke, cause

vyi´gryvat; / vy

ígrat;

to win

vyle´hivat; / vy

ĺehit;

to cure

vy

ńu'dennyj

forced

vy

ĺet

departure by air

vyleta´t; / vy

ĺetet;

to fly out

vymirańie

dying out, extinction

vypolnq´t; / vy

´ polnit;

to carry out, fulfil

vypuska´t; / vy

´ pustit;

to release; produce

vypuskni´k

graduate

Russian–English vocabulary

|

321

1111

vypuskno´j \kza´men

final examination

2

vyra'a´t; / vy

ŕazit;

to express

3

vyruba´t; / vy

ŕubit;

to cut down

4

vy

śtuplenie

speech, performance

5

vy

świj; vyśwee obrazovańie

highest; higher education

6

vy

´ xod

way out, exit

7

vy

´ xodec iz (+ gen)

of . . . origin

8111

vyxodi´t; / vy

´ jti za´mu' za (+ acc)

to marry (for a woman)

9

vyxodny

é dni

weekend

10

vyqvlq´t; / vy

´ qvit;

to reveal

1

v#ezd

entry

2

3

gastroĺi ( pl)

tour

4

geńij

genius

5

gi´bkij

flexible

6

gla´vnoe

the main thing

7

gla´vn / yj, -ym o´brazom

main; chiefly

8

goĺos; golosovańie

voice; vote; voting

9

golosova´t; / pro-

to vote

20111

gońki ( pl)

race

1

gora´

mountain

2

goraźdo

much

3

gord / i´t;sq (+ inst); goŕdost; ( f ) to be proud of; pride

4

gornoly

´ 'nyj sklon

ski slope

5

gosteprii´mnyj

hospitable

6

gosudaŕstv / ennyj; ~o

state

7

gra'dan / iń, -ka

citizen

8

gra'daństvo

citizenship

9

gra'dańskij

civil

30

granića

border

1

groma´dnyj

huge

2

grozi´t; (+ dat)

to threaten

3

grqźnyj

dirty

4

5

davno´

long time ago

6

daĺ;we

further

7

dańnye ( pl)

data

8

dvi´gat;sq / dvińut;sq

to move

9

dvi'eńie

movement, traffic

40

dvuxmeśtnyj

double; two-seater

1

de´jstvovat;

to operate

421111

de´jstvu[]ee lico´

character (in film, play)

322

|

Russian–English vocabulary

detsa´d

kindergarten

dewe¨vyj, dewe´vle

cheap; cheaper

dobira´t;sq / dobra´t;sq do (+ gen)

to get to

doverq´t; / doveŕit; (+ dat)

to trust

dogonq´t; / dogna´t;

to catch up

doĺ'nost; ( f )

post

doĺq

share

doma´wnee zadańie

homework

domoxozq´jka

housewife

domoxozq´jstvo

household

dopolni´tel;nyj

additional

dostiga´t; / dosti´gnut; (+ gen)

to achieve

dosti'eńie

achievement

dosto´jnyj

worthy, respectable

dośtup

access

dostu´pn / ost; ; ~yj

accessibility; accessible

dotq´givat; / dotqnu´t; do (+ gen)

to extend as far as

doxo´d

income

dre´vnij

ancient

dru´'nyj

friendly

evre´jskij

Jewish

edińyj

single, unified

ediństvo

unity

ediństvennyj

(the) only

e'edne´vn / o, ~yj

daily

e'emeśqhn / o, ~yj

monthly

esteśtvennyj

natural

'aĺovat;sq / po- na (+ acc)

to complain of

'al;

sorry

'dat; / podo-

to wait

'e

(emphatic particle) exactly

'ela´t; / po-

to wish

'eleźnaq doro´ga; 'eleznodoro´'nyj

railway

'ena´tyj

married

'eni´t;sq na (+ prep)

to marry (of man)

'eŕtvovat; / po- (+ inst)

to sacrifice

'e¨stkij

vigorous

'ivo´j

alive

'ivopiśnyj

picturesque

'ivo´tnoe

animal

Russian–English vocabulary

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'izneobespeheńie

vital necessity

2

'il;e¨

accommodation, housing

3

'i´tel;stvo

residence

4

5

zabolevaémost; ( f )

incidence of disease

6

zabolevańie

disease

7

zabyva´t; / zaby

´ t;

to forget

8111

zavi´dovat; / po- (+ dat)

to envy

9

zaviśet; ot (+ gen)

to depend on

10

zaviśim / ost; ( f ), ~yj

dependence, dependent

1

zavoe¨vyvat; / zavoeva´t; pre´mi[

to win a prize

2

zaga´dka

puzzle

3

zagora´t; / zagore´t;

to sunbathe

4

za´gorodnyj dom

country house

5

zadava´t; / zada´t; voproś

to ask a question

6

zada´ha

task

7

za´dnij plan

background

8

zakaźyvat; / zakaza´t;

to order

9

zakoń

law

20111

zakusi´t;

to have a bite

1

zamenq´t; / zameni´t;

to replace

2

zame´tnyj

noticeable

3

za´mu'em, zamu´'nqq

married (for a woman)

4

zanima´t;sq / zanq´t;sq(+ inst)

to be engaged in, study

5

zanq´tie

occupation; lesson

6

zańqt / yj; zańqtost; ( f )

occupied, employed; employment

7

zapolnq´t; / zapoĺnit;

to fill

8

zaŕabotok

salary, earnings

9

zarańee

in advance

30

zarpla´ta

wage

1

zarube´'nyj

foreign

2

zaseda´t;

to sit, confer

3

zaslu´ga

merit, service

4

zaslu´'ennyj uspe´x

deserved success

5

zastavlq´t; / zasta´vit;

to make somebody do something

6

zatra´ty ( pl)

expenses

7

zatq´givat; / zatqnu´t; v (+ acc)

to draw, trap into

8

zaxvati´t;

to captivate

9

za]i´ta

protection

40

zaqvleńie; ~ na rabo´tu

statement; job application

1

zaqvlq´t; / zaqvi´t;

to declare

421111

zdravooxraneńie

health system

324

|

Russian–English vocabulary

zemeĺ;nyj uhaśtok

plot of land

zemlq´

land

zeŕkalo

mirror

zlode´j, ~ka

villain

zloupotrebleńie

abuse

znako´mit;sq / po- s (+ inst)

to acquaint oneself with

znako´myj

familiar; acquaintance

znameni´tyj

famous

znahi´tel;nyj

significant

zna´hit;

to mean

zri´tel;

(member of) the audience

izbega´t; / izbe'a´t; (+ gen)

to avoid

izbira´tel; ; ~naq kampańiq

voter; election campaign

izdava´t; / izda´t; ; izda´tel;

to publish; publisher

iz-za (+ gen)

because of

i´menno

namely, actually

ime´t; v vidu´

to mean

ime´t;sq

to be available

inostrań / ec, ~nyj

foreigner; foreign

iska'a´t; / iskazi´t;

to distort

iska´t;

to look for

iskl[heńie

exception

iśkrennost; ( f )

sincerity

iskuśstvennyj

artificial

iskuśstvo

art

ispoĺ;zova / nie; ~t;

use; to use

ispyta´tel;nyj srok

probation

ispy

´ tyvat; / ispyta´t;

to experience; test

istoskova´t;sq po (+ dat)

to pine away, miss

isxodqíz (+ gen)

on the basis of

isheza´t; / isheźnut;

to disappear

ito´gi ( pl)

summing up, total; results

kadr

shot (film)

ka´dry ( pl)

personnel

kaza´x

Kazakh

kajf

kicks, high

kardinaĺ;nyj

cardinal

karmań

pocket

kasa´t;sq (+ gen)

to concern

kaskade¨r

stuntman

Russian–English vocabulary

|

325

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ka´hestvennyj

high-quality

2

ka´hestvo

quality

3

ka[

´ ta

cabin

4

kitaéc; Kita´j

Chinese man; China

5

klaśsnyj

great

6

kl[h

key

7

kove¨r

carpet

8111

koleso´

wheel

9

koli´hestvo

quantity

10

koneć

end

1

kontoŕa

office

2

koro´he

shorter

3

komańda

team

4

kone´hnyj

final

5

konkuriŕovat; s (+ inst)

to compete

6

końkurs

competition

7

korzińa

basket

8

kre´pkij

strong

9

kreślo

armchair

20111

kro´me (+ gen)

except, besides

1

krug

circle

2

kru´glyj, ~ god

round; all the year round

3

kruto´j

steep; cool

4

ku´kla

doll, puppet

5

kupa´t;sq / is-

to bathe

6

kureńie; kuri´t;

smoking; to smoke

7

kuroŕt

spa

8

kursiŕovat;

to run

9

30

lekaŕstvo

medicine

1

leta´t; ; lete´t;

to fly

2

leheńie

treatment

3

lehi´t; / vy

´ -

to treat

4

li´hnyj

personal

5

lico´

face; person

6

l;go´ta

benefit

7

ly

´ 'nik

skier

8

l[bo´j

any

9

malopodvi´'nyj

sedentary

40

masterska´q

workshop

1

masterstvo´

skill

421111

maswta´b

scale

326

|

Russian–English vocabulary

medve´d; ( m)

bear

me'dunaro´dnyj

international

menq´t;sq / po-

to change

meŕa; po meŕe (+ gen)

measure; with

meŕy za]i´ty

protection measures

meŕka (po za´padnym meŕkam)

by Western standards

meśtnyj

local

mehta´

dream

miĺyj

nice

mir

world; peace

mirovo´j

world

mneńie

opinion

mnogode´tnaq sem;q´

large family

mnogohiślennyj

numerous

mo´dnyj

fashionable

mul;tfiĺ;m

cartoon

muśor

rubbish

my

ĺ;naq o´pera

soap opera

mq´gkij

soft

na´bere'naq

embankment

nabira´t; / nabra´t; baĺly, golosa´

to collect, gain marks; win votes

nabl[da´t;

to observe

navodi´t; / navesti´ porq´dok

to bring order

navrq´d li

unlikely

nade´'da

hope

nade¨'nyj

reliable

nade´qt;sq na (+ acc)

to hope

nali´hie

presence

nali´hnye ( pl)

cash

nalo´g

tax

nanosi´t; / nanestiú]eŕb (+ dat)

to cause damage

naoboro´t

on the contrary

napomina´t; / napo´mnit;

to remind

napravleńie

direction

naseleńie

population

nasiĺie

violence

nasto´jhivost; ( f )

persistence

nastoq´]ee; nastoq´]ij

the present; real, present

nastroeńie

mood

nau´ka; nau´hnyj

science; scientific

nau´hno-poznava´tel;nyj

popular science

Russian–English vocabulary

|

327

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neda´vnij, neda´vno

recent; recently

2

nedosta´tok

shortage

3

nezaviśimyj

independent

4

neizbe´'nyj

inevitable

5

nenavi´det;

to hate

6

neńavist; ( f )

hatred

7

neobxodi´m / ost; ( f ); ~yj

necessity; essential, necessary

8111

neo'i´dannyj

unexpected

9

nepokoŕnyj

unruly

10

nepremeńno

obviously, definitely

1

nere´dko

often

2

nesovmesti´myj

incompatible

3

neskla´dnyj (qzy

´ k)

disjointed (language)

4

nesomneńno

without a doubt

5

neu'eĺi

really? is it possible?

6

niźkij

low

7

no'

knife

8

nos (teploxo´da)

bow (of a ship)

9

nosiĺ;]ik

porter

20111

ny

ńewnij

present

1

2

obe]ańie; obe]a´t; / po-

promise; to promise

3

o´blast; ( f )

region, area; field

4

oblegha´t; / oble´ghit;

to make easier

5

oboru´dovanie

equipment

6

o´braz 'iźni

way of life

7

obrazova´tel;naq uslu´ga

education service

8

obra]a´t;sq / obrati´t;sq v (+ acc)

to turn to

9

obslu´'ivanie

service

30

obslu´'ivat; / obslu'i´t;

to serve

1

obstoq´tel;stvo

circumstance

2

obuheńie

training

3

obxodi´t;sq / obojtiś; bez (+ gen)

to do without

4

o´b]ee hislo´

total number

5

ob]enacionaĺ;nyj

national

6

ob]eńie

communication

7

ob]eśtvennyj

public, social

8

ob]eśtvennoe ustro´jstvo

social structure

9

o´b]estvo

society

40

o´b]ij

general, common

1

ob]i´tel;nost; ( f )

sociability

421111

ob#edineńie

association, union

328

|

Russian–English vocabulary

ob#edinq´t;sq / ob#edini´t;sq

to unite

ob#ekti´vnyj

objective

ob#qvleńie

announcement, advertisement

ob#qsnq´t; / ob#qsni´t;

to explain

oby

´ hno, oby´hnyj

usually; usual, normal

obqźannost; ( f )

duty

(ne)obqza´tel;no

(not) necessarily

obqza´tel;nyj

compulsory

ograni´hivat; / ograni´hit;

to restrict

odeŕ'ivat; / oder'a´t; pobe´du

to score a victory

odna´ko

however

o'idańie

expectation

oźero

lake

okaźyvat;sq / okaza´t;sq (+ inst)

to turn out to be

opaźdyvat; / opozda´t; na (+ acc)

to be late for

opaśn / ost; ( f ); ~yj

danger; dangerous

opla´hivat; / oplati´t;

to pay (for)

opra´vdyvat;sq / opravda´t;sq

to be justified

opredele¨nnyj

definite, certain

opredelq´t; / opredeli´t;

to define

oproś

survey, poll

opubliko´vyvat; / opublikova´t;

to publish

o´pyt, ~nyj

experience; experienced

orientiŕovat;sq na (+ acc)

to be oriented towards

oru´'ie

weapon

osvaívat; / osvoít;

to learn, master

osnovańie

foundation; reason

(v) osnovno´m

mainly

oso´bennost; ( f )

peculiarity

oso´byj

special, particular

osoznava´t; / osozna´t;

to realise

ostava´t;sq / osta´t;sq (+ inst)

to remain, stay

ostal;no´j

the rest

osu]estvlq´t; / osu]estvi´t;

to implement

osu]estvlq´t;sq / osu]estvi´t;sq

to come true

otbira´t; / otobra´t;

to take away; select

otboŕ

selection

otve´tstvenn / ost; ( f ); ~yj

responsibility; responsible

otdava´t; / otda´t;

to give

otdeleńie

department

ote´hestvennyj; Veli´kaq ~aq vojna´

domestic; national, Great patriotic

war (Second World War)

Russian–English vocabulary

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329

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Ote´hestvo

fatherland

2

otkaźyvat;sq / otkaza´t;sq ot (+ gen)

to refuse

3

otliha´t;sq ot (+ gen)

to differ

4

otliha´t;sq / otlihi´t;sq (+ inst)

to be distinguished by

5

otli´hie, s ~m

difference; with distinction

6

otlihi´tel;nyj

distinguishing

7

otnosi´tel;nyj

relative

8111

otnosi´t; / otnesti´ k (+ dat)

to relate

9

otnosi´t;sq / otnestiś; k (+ dat)

to treat, regard

10

otply

´ tie

departure (by boat)

1

otpravlq´t;sq / otpra´vit;sq

to set off, depart

2

otra'a´t; / otrazi´t;

to reflect

3

o´trasl; ( f )

branch

4

otrica´tel;nyj

negative

5

otstaívat; / otstoq´t;

to defend

6

otsu´tstv / ie; -ovat;

absence; to be absent

7

othaĺivat; / othaĺit;

to set sail

8

ot#eźd

departure

9

oficiańt

waiter

20111

oceńivat; / oceni´t;

to assess; judge (in competition)

1

oceńka

assessment; mark, grade

2

oceń]ik

judge

3

o´hered; ( f ) v peŕvu[ ~

turn; in the first instance

4

oxo´ta

hunt

5

oxrańa

guard, bodyguard

6

oxranq´t;sq

to be guarded

7

owiba´t;sq / owibi´t;sq

to be mistaken

8

owi´bka

mistake

9

30

pa´dat; / upaśt;

to fall

1

padeńie

fall

2

paĺuba

deck

3

pa´mqtnik

monument

4

parikma´xerskaq

hairdresser’s

5

pautińa

web

6

pejza´'

landscape

7

perevo´d

translation

8

perevodi´t; / perevestińa (+ acc)

to translate, interpret into

9

perevo´dhik

translator, interpreter

40

peregovoŕy ( f )

talks

1

peredovo´j

progressive

421111

pere'iva´t; / pere'i´t;

to experience

330

|

Russian–English vocabulary

pere'iva´t; za (+ acc)

to worry about

perekl[ha´t;sq / perekl[hi´t;sq na

to switch over to

(+ acc)

peremeni´t;

to change

pereme]eńie

moving

peŕepis; ( f )

census

peresa´dka

change (train)

pereutomleńie

exhaustion, overwork

perexo´d k ry

ńku

transition to the market

perexodi´t; / perejti´

to move, cross

peśnq

song

pet; / s-

to sing

pehaĺ;nyj

sad

pewexo´dnaq \kskuŕsiq

excursion on foot

planiŕovat;

to plan

pla´tnyj

fee-paying, private

pobe´da

victory

pobedi´tel;

winner

pobe'da´t; / pobedi´t;

to win

pobliźosti

nearby

povora´hivat; / povernu´t;

to turn

povywa´t;(sq) / povy

śit;(sq)

to increase

povyweńie

increase, rise

pogiba´t; / pogi´bnut;

to perish

podbira´t; / podobra´t;

to select

podverga´t;sq / podveŕgnut;sq (+ dat)

to be subjected to

podveŕ'ennyj streśsu

subjected to stress

podgotovi´tel;nyj

preparatory

poddeŕ'ivat; / podder'a´t;

to support

poddeŕ'ka

support

podo´bnyj (+ dat)

similar to

podpiśyvat; / podpisa´t;

to sign

podrośtok

teenager

podxodi´t; / podojti´ (+ dat); k (+ dat) to suit; approach

podxodq´]ij

suitable

poeźdka

trip

po'aĺuj

perhaps

po'ilo´j

elderly

pozvolq´t; / pozvoĺit; (+ dat)

to allow

pozdneé, poź'e

later

poísk

search

poiśtine

indeed

Russian–English vocabulary

|

331

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poka´

for a while

2

pokaź

showing

3

pokida´t; / pokińut;

to leave

4

pokoleńie

generation

5

pokrovi´tel;

patron

6

poĺnost;[

fully

7

polovińa

half

8111

polo'eńie

situation

9

polo'i´tel;nyj

positive

10

poĺ;za

use, benefit

1

poĺ;zovatel;

user

2

poĺ;zovat;sq, vos- (+ inst)

to use

3

pome]eńie

premises

4

pomi´mo (+ gen)

besides

5

ponq´tie

idea, concept

6

poo]rq´t; / poo]ri´t;

to encourage

7

po-pre´'nemu

as before

8

pora'a´t; / porazi´t;

to astonish

9

poŕtit; / is-

to ruin

20111

poro´j

at times

1

pose¨lok

village

2

pose]eńie

visit

3

poskoĺ;ku

as

4

postano´vka

production

5

postepeńno

gradually

6

potomu´

therefore

7

poso´bie

benefit

8

postoqńnyj

permanent

9

postupa´t; / postupi´t; v (+ acc)

to enter

30

postupleńie

entrance

1

poteŕq

loss

2

potrebi´tel;

consumer

3

potre´bnost; ( f )

demand; need

4

potrqsa´[]ij

amazing, stunning

5

potrqseńie

sensation

6

poxodi´t; na (+ acc)

to look like

7

poxo´'ij na (+ acc)

similar to, like

8

poqvlq´t;sq / poqvi´t;sq

to appear

9

pra´vilo

rule

40

pravi´tel;stvo

government

1

pra´vo

right

421111

pra´vil;no

correct

332

|

Russian–English vocabulary

pra´vq]aq paŕtiq

ruling party

praźdnovat; / ot-

to celebrate

prebyvańie

stay

predpriq´tie

enterprise

pre´'nij

former

prevosxodi´t; / prevzojti´

to exceed

prevra]a´t;sq / prevrati´t;sq v (+ acc)

turn into

prevra]eńie

transformation

prevywa´t; / prevy

śit;

to exceed

predvy

´ bornaq kampańiq

election campaign

predlaga´t; / predlo'i´t;

to offer, suggest

predlo'eńie

offer, suggestion; sentence

predme´t

subject

preoblada´t;

to predominate, prevail

preodoleva´t; / preodole´t;

to overcome

predostavlq´t; / predosta´vit;

to offer

predpolaga´t; / predpolo'i´t;

to suppose

predpohita´t; / predpoheśt;

to prefer

predpohteńie

preference

predprinima´tel;

entrepreneur

predstavi´tel;

representative

predstavlq´t; / predsta´vit;

to represent; present

preimu´]estvenno

chiefly

preimu´]estvo

advantage

prekra]a´t; / prekrati´t;

to stop

prestupleńie

crime

prestu´pn / ost; , ~yj

rate of crime; criminal

preteńziq

complaint

pribli'a´t;sq / priblizi´t;sq k (+ dat)

to approach

pribyva´t; / priby

´ t;

to arrive

prive´tlivyj

friendly

privleka´tel;nyj

attractive

privleka´t; / privle´h;

to attract

privleheńie

attraction

privodi´t; / privesti´ k (+ dat)

lead to

priznava´t; / prizna´t;

to acknowledge

priźnak

indication

priznańie

recognition

prikl[heńie

adventure

prile¨t

arrival (by plane)

prili´hnyj

decent

primeŕ

example

Russian–English vocabulary

|

333

1111

primeŕno

approximately

2

prinadle´'nost; ( f )

belonging, membership

3

prinadle'a´t; (+ dat); k (+ dat) to belong

4

prinima´t; / prinq´t; zakoń

to pass a law

5

priobreta´t; / priobresti´

to acquire

6

priorite´t

priority

7

priro´da

nature, countryside

8111

prirośt

growth

9

prisvaívat; / prisvoít;

to confer

10

prisposo´bit;sq k (+ dat)

to adjust to

1

pristupa´t; / pristupi´t; k rabo´te

to start work

2

prito´k

surge

3

prixodi´t;sq / prijtiś;

to have to

4

prihaĺivat; / prihaĺit;

to moor

5

prihe¨m

moreover

6

prihińa

reason

7

prihinq´t; / prihini´t;

to cause

8

provodni´k

train attendant

9

proda´'a

sale

20111

prodvińutyj

advanced

1

prodol'a´t;(sq) / prodoĺ'it;(sq)

to continue

2

prodol'i´tel;nost; ( f ) 'iźni

life span

3

proeźd

journey

4

pro'i´tohnyj mińimum

living wage

5

proizvodi´t; / proizvesti´

to produce

6

proisxodi´t; / proizojti´

to happen, take place

7

promy

´ wlennost; ( f )

industry

8

propagandiŕovat;

to popularise

9

propiśka

registration

30

pro´tiv (+ gen)

against

1

protivopolo´'nyj

opposite

2

proxodi´t; / projti´

to go through

3

pro´hij

other

4

pro´wloe

the past

5

pro´]e

simpler

6

pry

´ gat; / pry´gnut;

to jump

7

puga´t; / is-

to frighten

8

puska´t; / pusti´t;

to let in

9

pusto´j

empty

40

pust;

let; so be it

1

pute¨vka

holiday voucher

421111

puteweśtvie

trip

334

|

Russian–English vocabulary

puteweśtvennik

traveller

puteweśtvovat;

to travel

put; ( m)

way

pyta´t;sq / po-

to try

rabotoda´tel;

employer

rabo´hij

worker

ra´dius

radius

razvede¨nnyj

divorced

razviva´t; / razvi´t;

to develop

raźvityj

developed

razvleka´tel;nyj, razvleheńie

entertainment

razdeĺ

section

razme]a´t;sq / razmesti´t;sq

to be accommodated

raźnica

difference

raźnyj

different

razraba´tyvat; / razrabo´tat;

to work out

razreź

cut

razry

´ v

gap

raspa´d

collapse

raspada´t;sq / raspaśt;sq

to collapse

raspravlq´t;sq / raspra´vit;sq s (+ inst) to deal with

rasprostrane¨nnyj

spread

rassma´trivat; / rassmotre´t;

to examine; consider, regard as

rasstoqńie

distance

rasshi´tyvat; / rasshita´t; na (+ acc)

to count on; aim at

rasteŕqnnyj

confused

rasti´ / vy-

to grow

rasxo´dy ( pl)

expenditure

raswireńie

widening

raswirq´t;sq / raswiri´t;sq

to widen

realiźovat; sebq´

to realise, fulfil oneself

rebq´ta

guys

registriŕovat; / za-

to register

reda´ktor

editor

reda´kciq

editorial office

re´dko

rarely

re'isse¨r

producer

reźko

sharply

rejs

flight; voyage

rekla´ma

advertising; advertisement

rekla´mnyj se´ktor

advertising sector

Russian–English vocabulary

|

335

1111

rekomendova´t; / po-

to recommend

2

repetiŕovat;

to rehearse

3

repeti´tor

coach

4

repreśsiq

repression

5

rehno´j vokzaĺ

river station

6

rewa´t; / rewi´t;

to decide

7

rewa´t;sq / rewi´t;sq

to make up one’s mind

8111

rewa´[]ij

decisive

9

ro´dstvennik

relative

10

ro'a´t; / rodi´t;

to give birth

1

ro'daémost; ( f )

birth rate

2

ro'da´t;sq / rodi´t;sq

to be born

3

ro'deńie

birth

4

rossiqń / in, -ka

citizen of Russia

5

rost

growth

6

rube´'

border

7

ruka´

arm

8

rukovodi´ / tel; , ~t; (+ inst)

leader; to lead

9

ryvo´k

spurt

20111

ry

ńok, ryńohnyj

market

1

2

samostoq´tel;nyj

independent

3

sbere'eńiq ( pl)

savings

4

sve´'ij

fresh

5

svet, vokru´g sve´ta

light; world, round the world

6

svobo´d / a, -nyj

freedom; free

7

svqźi ( pl)

connections

8

svqźyvat; / svqza´t;

to connect, link

9

sdeĺka

deal

30

sego´dnqwnij

today’s; present-day

1

selqń / in, -ka

villager

2

seĺ;skoe xozq´jstvo

agriculture

3

seŕdce

heart

4

seredińa

middle

5

set; , Set; ( f )

network

6

siĺa

force

7

skaźyvat;sq / skaza´t;sq na (+ acc)

to tell on, affect

8

sklońnost; ( f )

disposition

9

skorost / no´j, ~; ( f )

speed

40

sku´hnyj

boring

1

sla´vit;sq / pro-

to become famous

421111

slagaémoe

component

336

|

Russian–English vocabulary

sle´dovatel;no

consequently

sle´dovat; , po- (+ dat)

to follow

sle´dstvie

consequence

sle´du[]ij

following

sleza´t; / slezt; s (+ gen)

to get (climb) down

slog

syllable

slo'i´t;sq

to be formed

sloj

layer

slu´haj

case

smeńa

change

smeŕtn / ost; ( f ); ~yj

mortality rate; mortal

smert; ( f )

death

smysl

sense

sni'a´t;sq / sniźit;sq

to fall

sni'eńie

fall, reduction

snima´t; / snqt; stress

to remove stress

sobese´dovanie

interview

sobira´t; / sobra´t;

to gather

so´bstvennik

owner, proprietor

so´bstvennost; ( f )

property

so´bstvennyj

own

soby

´ tie

event

soverwa´t; / soverwi´t; rejs

to fly (of plane), sail (boat)

soverweńno

absolutely

sovremeńnyj

modern

soglaśno (+ dat)

according to

soglaśnyj s (+ inst)

agree with

soder'a´t; sebq´

to keep oneself

so'aleńie, k ~[

regret; unfortunately

sozvu´hnyj (+ dat)

in keeping with

sozdava´t; / sozda´t;

to create

sozdańie

creation

sokra]a´t;(sq) / sokrati´t;(sq)

to reduce; be reduced

sokra]eńie

reduction

somneva´t;sq v (+ prep)

to doubt in

soob]a´t; / soob]i´t;

to inform

sootnoweńie sil

correlation of forces

sopostavi´myj s (+ inst)

comparable

soprovo'da´t; / soprovodi´t;

to accompany

sorevnovańie

competition (sport)

sortirova´t;

to sort

sostavlq´t; / sosta´vit;

to constitute

Russian–English vocabulary

|

337

1111

sostoqńie

state

2

sostoq´t; iz (+ gen)

to consist of

3

sostoq´t; v (+ prep) ~ v bra´ke

to be; to be married

4

sostoq´t;sq

to take place

5

sotru´dnik

employee

6

sotru´dnihat;

to cooperate

7

soxranq´t; / soxrani´t;

to preserve

8111

sohu´vstvovat; (+ dat)

to sympathise

9

so[

źnik

ally

10

spaseńie

salvation

1

spasa´t;sq / spastiś;

to escape

2

SPID

AIDS

3

spiśok

list

4

spor

argument

5

spośob

way

6

sposo´bnost; ( f )

ability

7

spravlq´t;sq / spra´vit;sq s (+ inst)

to cope with

8

spros na (+ acc)

demand for

9

sravneńie

comparison

20111

sredi´ (+ gen)

among

1

sre´dnij, (v) sre´dnem

average, (on) ~

2

sre´dstva massovo´j informaćii

mass media

3

sre´dstvo

means

4

sro´dni (+ dat)

akin to

5

srok

period, time

6

sro´hnyj

urgent

7

stanovi´t;sq / stat; (+ inst)

to become

8

stara´t;sq / po-

to try

9

stat;q´

article

30

ste´pen; ( f )

degree

1

stiraĺ;naq mawińa

washing machine

2

stil; ( f ) 'iźni

life style

3

stoímost; ( f )

cost

4

stole´tie

century

5

stoli´hnyj, stolića

capital

6

strada´t; / po-

to suffer

7

stra´wnyj

frightening

8

stroi´tel;stvo

building

9

stremleńie k (+ dat)

striving for

40

stol;

so

1

stoĺ;ko

so much, so many

421111

stoqńka

rank (taxi), stand

338

|

Russian–English vocabulary

su´mka

bag

su´wa

land

su]estvova´t; / pro-

to exist

sxo´dstvo

affinity

she¨t

account

za she¨t (+ gen)

at the expense of, by means of

s#ezd

congress

televedu´]ij

television presenter

teneva´q \kono´mika

shadow economy

teploxo´d

boat

terq´t; / po-

to loose

testiŕovanie

testing

tira´'

circulation

(v) teheńie (+ gen)

during

-to

emphatic particle

to est;

that is

toĺ;ko hto

just

torgo´vaq maŕka

trade mark

to´hka; ~ zreńiq

point; point of view

trebovańie

demand

trevo´'nyj

alarming

tret; ( f )

third

trena'e¨r

training equipment

treniro´vka

training

trud, s ~om

labour; with difficulty

trudi´t;sq

to work

trudogoĺik

workaholic

trudoustro´jstvo

placement in work

tru´ppa

company (theatre)

tr[k

stunt

tuberkule¨z

tubercolosis

tur

tour

tuso´vka

get-together

tysqhele´tie

millennium

tq'e¨lyj

hard

ube'da´t;sq / ubedi´t;sq v (+ prep)

to be convinced of

uva'i´tel;naq prihińa

good reason

uveliheńie

increase

uveli´hivat;(sq) / uveli´hit;(sq)

to increase

uverq´t; / uveŕit;

to assure

uvleka´t;sq / uvle´h;sq (+ inst)

to be carried away with

Russian–English vocabulary

|

339

1111

uvol;neńie

dismissed, resignation

2

uvy

´

alas

3

ugroźa

threat

4

udava´t;sq / uda´t;sq (+ dat)

to succeed

5

udvaívat; / udvoít;

to double

6

udareńie

stress

7

udelq´t; / udeli´t; vnimańie (+ dat)

to give attention to

8111

udivlq´t; / udivi´t;

to surprise

9

udovletvorq´t; / udovletvori´t;

to satisfy

10

udovoĺ;stvie

pleasure

1

u´'as, u'aśnyj

horror; horrible

2

ukreplq´t;(sq) / ukrepi´t;(sq)

to strengthen

3

uluhwa´t;(sq) / ulu´hwit;(sq)

to improve

4

umeńie

ability, skill

5

umen;wa´t; / umeń;wit;

to decrease

6

umira´t; / umere´t;

to die

7

u´mstvennyj

mental

8

unihto'a´t; / unihto´'it;

to destroy

9

upravleńie

management

20111

upravlq´t; (+ inst)

to govern, manage

1

urbaniziŕovannyj

urbanised

2

urbanizaćiq

urbanisation

3

uŕoven; ( m); ~ 'izni

level; standard of living

4

usiĺivat;sq / usili´t;sq

to get stronger

5

uskorq´t; / uskoŕit;

to speed up

6

uslo´vie

condition

7

uslu´ga

service

8

uspeva´t; / uspe´t; na (+ acc)

to manage, be in time

9

uspe´x, uspe´wnyj

success; successful

30

ustana´vlivat; / ustanovi´t;

to establish

1

ustraívat; / ustroít;

to arrange, hold

2

ustraívat;sq / ustroít;sq na rabo´tu

to get a job

3

ustro´jstvo na rabo´tu

finding work

4

utver'da´t;

to maintain

5

ute´hka mozgo´v

brain drain

6

uhaśtie

participation

7

uhaśtok

plot

8

uhe¨ba

studies

9

uhe´bnyj plan

curriculum

40

uhi´tyvat; / uheśt;

to take into consideration

1

uhre'deńie

institution

421111

u]eŕb

damage

340

|

Russian–English vocabulary

xiruŕg

surgeon

xudo´'nik

artist

xudo´'estvennyj

artistic

cel; ( f )

aim, goal

ceĺyj; v ~om

whole; as a whole

cena´

price

ceni´t;

to value

ceńnye buma´gi ( pl)

securities

ceńnyj

valuable

cenova´q poli´tika

pricing policy

ci´fra

number

cifrova´q texnolo´giq

digital technology

haśtnoe lico´

private individual

haśtnyj

private

hast; ( f )

part

hemodań

suitcase

herta´ be´dnosti

poverty line

hest; ( f )

honour

he´tvert; ( f )

quarter

he¨tkij

clear

hiślennost; ( f )

numbers

hislo´

number, date

hiśtyj

clean

hi´]e

cleaner

hlen

member

hu´vstvovat; / po-

to feel

huma´

plague

wans

chance

wawly

´ k

kebab

wikaŕnyj vid

smart appearance

\kzemplqŕ

copy

\krań

screen

\kskursovo´d

guide

\lektora´t

electorate

\lektri´hka

electric train

\t[

´ d

sketch

[g

south

[

´ 'nyj

southern

[

ńowa

youth

Russian–English vocabulary

|

341

1111

qvleńie

phenomenon

2

qvlq´t;sq / qvi´t;sq (+ inst)

to be; appear

3

q´vnyj

obvious

4

qdro´

nuclear

5

qśli ( pl)

crèche

6

qśnyj

clear

7

q´]ik

box, drawer

8111

9

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

20111

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

Grammar index

accusative case 7–10, 270–9;

gerunds 241; imperfective 241–3,

prepositions with 8, 53–4, 87–90,

281–5; perfective 244–6,

160–1, 193

281–6

adjectives: long 4, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26;

short 28–9; stress 232;

imperative 37, 41–2, 280–7; with

comparative 47–52; superlative

davajte 37

100–2

imperfective aspect 33–7;

adjectival clauses 99

imperfective future 33, 280–7;

adverbs 29; comparative 53;

imperfective gerund 242–3,

superlative 100–2

281–5; imperfective past 34–5,

aspects 33–7

280–7; impersonal expressions

223–8

cases 2

indeclinable nouns 4

clauses: adjectival 99; adverbial

indirect speech 32

141–3; conditional 205–6; noun

instrumental case 22–4, 270–9;

136–8

prepositions with 22, 104–5,

comparative: adjectives 47–52;

160–1; verbs with 22, 119;

adverbs 53

with the passive 164, 194

conjugation: first 29–31; second

interrogative sentences 79–80

31–2

irregular verbs 31–2

conjunctions 141–2

names 24

conditional 205–6

negatives 229–31, 248

nominative case 2–5

dates 85

nouns 3–4, 8–14, 19, 23, 270–2;

dative case 17–20, 270–9;

gender 3; indeclinable 4; stress

impersonal expressions with

108–9, 126, 143, 145; suffixes on

223–5; prepositions with 18,

258–9

192–3; verbs with 19, 107–8

numerals: cardinal 98, 167, 278–9;

decimals 171

collective 168; fractions and

decimals 171; indefinite 170;

fractions 171

ordinal 84

future tense: imperfective 33;

perfective 34

partitive genitive 12

participles: past active 120–2, 123,

gender: of nouns 3; of pronouns 5

281–7; past passive 156–9,

genitive case: partitive 10–15,

281–2, 285–6; present active

270–9; prepositions with 10–11,

120–2, 123, 281–7; present

107–110; verbs with 13

passive 184–5, 281, 285

Grammar index

|

343

1111

past tense: imperfective 34–5,

questions with li 77–8

2

280–7

3

perfective aspect 33–7; perfective

reflexive verbs 81–3

4

future 34, 280–7; perfective

gerund 244–6, 281–6; perfective

5

short adjectives 28–9; stress 232

past 34–5, 280–7

spelling rules 2

6

plural: adjectives 4, 9, 15, 20, 24,

stress 112–13, 130, 148, 150,

7

26, 271–2; nouns 3–4, 8, 14, 19,

204–5, 223–4, 241–2

8111

23, 272–4; pronouns 5, 9, 15,

subjunctive mood 37, 205–6,

9

20, 24, 26–7

280–7

10

prefixed verbs 260–2; of motion

superlative: of adjectives 100–2; of

1

67–8

adverbs 100–2

2

prepositions 7–8, 10–11, 18, 22,

3

25, 53–6, 87–90, 102, 104–7,

verbs: future tense 33–4, 280–7;

4

160–1, 192–4; buffer vowel in

irregular 31–4, 285–7; of motion

5

231–2

67–72; passive voice 157–9, 186;

prepositional case 25–7, 54–6,

6

past tense 34–5, 280–7; present

270–9; prepositions with 25,

tense 29–2, 280–7; prefixes on

7

54–6, 87–90, 194

67–8, 260–2; reflexive 81–3, 284;

8

present tense 29–32

stress 195–6, 214; transitive and

9

pronouns: demonstrative 5, 9, 15,

intransitive 187; to be 118; to

20111

20, 24, 26–7, 276; interrogative

stop 265–6; to use 264–5

1

5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 27, 277;

2

personal 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26–7,

word building 67, 155–6, 183,

3

277; possessive 5, 9, 15, 20, 24,

185–6, 200, 266, 268–9

4

26–7; reflexive 28; relative 99,

5

137–8

6

7

8

9

30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

40

1

421111

Russian index

brak 178

ostanavlivat;(sq)/ostanovit;(sq)

brosat; 266

266

byvat; 118

ot 105–6

byt; 22, 118

perestavat;/perestat; 266

v/vo 87–90, 231–2

po 192–4

veze¨t/povezlo 226

pol;zovat;sq/vospol;zovat;sq 264

ves; 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276

pora 227

dol'en 225

predstavlqt; (soboj) 118

'al; 227

prekra]at;/prekratit; 266

drug druga 136

primenqt;/primenit; 265

'en- 178

prixodit;sq 224

za 160–1

pro 125

iz 106–7

rod 176

ispol;zovat; 264

s/so 102–5, 231–2

k/ko 231–2

sam 28, 277

kotoryj 99

svoj 28, 275

kto by ni/hto by ni 209–12

sebq 28, 277

len; 227

sleduet 227

kto as a relative pronoun 137–8

sostavlqt;/sostavit; 267

li 77–8

sostoqt;(sq) 267–8

mert- 178

tak'e 72–3

mo'no/vozmo'no 223

-to and -nibud; 130–1

mu' 178

to'e 72–3

mewat; (po) 266

tot 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276

nado 224

trud 150–1

nadoest; 227

udavat;sq 226

ne xvatat; 227

upotreblqt;/upotrebit; 264–5

nedostavat; 228

-uh-/uk- 191

nel;zq 223

xod 66

nekogo/nehego 229–30

hej 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 275

nu'en 175

hto as a relative pronoun 137–8

nu'no 224

htoby 209–12

-nibud; and -to 130–1

\tot 5, 9, 15, 20, 24, 26, 276

o/ob/obo 125

qvlqt;sq/qvit;sq 118

Document Outline

Book Cover

Half-Title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

How to use this book

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Grammer Reference

Key to Exercises

English-Russian Vocabulary

Russian-English Vocabulary

Grammar Index

Russian Index